Simple Stress
Normal Stress
1
2
Shearing Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs from tensile
and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which
they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.
3
Illustrative Example 4:
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick?
The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Solution:
4
Illustrative Example 5:
A hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The
compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness
of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch
thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
Solution:
5
Illustrative Example 6:
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Figure, if P =
400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.
Solution:
6
Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.
Illustrative Example 7:
In the Figure shown, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110
wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for
shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest
average tensile stress in the plates.
Solution:
7
Illustrative Example 8:
The lap joint in the Figure shown, is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14
ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is
uniformly distributed among the four rivets.
Solution:
Illustrative Example 9:
8
In the clevis shown in figure shown, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing
stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.
9
10
Thin-Walled Cylinder
11
Spacing Hoops, S:
12
Problem
1. A large pipe in hydraulic work is 1.5m in diameter. It is composed of wooden staves
bound together by steel hoops, each 300mm 2 in cross-sectional area, and is used to
conduct water from a reservoir to a powerhouse. If the maximum tensile stress
permitted in the hoops is 130 MPa, what is the maximum spacing between hoops
under a head of water of 30m? The mass density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
13
2. A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made of steel plates that are ½ inch thick. Find the
maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited
to 6000psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4lb/ft3.
14
A spiral riveted penstock, 1.5m in diameter, is made of steel plates 10mm thick. The pitch of
the spiral or helix is 3m. The spiral seam is a single-riveted lap joint with 20mm-diameter
rivets. Using shearing stress=70MPa, and Bearing stress=140Mpa, determine the spacing of
the rivets along the seam for a water pressure of 1.25MPa. Neglect the end thrust, what is the
circumferential stress
15
LESSON 2
Deformations, Normal, Shear strains, and
Working Stresses
Time Allotment
12 hours
Introduction
Deformation is also known as unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the
change in length caused by the applied force, to the original length.
where δ is the deformation and L is the original length, thus ε is
dimensionless.
Stress-Strain Diagram
Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression testing
machine. As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation
over the gage length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued
until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area
and length of the specimen, the normal stress σ and the strain ε can be obtained. The
graph of these quantities with the stress σ along the y-axis and the strain ε along the x-
axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for
various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium carbon structural
steel.
16
17
Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law)
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight
line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was that within
the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or
The constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young's
Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then
Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed
such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is entirely removed.
Elastic and Plastic Range
The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range. The region from
P to R is called the plastic range.
Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load.
Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.
18
Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also known as the
breaking strength.
Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m 3. This may be calculated as the area under the
stress-strain curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the shaded area in the
figure). The resilience of the material is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of material as the force is
gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m 3. This may be calculated as the area under the
entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is its ability to absorb
energy without causing it to break.
Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under a given loading. The
maximum safe stress that a material can carry is termed as the allowable stress. The
allowable stress should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional limit.
However, since proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the allowable tress is
taken as either the yield point or ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety. The ratio
of this strength (ultimate or yield strength) to allowable strength is called the factor of
safety.
Learning Outcomes
Describe about deformation and discuss the normal and shear strains
Identify material properties and its related problems and describe working stress
19
Axial Deformation
In the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram, the tress is proportional to strain and is
given by
σ = Eε
since σ = P / A and εe = δ / L, then P / A = E δ / L. Solving for δ,
To use this formula, the load must be axial, the bar must have a uniform cross-sectional
area, and the stress must not exceed the proportional limit. If, however, the cross-sectional
area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be determined by considering a differential
length and applying integration.
If, however, the cross-sectional area is not uniform, the axial deformation can be
determined by considering a differential length and applying integration.
where A = ty and y and t, if variable, must be expressed in terms of x.
For a rod of unit mass ρ suspended vertically from one end, the total elongation due to its
own weight is
where ρ is in kg/m3, L is the length of the rod in mm, M is the total mass of the rod in kg,
A is the cross-sectional area of the rod in mm2, and g = 9.81 m/s2.
20
Simple Strain
21
Illustrative Problem
1. Compute the total elongation caused by an axial load of 100kN applied to a flat
bar 20mm thick, tapering from a width of 120mm to 40mm in a length of 10m,
assumed, E=200 GPa.
22
23
Illustrative Problem
2. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm 2 and a length of 150 m is
suspended vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower
end. If the unit mass of steel is 7850 kg/m 3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the
total elongation of the rod.
Solution:
24
Illustrative Problem
3. A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of 500 lb. Neglecting
the weight of the wire, determine the required diameter if the stress is not to
exceed 20 ksi and the total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 ×
106 psi.
Solution:
25