Republic of the Philippines
MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Makilala, North Cotabato
Tel/Fax: (+6364) 248 – 0147
Module :3
Course Number : CDI 4
Course Title : TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND INVESTIGATION WITH
PRACTICAL DRIVING
Credits : 3 Units (3 hours lecture)
Week : 3rd week
Instructor KAREEN C. CAGASAN, RCrim, MSCJ
I. TOPICS:
1. Traffic management
2. The importance of traffic management
3. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management
II. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course, you are expected to:
1. explain the concepts on traffic management, and agencies involved in traffic management being
asked in the statements or scenarios
2. recognize the value of traffic management
3. discuss the importance of traffic management
4. list the agencies involved in traffic management
5. enumerate the causes of traffic congestion.
III. READ AND LEARN:
Definition of terms:
(a) "Motor Vehicle" shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using
the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn
mowers, bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public
highways, vehicles which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of
all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Trailers having any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to
a motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating.
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(b) "Passenger automobiles" shall mean all pneumatic-tire vehicles of types similar to those usually
known under the following terms: touring car, command car, speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep,
cycle, car (except motor wheel and similar small outfits which are classified with motorcycles), coupe,
landaulet, closed car, limousine, cabriolet, and sedan.
Motor vehicles with changed or rebuilt bodies, such as jeepneys, jitneys, or station wagons, using a
chassis of the usual pneumatic-tire passenger automobile type, shall also be classified as passenger
automobile, if their net allowable carrying capacity, as determined by the Commissioner of Land
Transportation, does not exceed nine passengers and if they are not used primarily for carrying freight
or merchandise.
The distinction between "passenger truck" and "passenger automobile" shall be that of common
usage: Provided, That a motor vehicle registered for more than nine passengers shall be classified
as "truck": And Provided, further, That a "truck with seating compartments at the back not used for
hire shall be registered under special "S" classifications. In case of dispute, the Commissioner of Land
Transportation shall determine the classification to which any special type of motor vehicle belongs.
(c) "Articulated vehicle" shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so
attached that part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the
trailer and of its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called as "semi-trailer."
(d) "Driver" shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
(e) "Professional driver" shall mean every and any driver hired or paid for driving or operating a
motor vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the public. Any person driving his own motor
vehicle for hire is a professional driver.
(f) "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the Land Transportation Commission. The "owner" of a government-owned motor
vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of the Bureau to which the said motor vehicle belongs.
(g) "Dealer" shall mean every person, association, partnership, or corporation making,
manufacturing, constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or setting up motor vehicles; and
every such entity acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor vehicles,
dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling same or handling with a view to trading
same.
(h) "Garage" shall mean any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service
stations, or other public places designated by proper authority as parking spaces for motor vehicles
for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
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(i) "Gross weight" shall mean the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable
carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passenger, as determined by the Commissioner of
Land Transportation.
(j) "Highways" shall mean every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley
and callejon, but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges,
universities, or other similar institutions.
(k) "The Commissioner of Land Transportation or his deputies" shall mean the actual or acting
chief of the Land Transportation Commission or such representatives, deputies, or assistants as he
may, with the approval of the Secretary of Public Works and Communications, appoint or designate
in writing for the purpose contemplated by this Act.
(l) "Parking or parked", for the purposes of this Act, shall mean that a motor vehicle is "parked" or
"parking" if it has been brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of a highway, and remains
inactive in that place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time. A motor vehicle which properly
stops merely to discharge a passenger or to take in a waiting passenger, or to load or unload a small
quantity of freight with reasonable dispatch shall not be considered as "parked", if the motor vehicle
again moves away without delay.
(m) "Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.
(n) “Road” it refers to the entire surface of any street open to public traffic (UN-VCRT, 1968). It also
includes shoulder and sidewalk (DPWH, 2012). Hence, to DPWH, the term "road" is synonymous to
trafficway. For purposes of construction, repair, and/or maintenance, roads are classified as:
1. National Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting provinces and/or cities.
2. Provincial Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting municipalities and/or cities within a
province.
3. City Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays with a city.
4. Municipal Roads - These are roads/streets interconnecting barangays within a municipality.
5. Barangay Roads - These are roads/streets located within a barangay which connect sitios or
places within a barangay.
(o) Road users. It shall mean any persons using the road including drivers, pedestrians, cyclists, and
commuters (UN-VCRT, 1968).
(p) Roadway. It refers to that part of the trafficway (road) over which vehicles pass (Cambridge Online
Dictionary, n.d.).
(q) Shoulder. It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
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(r) Sidewalk. It refers to the paved walkway along the side of a street.
The Intersection
It refers to the area of a roadway created when two or more roadways join together at any angle,
as described in one of the following ([Link]):
(1) If the roadways have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced within the prolongation or
connection of the lateral curb lines.
(2) If the roadways do not have curbs, the intersection is the area embraced within the prolongation
or connection of the lateral boundary lines of the roadways.
Classifications of Intersections According to Number of Intersecting roads:
a. 3-way Intersection - It is commonly known as the T or Y crossroad which links three roads.
b. 4-way Intersection. It is the most common type which involved the crossings of two roadways.
It is either a regular intersection when the two roads perpendicularly and it is called skewed
intersection when the two roads cross at different angles.
c. 5-way Intersection - It involves the crossing of five roads. This type is the least common
d. 6-way Intersection. It involves the crossing of three streets most often two perpendicular
roads and one diagonal road. This type is very rare.
e. Staggered Intersection. It involves two successive T crossroads.
Classifications of Intersections According to Traffic Control:
1. Controlled Intersection. It is controlled by any traffic control devices.
a. Yield-controlled Intersection. It is usually controlled by a Yield sign or Give Way sign.
b. Stop-controlled Intersection. A Stop sign is usually installed. Most common are the two-
way stops an most countries use the four-way stops or the first-to-stop first-to-go rule.
c. Traffic Circle - Traffic flow here is directed by a circle, rotary island, or a runabout sign.
2. Uncontrolled Intersection - This intersection has no traffic signals or traffic signs. Crossing is
by observing the right-of-way rule.
3. Box Junction. This type generally prohibits entry unless the exit is clear.
4. Cloverleaf - A highway interchange at which two highways, one crossing over the other, have a
series of entrance and exit ramps resembling the outline of a four-leaf clover and enabling vehicles
to proceed in either direction on either highway.
What is Traffic Management?
Traffic management is the application of the processes and skills in planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, coordinating, and budgeting to traffic affairs (Bragado, 1998). Traffic
Management also refers to the activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to
improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of
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transportation services (Sigua, 2008). It also refers to the organization, arrangement, guidance
and control of both stationary and moving traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists and all types
of vehicles (Underwood, 1990).
Types of traffic management
1) traditional traffic engineering tools or devices, to regulate or control traffic, such as traffic
lights, traffic signs, or pavement markings, traffic islands, and other devices that could control or
direct the flow of traffic (these will be discussed in latter chapters/modules); and
2) advanced technology like the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Examples of the ITS are
the installation of road sensors for emergency cars, global positioning devices on motor vehicles, and
road sensors attached to traffic signal lights.
The importance of traffic management
• With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic facilities are
introduced. However, despite of these modernizations, traffic congestions persist to
exist.
• The only way to at least cope up with the prevailing traffic related problems is a
coordinated traffic management.
• Traffic management is therefore designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers,
expedite the movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic facilities'
users.
A. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion (Based on studies conducted by authorities).
1. Physical Inadequacy - This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings,
lack of traffic facilities.
2. Poor Control Measures - This is characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient
traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations
3. Human Errors - Many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits,
pedestrian mistakes, officers’ errors, poor planning, poor legislation, and traffic accidents which are
most attribute to human errors.
4. Poor Maintenance – oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired
diggings, cracks on road pavement or concreting this can be attributed to inappropriate budget for
the maintenance of the traffic facilities. On the other hand, police should also report lights out,
damage portion of the traffic way to expedite the action from the concerned government offices.
B. Scopes of traffic Management
In connection with the above stated causes of congestion, authorities conceived that a
systematic and effective traffic management is needed which includes but not limited
to the following:
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1. All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types of conveyances for the
movement of persons which includes but not limited to the following.
2. All agencies which having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements planning
approving funding construction and/or maintaining these public facilities for such
movements.
3. All agencies responsible for licensing. Approving restriction stopping prohibiting or controlling
the use of these facilities.
Agencies Involved Traffic Management.
For a successful and effective traffic management specific roles and responsibilities are
vested on the following.
1. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) - The DOTC through the Land
Transportation Office (LTO) is responsible for the implementation of the Land Transportation Code
of the Philippines (RA 4136) particularly on the issuance of driver’s licenses, registration of motor
vehicles, approval of franchises for public conveyances (through the Land Transportation
Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) and conducting traffic safety seminars.
2. City or Municipal Engineers' Office - In the local level, these offices are responsible for the
planning construction and maintenance of traffic facilities within their respective locality,
3. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) - This is the main executive department
which is responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities particularly
those categorized as national highways and other major road arteries.
4. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Boards) - The legislative bodies are not only responsible
for the passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but also, they are involved in the planning
and approval of government projects.
5. Philippine National Police (PNP) - The PNP through its Traffic Management Group (PNP-TMG) is
responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations. They also
perform other functions such as conducting of information dissemination campaign, submitting
traffic scheme proposals, and other functions as the need arises.
6. Academic Institution - Schools, both public and private are responsible for the basic traffic
education by integrating in their respective programs and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic
safety
7. Courts - The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-related cases filed before them.
8. Public Information Offices - The government through the Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
provides the necessary updated information to the public by creating traffic safety campaigns and
other activities relating to traffic.
9. Citizen Support Groups - The private institutions or organizations also help in the prevention of
traffic congestion by assisting government offices in various activities particularly during special
occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen.
10. Media - Government and privately-owned publications and radio and television broadcasting
companies provide necessary and updated traffic-related information to the public through their
respective programs.
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11. Other agencies - which are in one way or another help in the easing of traffic-related problems
with the preceding accounts, a successful traffic management is not the sole responsibility of the
government but rather concerted effort between the government and private organizations.
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