SCTR’s Pune Institute Of Computer Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Module 1: Introduction of
Computer Networks
By: Bhumesh Masram
Assistant Professor, Computer Engg Dept, PICT
SCTR’s Pune Institute Of Computer Technology
Computer Engineering Department
Students will able to
Define LAN, WAN, MAN.
Demonstrate sharing information in LAN, WAN, MAN
Apply and demonstrate networking by using
Network Devices (Switch, Router, Cable)
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What is Computer Network?
“A computer network is a system that
connects two or more computing devices to
transmit and share information.”
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LAN (Local Area Network)
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is a network that connects
computers and other devices within a limited geographical area, such as a
home, school, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings.
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MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
MAN stands for
Metropolitan Area Network.
It is a type of network that
connects multiple local area
networks (LANs) within a
metropolitan area, such as a
city or a large campus.
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WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN stands for Wide Area
Network. It is a type of
network that extends over a
large geographical area,
often covering cities,
countries, or even
continents
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Network Devices
Network devices are hardware components used to connect
computers and other electronic devices together to form a
network. These devices facilitate communication, manage data
traffic, and ensure the efficient transfer of information within and
between networks. Here are some common types of network
devices
Switch Router Hub
Connects Connects multiple A basic networking
devices within a networks together, device that
single network such as connecting a connects multiple
(usually a LAN) local area network devices in a LAN.
(LAN) to the internet
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Switches
A switch is a networking device that connects
devices within a single network, such as
computers, printers, and servers, in a local
area network (LAN). Switches operate at the
data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model,
although some also operate at the network
layer (Layer 3) to perform routing functions.
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Router
A router is a network device that forwards data packets between
computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on
the Internet.
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Hub
A hub is a basic networking device used to connect multiple computers
or other network devices in a Local Area Network (LAN). It operates at
the physical layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model
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Communication
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts,
or feelings between individuals or groups. It involves a sender who conveys
a message through a chosen medium to a receiver, who then interprets and
responds to the message. Effective communication requires clarity, active
listening, and mutual understanding between the parties involved.
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Data Communication
Data communication is the process of transferring data between two or
more devices through some form of transmission medium, such as a wire
cable, optical fiber, or wireless signals. It involves the exchange of data in
the form of bits, bytes, packets, or frames and typically includes elements
like:
Sender Transmission Media Reciever
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Data Communication
1. Sender: The device that sends the data.
2. Receiver: The device that receives the data.
3. Transmission Medium: The physical path through which the data travels.
4. Message: The actual data being transmitted
5. Protocol: A set of rules and conventions for data exchange.
Message Sender Transmission Medium Message
Receiver
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Data Communication
Data communication ensures that the information is transmitted accurately
and efficiently from one point to another.
Send
Sender Receiver
Transmission Medium
Reply
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Cables
Networking cables are essential for establishing and maintaining connections
within a network. Here are the main types of networking cables and their uses
Twisted Pair cable
Crossover Cable
Coaxial Cable
Ethernet Cable Fibre Optic Cable
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Twisted Pair Cables
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
Most common for Ethernet networks.
Categories include Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, Cat7,
and Cat8, each supporting higher speeds and
UTP
frequencies.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):
Similar to UTP but with shielding to reduce
electromagnetic interference (EMI).
STP
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Coaxial Cables
1. Coaxial cables Used mainly for cable television and early computer
networks.
2. It consists of a central conductor, insulating layer, metallic shield, and
outer insulating layer.
Coaxial Cables
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Fiber Optic Cables
Transmit data as light, offering high-speed
and long-distance communication.
Two main types:
Single-mode Fiber (SMF): For long-
distance communication.
SMF
Multi-mode Fiber (MMF): For shorter
distances with higher data rates.
MMF
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Crossover Cables
Crossover Cables is special type of Ethernet cable used to
connect two similar devices directly (e.g., two computers)
Cross Over Cable
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Ethernet Cables
Ethernet Cables is specific type of UTP cable used in local
area networks (LANs). Includes Cat5e, Cat6, etc., which
define speed and frequency standards.
Ethernet Cables
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Connectors
RJ45: Standard connector for
Ethernet cables.
RJ45
SC, ST, LC,and FC: Common connectors
for fiber optic cables.
SC, ST, LC, and FC:
BNC: Used for coaxial cables.
BNC
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Applications
Home and Office Networks:
Ethernet cables (Cat5e, Cat6).
Data Centers: Fiber optic cables
for high-speed and long-
distance connections.
Telecommunications: Coaxial
and fiber optic cables.
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Crimping tool
A crimping tool is a device used to attach
connectors to the end of cables, ensuring a
secure and reliable connection in networking.
Here's a detailed explanation of the crimping
tool and its use in networking:
Purpose
The primary purpose of a crimping tool in
networking is to connect the RJ45
connectors to the ends of Ethernet cables
(such as Cat5e, Cat6). This process is known
as crimping.
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Crimping tool
Parts of a Crimping Tool
1. Crimping Jaw : This is the part of the tool that
presses the connector's metal pins into the wires,
creating a secure connection.
2. Cutting Blade: Used to cut the cable to the desired
length.
3. Stripping Blade: Used to strip the outer insulation
of the cable, exposing the individual wires inside.
4. Connector Slot: Holds the RJ45 connector in place
during crimping.
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Steps to Use a Crimping Tool
1. Prepare the Cable: Cut the cable to the required length using the cutting
blade of the crimping tool.
2. Strip the Cable: Use the stripping blade to remove about an inch of the outer
insulation to expose the individual wires.
3. Arrange the Wires: Untwist the pairs and arrange them in the correct order
according to the wiring standard you are using (T568A or T568B).
4. Insert the Wires into the Connector: Push the wires into the RJ45 connector,
ensuring each wire goes into the correct slot.
5. Crimp the Connector: Place the connector into the crimping slot of the tool
and squeeze the handles firmly. The crimping jaw presses the metal pins into
the wires, securing the connection.
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Network Interface Card
A Network Interface Card (NIC), also known
as a network adapter or network interface
controller, is a hardware component that
allows a computer or other device to
connect to a network.
Purpose
The primary purpose of a NIC is to provide
the necessary hardware interface between a
computer (or other device) and a network,
enabling communication over that network.
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Types of NIC card
1. Wired NICs
Ethernet NIC: Connects to wired networks using Ethernet cables (Cat5e, Cat6, etc.).
These are the most common type of NICs for desktop computers and servers.
2. Wireless NICs
Wi-Fi NIC: Connects to wireless networks using Wi-Fi technology. Commonly found in
laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
Bluetooth NIC: Allows devices to connect and communicate over short distances using
Bluetooth.
3. Fiber Optic NICs
Used for high-speed and long-distance network connections. Common in data centers
and enterprise networks.
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Components of a NIC
1. Controller: The chip that handles the data processing and communication functions.
2. Connector/Port: The interface for connecting the network cable (e.g., RJ45 for
Ethernet).
3. ROM: Contains the firmware and sometimes the MAC address.
4. Driver: Software that allows the operating system to communicate with the NIC.
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Key Functions of a NIC
1. Data Transmission: Converts data from the computer into a format
suitable for transmission over the network.
2. Data Reception: Receives incoming data from the network and
converts it into a format that the computer can understand.
3. Error Detection and Correction: Checks for errors in the transmitted
and received data and corrects them when possible.
4. MAC Address: Each NIC has a unique Media Access Control (MAC)
address used to identify the device on the network.
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LAN setup
Setup a wired LAN using Layer 2 Switch. It includes preparation of cable, testing
of cable using line tester, configuration machine using IP addresses, testing using
PING utility and
Physical Configuration
Switch
PC 1 Laptop 2
Laptop 3 Server
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Star Topology
Switch
PC 1 Laptop 2
Laptop 3 Server
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Star Topology
Network Address- 192 . 168 . 1 . 0
IP - 192 . 168 . 1 . 1 IP - 192 . 168 . 1 . 2
Switch
PC 1 Laptop 2
IP - 192 . 168 . 1 .2 Server
IP - 192 . 168 . 1 . 4
Laptop 3
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Line Coding Schemes
Line coding schemes are methods used to convert digital data into a digital
signal suitable for transmission over a physical medium. This is part of the
Physical Layer in the OSI model
Here are some common line coding schemes:
unipolar
Polar
Bipolar
Manchester Encoding
Differential Manchester Encoding
4B/5B Encoding
Multilevel Transmission Schemes
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Unipolar
*Non-Return to Zero (NRZ): Uses two voltage levels to represent binary data.
Typically, 0 volts for a logical '0' and a positive voltage for a logical '1'.
*Return to Zero (RZ): The signal returns to zero voltage level between each bit,
ensuring synchronization but using more bandwidth.
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Polar
*Non-Return to Zero (NRZ): Similar to unipolar NRZ but uses positive and
negative voltages. '0' might be represented by a negative voltage and '1' by a
positive voltage.
*Return to Zero (RZ): Similar to unipolar RZ but uses positive and negative
voltages.
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Bipolar
Bipolar AMI
Bipolar Pseudoternary
*Bipolar AMI : Bipolar AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) is a line coding scheme
used in digital transmission systems, particularly in telecommunications. It is
designed to transmit binary data in a way that ensures no net DC component
and helps maintain synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
Characteristics of Bipolar AMI Encoding:
Three Voltage Levels
Encoding Rules
Alternation for '1' Bits
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Bipolar AMI
Three Voltage Levels:
Positive Voltage (+V)
Zero Voltage (0)
Negative Voltage (-V)
Encoding Rule:
Binary '0' is represented by no line signal (0 voltage).
Binary '1' is alternately represented by +V and -V.
Alternation for '1' Bits:
The representation of '1' alternates between +V and -V to ensure no net DC
component. This alternation helps in maintaining synchronization and reducing the
DC bias in the signal.
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Bipolar AMI
Example:
If the binary data is 1001010, the encoded signal would be:
1 -> +V
0 -> 0
0 -> 0
1 -> -V
0 -> 0
1 -> +V
0 -> 0
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Bipolar Pseudoternary
*Bipolar Pseudoternary : Bipolar pseudoternary is a line coding scheme used in
digital transmission, particularly in telecommunications. It is a variation of
bipolar encoding, where three voltage levels (positive, zero, and negative) are
used to encode binary data.
Characteristics of Bipolar Pseudoternary Encoding:
Three Voltage Levels
Encoding Rules
Alternation for '0' Bits
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Bipolar AMI
Three Voltage Levels:
Positive Voltage (+V)
Zero Voltage (0)
Negative Voltage (-V)
Encoding Rule:
Binary '1' is represented by no line signal (0 voltage).
Binary '0' is alternately represented by +V and -V.
Alternation for '0' Bits:
The representation of '0' alternates between +V and -V to ensure no net DC
component. This alternation helps in maintaining synchronization and reducing the
DC bias in the signal.
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Bipolar Pseudoternary
Example
If the binary data is 1001010, the encoded signal would be:
1 -> 0
0 -> +V
0 -> -V
1 -> 0
0 -> +V
1 -> 0
0 -> -V
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Manchester Line coding
Manchester line coding is a method of encoding binary data that
combines data and clock signals into a single waveform, making it highly
effective for synchronization in digital communication systems.
Basics of Manchester Encoding
Manchester Encoding: In this encoding scheme, each bit of data is
represented by at least one transition in the middle of the bit
period. This ensures that there is a transition for each bit,
facilitating easy synchronization.
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Manchester Encoding Scheme
[Link] Manchester Encoding:
Logical '1': Represented by a transition from low to high (0 to 1) in the
middle of the bit period.
Logical '0': Represented by a transition from high to low (1 to 0) in the
middle of the bit period.
2. Differential Manchester Encoding (also known as Biphase Mark Code or
BMC):
Logical '1': A transition occurs at the beginning of the bit period.
Logical '0': No transition at the beginning, but a transition occurs in
the middle of the bit period.
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Manchester & Differential Manchester Encoding Scheme
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LAN: Local Area Network, limited area (home/office).
01 MAN: Metropolitan Area Network, city or large campus.
WAN: Wide Area Network, large geographical areas (e.g.,
internet).
Summary 02
Network Devices- Router, Switch, Hub, Cables,
Connectors
03 Configuration of ethernet cables
04 Applications of cable - home networking, data centers.
THANK YOU!
Mr. Bhumesh Masram
Assistant Professor Computer Dept, PICT
+91 7045449943
Linkedin - bhumesh-masram
Pune