CHEM 107C
PREPARATION FOR
GEM CHEAP
lecture notes
Chemistry unit conversions
thestudyofproperties behaviorofmatter
materialof
matter physical theuniverse statement
equivalence
hasmass occupiesvolume
anythingthat it a b thenalb e la
of
composed p articles atomsor
molecules
threephysicalstatesphases arm nom azemxiopgm [Link]
is solid definitevolumes
shape mg
a gas
scientificmethod massofasubstanceoccupyingaunitvolume
fororganizingandunderstandingobservationsinnature
procedure Density mass
volume
displacement
canbeusedtofinddensity
u ageneralsteps insoliascaroppingintiania measured
mmmm mmmm
testhypothesis refinehypothesis solids atomscame noms
a setofhypothesesinagreementwexperimentsbecomeatheory liquids aime
theories explanationsinoworwnusotnatural
phenomena gases all
laws statements
scientific of on
naturalphenomena based repeated exch [Link] thedensity
what's
to betrue
observationb elieved always Density 23.09 4.091cm
ggem
excel ifthedensityofaliquidis [Link]
mm mmmm nowmany ulareinyoursample
i scienceusethemetric
system
[Link] x no rogue seesxiosul
d
length meterim [Link]
mass aramid imc ios inc noul
ii
volume literal densitycanbeusedto
scientificnotation usedtorepresentverylargesmall
numbers is identitysubstances
measurements willconsistofanumberunit ietoo 2 convertmasstovolume viceversa
allmeasurementshaveuncertaintylastdigitrecordedisanestimate
risestoaromawhatisthevolume
nuggetisdroppedinwater
uncertainty cosme densityofthecoppernugget
measurement
8seminots eoosme v ve vi
46.0misome en [Link] 8azalmi
mom
significantfigures nom
digitrecordedinameasurement
every theicesheetcoversanareaofnoxiotemisnasaveragethickness
siatiaaredeterminedonintormeasurementsnotexactnumbers of2.14amwhatisthevolumeincubicmeters
v areaxneiant O'm
additionsubtraction [Link] armsroams e roam
3ooxation
em
[Link] by
least
accuratemeasurement [Link] [Link]
multiplicationdivision
em
columnbaseima
nowmanyemwouldarectangularice reach
hastheleastsiatia
factorthat intospace
zooxeolom zooxiolom
im
no m so 3.00
m
themoonis 382,240ooometerswouldit
[Link] theaveragedistanceto energy temperature
bepossibletoreachthemoon energy capacity todoworkortransferneat
382,240,000m 3sax room energyismeasuredinunitsofjoulesin acaloriescan
3saxroom 3ooxiolomyesitwouldreachthemoon areas nooo cat sooocar real
theaveragedistancetomarsiseaxesmileswouldthe energyisneithercreated
nordestroyed
reachmars
column canbeconvertedfromoneformtoanother
mi
ermo.o [Link] auxeosin canbetransferredinchemicalreactions
[Link] iyesitwouldreachMars endothermic absorbed
energy measureofthemotion
a thermal ofsmallparticlesofmatter
classification ofmatter lowmovement lowtemperature
canbeclassified
matter bycomposition nighmovement nightemperature
puresubstanceshavedefinitefixedcomposition kineticenergy energyofthemotionofanobject subatomicparticle
mixtureshavevariablecompositionmustpuresubstances re hmu hit
homogeneous uniformappearance iesaltwater
mmmm greaterthermal emotions greatert emperature
energy
can'tbebroken
elements puresubstancesthat downintosimpler
substances commonunits Fahrenheit it to
Celsius Kelvinin
atomssmallestparticlesofelements important
relationships
compounds
canbebrokendownintosimplersubstances
puresubstancesthat
an t t
iesugar
tableislistedbyatomic
periodic number it k o allmotionseizes
metals cleft
sidemetallic
lusterconductsneat electricitymalleable d
mm
malleable bendable
ductile stretchy
nonmetals crightsidebrittlepowderygaseoustendtoGainelectrons
metalloidshave ofbothsemiconductors
properties
propertiesofmatter
www mn
physicalp roperties observedwochangingsubstanceinto
another
colorodortastephysicalstatespecific
neat
iewaterisliquid temp
room
neat theneatrequiredtoraisethe
specific of
temperature
theunitmassofagivenamountofsubstance
iesnow aisaac
changingasubstancetoanother
chemicalp roperties observedwhen
burningrustingbleachingdecomposition
ieironrustsinmoistair
changesinappearancewi
nochangeincomposition physicalchanges
changeincomposition chemicalchangesreactions
cavoiser'slawof ofmass matterisneitherlostnorgained
conservation
duringachemicalreaction
massofreactants massofproducts
CHAPTERZ ATOMS IONS AND CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL
PERIODIC TABLE COMPOUNDS
subatomicparticles ionicemolecularcompounds
massnumber sumofprotons neutronsinthenucleus Howdoeswater
conduct
electricity
isotopes differentm asses ofthesameelement determinedbyneutrons canconductelectricitybecauseitnasionswhencompoundscontaining
water
ie in in in
massofdifferentisotopic
mass weightedaverageofthe formstheir ionsallowscurrentstopassthroughwater
abundance the onthetable
mass wholenumbers Nacl Nata
excel a saausssamu 175.53 thatseparatesfromeachothercompletely
strongelectrolytes ions
soausaoam 124.471 wearelectrolytes ionsthatseparatesfromeachotherpartially
[Link] [Link]
3s4oamu electrolytes chargecarrierssubstancesthatreleaseionswhend issolved
forms iecarbon coalgraphene
a allotropeselementsindifferent inwater
mm mm mmmm theprocessiscalleddissociationionization
massmassofanindividual
atomic atom conducts
e lectricity
unit amu la
atomicmass non
electrolytes substancesthatDonordissociateinwater
namu Inthemassofacatomi nooooxo at donotconductelectricity
ie methanol sugar
isotopicnotation mobilityof size
ionsdependsontheir
ions moremobility strongercurrents
smaller
man 4 hide columns groupsorfamilies ions lessmobility weakercurrents
larger
rows periods orseries nomenclature
atomic
ieNaa sodiumchloride
group alkalimetals softsilveryveryreactivemetals cationsstays anionsdropine replacewiide
metals softsilveryreactive
groupiealkalineearth metals donorsin
acidsproton
a groupin chalcogens strongacids [Link]
groupviiHalogens veryreactivenonmetalsofvaryingstates names classification
compound
groupvillnoblegases nonreactivegases atcontaceticacidacidwearelectrolytes
atomsoftenlosegainelectrons reactionsc reatingcharged
duringchemical Hahydrochloricacidacidstrongelectrolytes
atoms ions acidacidstrongelectrolyte
Amosnitric
ofelectrons
cations positivelychargedcross Nan sodiumchlorideioniccompoundstrong
e lectrolyte
anions negativelychargedcaainingofelectrons arsonmethanolmolecularcompoundnon
electrolyte
exes Ici protons it a typesofcompounds
neutronsis neutronsp
electronsis molecular non
electrolytes
t nearest
noble
gas ioniccompounds composed
ofmetalcations nonmetalsanions
nonmetals atthe
end ievac
mm thecations anionsexistinproportionsthat
giveselectricalneutrality
ie cat can tsoit needs tobalancecan
arrangedinacrustal
lattice
molecularc ompounds composedofzormoredifferentnonmetals
[Link] moicha
navenooverall
charge
ofatoms
existasadiscreteunit
covalent snaringelectrons
ofionic molecularcompounds
properties formulasofioniccompounds
ioniccompounds molecular compounds is
charge balanced
excel At o Ano andBr car
as a s a a line at z
arebalance
charges arebalanced
charges
transitionmetalcations
onthe
n umberconaraefound
oxidation formulamonatomic
exitstea tenanda excareais resanda
monatomic epolyatomicions tomakesure
whenwritingformulacrossover theoverallcharge zero
ionsionsofsingleatoms
a monatomic
mostmain e lements
group theirion
form charge onnowfaraway
based nomenclature
theirnearestnoblegas
from
theyare
metalstendto
transition formmultiplecharges binary
c ompounds
polyvalent specieswith thanonecharge
more is metal nonmetal
cations first
arenamed anion
then
ions
commonmonatomic a ine ide
oroxideion mi ie cat calciumfluoride
Nasodiumion ion
149magnesium ion
fluoride a transitionmetals nonmetal
ion
nitride
ions agroupofatomswithanoverallnetcharge
polyatomic chargethe
anionuseside
oxo
polyatomic withoxygenattached
anions agroupofatoms systemuseromannumeralstoindicate
stock charge
oxyloxoanions ite ate ie restandon Fero ironanoxide
ie no perchlorate [Link] theformatisthesameascationtanio
Bo ate
closchlorate g theclassicalsystem nameofmetalwi onsor ie
aoichlorite a metalcations
cio ie I
hypochlorite
at onslowercharge iae
no nianeronarae
ion c ontainingpolyatomicions
compounds ie tenanda ferrouschloride
anions
polyatomic Festandor ferricchloride
caco calcium
carbonate is nonmetal nonmetal
Mancossodiumbicarbonate element first
thatnasaloweraroup snianerperiod goes
Naan sodium
cyanide whencompoundiso first
go
halogenshalogens
Kno potassiumnitrate secondelementisnamed
as ide
onlycommonpolyatomiccation prefixesareusedto
indicatethe ofatomsineach
number the
e lementin
Niteammonium ion nitano ammoniumnitrate compound
Hot hydroniumcation a mono penta d
Ha mercuryincation a ai a nexa deca
s tri hepta
electrostaticforces tetra g g
attraction ions
b etween ie no trioxide
dinitrogen
coulomb'slaw is acids
Force
rag where kisproportionalityconstant theaqueoussolutionsofthecompoundaregivenacidnames
nonmetal ideto ios addacid
a ischargeoncation hydrogentohydro
a ischargeonanion ie Holanudrogenmonochloride
aisthedistancebtwioncenters acid
nonaainuaroonioric acid
Holoman chloric
compounds ions
wpolyatomic
oxuanion
named
by ofoxygenatoms
on l o s ate ocs ite
inside c o a ate oca ite
acommonpolyatomicanionsthatdon'tuseatesite
on hydroxide oncyanide o peroxide
its hydrogensulfide o superoxide
c carbide
acommonpolyatomiccations
Hamercuryin antiammonium Hothydronium
madewimetalsconintorchargedspecies
oxyanions
cro chromate nopermanganate
onesdichromate Mnomanganate
r acids
polyatomic
maro isnot usedinanoxyacid
acidisstill
addedattheend
endingofpolyatomicion endingof
acid
ite our
ate ie
ie aso nudrogensuitate so acid
sulfuric
so hydrogensulfite Hasosma sulfurousacid
Hydrates
compounds withwatermoleculestrappedabsorbedintheir
crystals
isnamed prefixfornumberofwater nuarate
compound
ie macaroni alto
magnesiumperchlorate stetranuarate
wisnaredhydrate
compound
ornemi ie Caso 0.5420 or [Link]
is sesau sulfateneminuarate
calcium
anhydrous dried
saltsfromnuarates
ie cusoasitio cuso sitio
samite't
a
anhydrouscopper sulfate
CHEM 107C
PREPARATION FOR
GEN CHEAP
lecture notes