Unit 1:

Tools of Geometry
Summer Geometry Tutorials
 What We’ll Be Learning This Week

1.1 1.2 1.3

Points, Lines, Planes Measuring Segments Measuring Angles

1.4 1.5
Exploring Angle Pairs Basic Constructions
 Warm Up
Let's begin with a quick check-in on what we already
know.

Simplify:
1. 4(2x - 3) + 5
2. 3(2x - 5) + 4(x + 1)
3. 7x - 2(3x - 4) + 5
4. 2(3y - 4) + y
Solve:
5. 4(x - 2) = 20
6. 2x + 9 = 17
Evaluate:
7. When x = -2: -3x2 - 5
 1.1
Points, Lines, and Planes
 Undefined Terms
Undefined Terms: terms with no definition, important
because they are the foundation for other defined terms

Description Example Naming

Point Specific location Point A

represented by dot

Line Straight figure that Line AB; AB

extends infinitely in both Line BA; BA
directions ℓ Line ℓ

Plane Flat, 2D figure that Plane ABC

extends infinitely in all Plane BAC
directions, usually made Plane P
by 3 points
 Defined Terms
Defined Terms: terms with definition, use undefined
terms to define these

Description Example Naming

Segment Part of a line that has two AB , BA

endpoints and includes all Line segment AB
the points between them

Ray Part of a line that has one AB

endpoint and extends
forever in one direction Not BA

Collinear Three or more points that lie Points A, P, Q, B are all

on the same line collinear
 Defined Terms Continued

Description Example Naming

Coplanar At least 2 points that are in Point A, B, C, D are all

the same plane coplanar

Parallel Lines or planes in the same Line a ∥ Line b

plane that never intersect
a ∥ b

Intersection Lines or planes that cross or Lines a and b intersect the

meet at exactly one point point of intersection, O
 1.1: Points, Lines, Planes
More definitions:

Description Picture Naming

The point that divides the Lines, rays, or planes don’t have
E m F
Midpoint segment into two midpoints because they extend
segments of equal length forever

A line, ray, or other object R

“Bisect” means to divide into 2
Segment Bisector that passes through the
m S
equal parts
midpoint of a segment
J
A segment bisector that
Perpendicular meets the segment at a m JK ⊥ YZ
Y Z
Bisector right angle
K

A B Notation for congruence: ≅ and

Two line segments are
tick marks
Congruent congruent when they
C D
have the same length
AB ≅ CD
 1.1: Points, Lines, Planes
2. Intersecting lines and planes…

● When two lines intersect, they intersect at a point.

● When two planes intersect, they intersect at a line.

● When a plane and a line intersect, they intersect at a point.

1. 2. 3.

C m

l l
 Postulates and Theorems
Postulate: Statement that’s accepted as a fact without proof

Theorem: Statement that’s proved true through definitions, other theorems, or

postulates

Some key postulates are…

● Through any two points, there is exactly one line.
● Through any three noncollinear points, there is
exactly one plane.
● A line contains infinitely many points.
● A plane contains infinitely many points and lines.
Awesome word
 Practice Problems

1. How many lines

can pass through
two points?
2. Are A, B, and C
coplanar?
3. Name three points
in the diagram.
4. Name the plane.
5. Are there any
intersections?
6. Name a segment.
 1.1: Points, Lines, Planes n
S

Practice!

Use the diagram to determine if the following statements are true or false.

(a) line CF is another way to name line m. F A D

(b) Points A, B, D, and F are coplanar. C

H
(c) The two rays pictured at point A are ray DA and ray BA. R B

(d) Another name for plane S is plane GCF.

m
(e) The intersection of plane R and plane S is point C.

(f) Line m and line n are perpendicular.

(g) Another name for plane S is plane HCF. G

(h) Ray HF and ray FH pass through point C.

 1.1: Points, Lines, Planes n
S

Practice!

Use the diagram to determine if the following statements are true or false.

(a) line CF is another way to name line m. True F A D

(b) Points A, B, D, and F are coplanar. True C

H
(c) The two rays pictured at point A are ray DA and ray BA. False R B

(d) Another name for plane S is plane GCF. True

m
(e) The intersection of plane R and plane S is point C. False

(f) Line m and line n are perpendicular. True

(g) Another name for plane S is plane HCF. False G

(h) Ray HF and ray FH pass through point C. True

 1.1: Points, Lines, Planes
Practice!

Answer ‘true’ or ‘false’ to the following statements.

(a) If two distinct lines intersect, they intersect at a point.

(b) Given a single point Z, there are infinitely many lines that pass through Z.

(c) Given a pair of points J and K, there are infinitely many distinct lines that pass through them.

(d) Given two distinct lines HG and GF, they must intersect at point G.

(e) If points A, B, C, and D are collinear, then there exist infinitely many distinct planes that pass through them.

(f) Lines that lie in the same plane always intersect.

 1.1: Points, Lines, Planes
Practice!

Answer ‘true’ or ‘false’ to the following statements.

(a) If two distinct lines intersect, they intersect at a point. True

(b) Given a single point Z, there are infinitely many lines that pass through Z. True
(c) Given a pair of points J and K, there are infinitely many distinct lines that pass through them. False

(d) Given two distinct lines HG and GF, they must intersect at point G. True

(e) If points A, B, C, and D are collinear, then there exist infinitely many distinct planes that pass through them. True

(f) Lines that lie in the same plane always intersect. False
 1.2: Measuring Segments
*Remember: Postulate is a statement that is accepted as fact without proof
A B C
Segment Addition If B is a point on line segment AC, then
Postulate AB + BC = AC AC

Note:

AC : Name of the segment

AB + BC = AC
AC : Length of the line segment
31 + 14 = 45
31 14
AB = 31
BC = 14
A B C
AC = 45
45
 1.2: Measuring Segments
Practice Problems
1. Find BC 3. Find XZ

15 x+3 3x + 12
A B C X Y Z

37

4. Find JM.
2. Find the value of x.
2
J K L M
x+6 3x – 16
2x – 3
A B C
2x – 4
46 3x – 1
 1.2: Measuring Segments
More Practice Problems
1. Find AC 3. Find XZ

x-6 8x - 12 9(x + 3) 3(x + 12)

A B C X Y Z

4. Find JM.
2. Find the value of x.
2
J K L M
x+6 3x – 16
3x – 5
A C D
5x – 3
46 9x – 1
 Warm Up

1. Find the length of segment AC. 2. Find the value of x.

34
24 52

A B C W 3x + 4 Y 15 Z

1. How many lines

can pass through
two points?
2. Are A, B, and C
coplanar?
3. Name three points
in the diagram.
4. Name the plane.
5. Are there any
intersections?
6. Name a segment.
Tools of Geometry
Review Video
 1.3: Measuring Angles
An Angle is a figure formed by two rays, called sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex.

The measure of an angle is how “open” the angle is.

● An angle can be notated in multiple ways:

- Vertex: ∠B
- Three points, with the vertex in the middle: ABC or ∠CBA
Interior
- The number inside the angle: ∠x

)
ay
*If two or more angles share the same vertex, you

(R
A
∂

de
cannot name the angles using only the vertex.

Si
Angle
- The letter m is used to notate the measure of an angle; e.g.
m∠XYZ or m∠Y B x
Vertex C
Exterior
Side (Ray)
 1.3: Measuring Angles
Two angles are called congruent if they have the same measure.

The same ≅ symbol and circular arcs on angles are used to identify them as congruent A
X C

∂
*∠ABC ≅ ∠XYZ

∂
An Angle Bisector is a segment, line, or ray that divides Z Y B
an angle into two angles of equal measure.

*Angle bisectors will always produce a pair of

congruent angles.

∂
X

Z Y
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Angle Classification

Acute Angle Right Angle Obtuse Angle Straight Angle Reflex Angle

0° < θ < 90° θ = 90° 90° < θ < 180° θ = 180° 180° < θ < 360°
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Vertical Angles are angles opposite of each other, formed when two lines intersect

A B
Vertical Angle Theorem: Vertical angles are congruent. D C

*For 100% certainty that this theorem is true, we must prove it!

∠A + ∠B = 180°

∠B + ∠C = 180°

∠C + ∠A – ∠C = 0 + ∠C

∠A = ∠C → ∠A ≅ ∠C
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Adjacent Angles are angles that share a common vertex and a common side ● Two angles form a linear pair if they are
both adjacent and supplementary
*Adjacent angle pairs: ∠r and ∠q; ∠s and ∠p, etc. r
s q
p

Two angles are complementary if their measures sum to 90° D

30° A B C

60° 60°
30°

Two angles are supplementary if their measures sum to 180°

60°
120°
Tools of Geometry
Review Video
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Practice!
Given that m∠ABD = 3x + 5°, m∠CBD = 6x – 7°, and m∠ABC = 70°, answer the following questions:

A B

(a) Solve for x by writing out a useful equation relating the measures of the angles given.

(b) Find the numerical measure of ∠ABD and ∠CBD. ∠ABD =

∠CBD =
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Given that m∠ABD = 3x + 5°, m∠CBD = 6x – 7°, and m∠ABC = 70°, answer the following questions:

A B

8
(a) Solve for x by writing out a useful equation relating the measures of the angles given.

29
(b) Find the numerical measure of ∠ABD and ∠CBD. ∠ABD =

∠CBD = 41
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Practice!
Determine the values of x and y.

5x + 60°
4y – 14°

10x - 30°
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Practice!
Determine the values of x and y.

x = 18
y = 11
5x + 60°
4y – 14°

10x - 30°
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Practice!
Determine the y. (Hint: use the fact that the interior angles of a triangle sum to 180°!)

101°

52°

y°
 1.4: Exploring Angle Pairs
Practice!
Determine the y. (Hint: use the fact that the interior angles of a triangle sum to 180°!)

y = 131°
101°

52°

y°
 More Questions
1. 2.

Z
D

34° 140°
Y X V A 26° B C

(a) Find ∠ZXW

(b) Find ∠YXW E

(a) Find ∠EBC

(b) Find ∠DBE
 More Questions
3. Ray DB bisects ∠ABC. Suppose ∠ABD = 8x – 10 4. Given lines l and k, find the values of x, y, z, and the measure
and ∠DBC = 7x. of each angle.
D l

C
7z – 7°
5x – 13°
–x + 59°
7x
8x – 10 2y + 3°
A B
k

(a) Determine the value of x

(b) Find the measure of ∠ABC
 1.5: Basic Constructions
Constructions only use two tools: a straightedge for straight line segments and a compass for circles

1. Given a point you can draw any line through the point.

2. Given two points, you can draw the line that pass through the both of them.

3. Given a point, you can draw any circle centered at that point.

4. Given a point and a segment, you can draw the circle with its center at that point and with radius
equal in length to the length of the segment.

5. Given two points, you can draw the circle through one point such that the other point is the center of
the circle.
 1.5: Basic Constructions
Try construction!

Construct an equilateral triangle with side length equal to PQ (a triangle is equilateral when all three sides have the same length).

P Q
 1.5: Basic Constructions
Try construction!

Construct an equilateral triangle with side length equal to PQ (a triangle is equilateral when all three sides have the same length).

P Q
 More Questions
Find the maximum number of possible intersection points among the objects.

(a) Two lines.

(b) Three lines.

(c) A circle and a line.

(d) Two circles and a line.

(e) Three circles.

(f) Two circles and two lines.

(g) A triangle and a circle.

(h) A rectangle and a circle.

 More Questions
Find the maximum number of possible intersection points among the objects.

(a) Two lines. 1

(b) Three lines. 3

(c) A circle and a line. 2

(d) Two circles and a line. 6

(e) Three circles. 6

(f) Two circles and two lines. 11

(g) A triangle and a circle. 6

(h) A rectangle and a circle. 8

 More Questions s
Z
Use the diagram below to determine if the following statements are true or false. Suppose
planes P and Q are parallel.

(a) The ray found on plane P is ray XA. W

Y
Q
(b) Line XY is another name for line s.

(c) Line l and line WY will never intersect.

(d) Another name for plane Q is plane WYZ.

(e) Line s intersects plane Q at point Y.

X l
A
(f) Line s intersects plane P at ray XA. P

(g) Line WY is perpendicular to line YZ.

(h) Line s and line l are skew.

skew: lines that do not intersect and are not parallel, existing in different planes
Tools of Geometry
Review Video
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can
make the reader get inspired”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A picture always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so
remember: use an image instead of a long
text. Your audience will appreciate it
 98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
Essential graph types in discrete maths

Undirected Directed
50% Despite being red, 25% Venus is the second
Mars is very cold planet from the Sun

Weighted Bipartite
15% Earth is the planet on 10% Mercury is the closest
which we all live planet to the Sun
Computer mockup
You can replace the image on the screen
with your own work. Just right-click on it
and select “Replace image”
 Phone mockup
You can replace the image on the screen
with your own work. Just right-click on it
and select “Replace image”
 Join a global community

Mars Earth
Despite being red, Earth is the planet
Mars is very cold on which we all live

Mercury Jupiter
It is the closest Jupiter doesn’t have
planet to the Sun a solid surface
 Decades of discrete math

1950s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Despite being red, Venus is a hot Earth has life. Jupiter doesn’t
Mars is very cold. planet. Venus is Earth is the have a solid
Mars is made of the second planet planet on which surface. Jupiter
basalt from the Sun we all live is a big planet
 Inclusion-exclusion principle

A1 A1^A2 A2

Mars Earth
Despite being red, Mars Earth has life. Earth is
is very cold. Mars is the planet on which we
made of basalt all live
 Exploring number theory
Topic Description Importance Applications
● Write an application here
Divisibility Mars is made of basalt Fundamental
● Write an application here

Modular ● Write an application here

Venus is a hot planet Fundamental
arithmetic ● Write an application here

Fermat's last ● Write an application here

Earth has life Theoretical
theorem ● Write an application here

Euler's totient ● Write an application here

Saturn is a gas giant Valuable
function ● Write an application here
 Formal languages in discrete math
Regular
50% Despite being red, Mars
is very cold

Context-free
30% Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Finite
20% Earth is the planet on
which we all live

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 Our team

Sofia Hill Timmy Jimmy

You can speak a bit about this You can speak a bit about this
person here person here
Applications in computer science diagram

Graph theory Combinatorics

● Despite being red, Mars ● Earth has life
is very cold ● Earth is the planet on
● Mars is made of basalt which we all live

Computer
Number theory science Set theory
● Mercury is the closest ● Jupiter doesn’t have a
planet to the Sun solid surface
● Mercury is small ● Jupiter is a big planet
 Schedule/Planner
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Assignments dates
Week 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 Write the assignment here

11 Write the assignment here

Week 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
16 Write the assignment here
Week 3 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
25 Write the assignment here
Week 4 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
26 Write the assignment here

Week 5 29 30 31 27 Write the assignment here

 Assignment brief
Issue date XX Month, Year Investigation
Saturn is a gas giant and has
several rings. It’s composed
Deadline XX Month, Year mostly of hydrogen and
helium

Objectives ● We all live on Earth

● Mars is made of basalt
● Venus is a hot planet Presentation
● Earth has life Earth is the third planet
● Mercury is small from the Sun and the only
● Saturn is a gas giant one that harbors life in the
● Jupiter is a big planet Solar System
 Rubric
Assignment guidelines
10 pts Jupiter is a gas giant
● Neptune is the eighth
planet from the Sun
20 pts Mars is made of basalt
● Saturn was named after a
Roman god 30 pts We all live on Earth
● Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all 15 pts Venus is very hot

● Despite being red, Mars is

very cold 10 pts Mercury is very small

● Earth is the planet on

which we all live
Total Write the total here
 Exercise 1: set theory basics
Consider the universal set
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define sets A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {3, 6, 9}

Finding A’ (complement of A) Write the solution here

Calculating A ∪ B (union of A and

Write the solution here
B)
Determining A ∩ B (intersection) Write the solution here

Verifying A is a subset of U Write the solution here

 Worksheet: multiple choice
In a simple graph, what is the How many ways can you
maximum number of edges for arrange the letters in the word
a graph with 5 vertices? "MATH"?
01 02
a) 10 a) 24

b) 5 b) 12

If p is true and q is false, what is the truth value of p ∧ q ?

03 a) True

b) False
About the bachelor of arts in mathematics

Introduction Job opportunities

Jupiter is a gas giant and ● Write an example here
the biggest planet in the ● Write an example here
Solar System. It’s the ● Write an example here
fourth-brightest object in ● Write an example here
the night sky ● Write an example here

Duration Pace Tuition fees

4 years Fulltime $XX,XXX
 Endless horizons in discrete mathematics
Exploring the world of discrete mathematics

Problem solving Real-world impact Fuels discovery

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