Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Properties of two-phase mixtures

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 102 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Isothermal expansion of water

Bath at 100oC

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 103 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

P-v diagram for water

P
(MPa)
C
22

37
4
oC
L

o
M 100 C N
0.1 T=c
onsta
nt

30oC
0.00317
O
0oC
0.0006
A B
v

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 104 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

P-v diagram for a two-phase substance

Saturated liquid state : Lies on the line AC
Saturated vapor state : Lies on the line BC
Saturated liquid line : Line AC
Saturated vapor line : Line BC
Critical state : Point C
Saturation pressure, Psat (T ) : Pressure at which phase change takes place
for the given temperature T
Saturation temperature, Tsat (P ) : Temperature at which phase change
takes place for the given pressure P
Compressed/sub-cooled liquid region : Left of the saturated liquid line.
For these states, the given (P, T ) is such that P > Psat (T )
or, alternatively, T < Tsat (P )
Superheated region : Right of the saturated vapor line
Two phase mixture region : Dome shaped region delineated by ACB. Any
state is a mixture of saturated liquid plus saturated vapor
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 105 / 395
 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

T-v diagram for water

T (oC)

a
MP
C

22
374

stant
P = con
100 kPa
100

3.17 kPa
30
0.6 kPa
0
A B
v

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 106 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given P and T – water

Given P = 250 kPa and T=200◦ C.

From the pressure table, Tsat (200 kPa) = 127.4◦ C. Since the given T
(=200◦ C) is greater than this value, the state is superheated.

P P
(kPa) (kPa)

A 1555 A
250 250
T=200oC
T=127.4oC

v
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 107 / 395
 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given P and T – water

Given P = 250 kPa and T=200◦ C.

Alternatively, from the temperature table, Psat (200◦ C) = 1555 kPa. Since
the given P (=250 kPa) is less than this value, the state is superheated.
P
(kPa)

A 1555 A
250
T=200oC T=200oC
T=127.4oC

v v
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 107 / 395
 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given P and T – water

Given P=1000 kPa and T=140◦ C.

From the pressure table, Tsat (1000 kPa) = 179.9◦ C. Since the given T
(=140◦ C) is less than this value, the state is compressed/sub-cooled liquid.

P P
(kPa) (kPa)

1000 1000
B B
361.2
T=179.9oC
T=140oC

v
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 108 / 395
 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given P and T – water

Given P=1000 kPa and T=140◦ C.

Alternatively, from the temperature table, Psat (140◦ C) = 361.2 kPa.

Since the given P (=1000 kPa) is greater than this value, the state is
compressed/sub-cooled liquid.
P
(kPa)

1000
B
361.2
T=179.9oC
T=140oC T=140oC

v v
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 108 / 395
 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given P and v – water

Given P=250 kPa and v=0.5 m3 /kg.

From the pressure table, the specific P

(kPa)
volume of the saturated liquid state is
vf = 0.0010672 m3 /kg and that of the
saturated vapor state is vg = 0.7193
m3 /kg. Since vf < v < vg , the state
falls in the two phase mixture region. Q g
f
250

0.0010672 0.5 0.7193 v (m3/kg)

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 109 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given P and v

P=1 MPa and v=0.5 m3 /kg.

From the pressure table, the specific P

(kPa)
volume of the saturated liquid state is
vf = 0.001272 m3 /kg and that of the
saturated vapor state is vg = 0.1945
m3 /kg. Since v > vg , the state falls in g R
1000 f
the superheated region.

0.001272 0.1945 0.5 v (m3/kg)

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 110 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given T and v – water

T=200◦ C and v=0.1 m3 /kg : From the temperature table, for T=200◦ C,
the specific volume of the saturated liquid state is vf =
0.0011564 m3 /kg and that of the saturated vapor state is vg
= 0.1273 m3 /kg. Since the given value for the specific
volume, 0.1 m3 /kg lies in between these two values, the
state falls in the two phase mixture region.
T=250◦ C and v=0.2 m3 /kg : From the temperature table, for T=250◦ C,
the specific volume of the saturated liquid state is vf =
0.0012515 m3 /kg and that of the saturated vapor state is vg
= 0.0501 m3 /kg. Since the given value for the specific
volume, 0.2 m3 /kg is greater than vg , the state is
superheated.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 111 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

To locate a state given T and v – water

T=200◦ C and v=0.1 m3 /kg : From the temperature table, for T=200◦ C,
the specific volume of the saturated liquid state is vf =
0.0011564 m3 /kg and that of the saturated vapor state is vg
= 0.1273 m3 /kg. Since the given value for the specific
volume, 0.1 m3 /kg lies in between these two values, the
state falls in the two phase mixture region.
T=250◦ C and v=0.2 m3 /kg : From the temperature table, for T=250◦ C,
the specific volume of the saturated liquid state is vf =
0.0012515 m3 /kg and that of the saturated vapor state is vg
= 0.0501 m3 /kg. Since the given value for the specific
volume, 0.2 m3 /kg is greater than vg , the state is
superheated.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 111 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Calculation of property values – two phase mixture

A new property called the dryness fraction or quality, x, is defined as
follows:
mg mg
x= =
m mf + mg

where the subscripts f and g refer to the liquid and vapor phase
respectively and m denotes the mass of the mixture. The specific volume
of the mixture (v) is given as

V
v =
m
mf vf + mg vg
=
m
= (1 − x)vf + xvg
= vf + x(vg − vf )

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 112 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Calculation of property values – two phase mixture

Any specific property of the mixture (ϕ) in the two phase region may be
written in the same manner as

ϕ = ϕf + x(ϕg − ϕf )

where, ϕ can be the specific volume v, specific internal energy u or specific

enthalpy h.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 113 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Calculation of property values – superheated state

These may be retrieved directly from the tables.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 114 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Calculation of property values – compressed/sub-cooled

liquid states

For a liquid (a) specific volume changes very little with pressure as it is
incompressible and (b) internal energy changes very little with pressure.
Consequently, for a compressed/sub-cooled liquid state,

v(T, P ) ≈ vf (T )
u(T, P ) ≈ uf (T )
h(T, P ) ≈ uf (T ) + P vf (T )

It should be noted that the approximation given above for the specific
enthalpy is not equal to hf (T ), since the latter is equal to
uf (T ) + Psat (T ) vf (T ) by definition.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 115 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Ideal gases

T
C

Pv
1− < 0.1
RT

Ideal Gas

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 116 / 395

 Pure Substances Properties of two-phase mixtures

Ideal gases
1.1
1 2.5
2.0
0.9
1.5 Pv
0.8 1− < 0.1
RT
0.7
Pv / RT

Ideal Gas
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3 T/Tcritical = 1.0

0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P/Pcritical

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 116 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

First Law Analysis of Systems

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 117 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

Two kg of ice at 0◦ C is dropped into 5 kg of liquid water initially at 20◦ C

in a large closed container. Simultaneously, 3500 kJ of heat is slowly
added to the container. Assuming that the pressure remains constant and
there is no heat loss from the container to the surroundings, determine (a)
the final temperature and (b) the mass of vapor formed (if any). The
latent heat of melting of ice may be taken to be 334 kJ/kg, latent heat of
vaporization of water to be 2260 kJ/kg and specific heat of water to be
4.2 kJ/kg.K. The boiling point of water may be taken as 100◦ C.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 118 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution
The system for this problem is comprised of the ice and the liquid water.
Since it is not known whether any of the water evaporates, let us
determine the heat required for the final state to be water at 100◦ C. To
this end, we apply first law to the system under consideration to get
0
∆E = ∆U = Q − > ⇒ ∆Uice + ∆U = Q
W liq

Here, W = 0 as there is no displacement or any other form of work. The

ice at 0◦ C melts to form water at 0◦ C and is then heated to 100◦ C. The
corresponding change in internal energy is

∆Uice = mice L + mice cliq (100 − 0)

where L denotes the latent heat of melting and c denotes the specific heat
capacity. The change in internal energy for the water to go from 20◦ C to
100◦ C is ∆Uliq = mliq cliq (100 − 20).
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 119 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Thus,

Q = mice L + mice cliq (100 − 0) + mliq cliq (100 − 20) = 3188 kJ

Since the heat added is higher than this value by 312 kJ (= 3500-3188),
some amount of water will definitely vaporize. Heat required to vaporize
all of the water at 100◦ C is given as (mice + mliq ) L′ = 15820 kJ, where
L′ denotes the latent heat of vaporization. It is thus clear that the heat
supplied is not sufficient to evaporate all the water. Hence, the final
temperature is 100◦ C and the mass of water evaporated is equal to
312 kJ ÷ L′ = 0.1381 kg.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 120 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

Two kg of air contained in a frictionless piston cylinder assembly undergoes

a compression process that obeys P V n = constant. Such a process is
called a polytropic process and the exponent, the polytropic index. The air
is initially at 100 kPa, 300 K and is compressed to a final pressure of 800
kPa. Determine, for n = 1.27, (a) work done and (b) heat interaction.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 121 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Polytropic process
P n=∞

1
n=0

n=1

1<n<γ
n=γ

V
Polytropic processes for an ideal gas corresponding to various polytropic
indices. Starting from the initial state denoted 1, final states in the second
quadrant are attained as a result of compression and those in the fourth
quadrant are attained after expansion.
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 122 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

(a) Taking the air as the system, the work interaction for such a process
may be evaluated as
Z 2
P2 V2 − P1 V1 m R (T2 − T1 )
W = P dV = =
1 1−n 1−n

Here, we have used the fact that P V n = P1 V1n = P1 V2n and also used
the equation of state.

For air, M = 28.8 kg/kmol and γ = 7/5. Therefore, R = 8314÷28.8 =

288.68 J/kg.K and Cv = R ÷ (γ − 1) = 721.7 J/kg.K.

We may write P V n = constant as, P (1−n)/n T = constant, after using

the equation of state.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 123 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

The final temperature may thus be evaluated as

 (n−1)/n
P2
T2 = T1 = 467 K
P1

Therefore, the work interaction,

m R (T2 − T1 ) 2 × 288.68 × (467 − 300)
W = = = −357.11 kJ
1−n 1 − 1.27
(b) Application of first law to this system gives

∆E = ∆U = Q − W ⇒ Q = m Cv (T2 − T1 ) + W

Upon substituting the numerical values, we get Q = -116.06 kJ. The sign
indicates that heat is lost by the system to the surroundings.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 124 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example, Q1 2022, 13/40 marks

A certain amount of air (M = 28 kg/kmol, γ=1.4) initially at 7 MPa,

1800 K and occupying 0.25 L, is contained in a frictionless piston cylinder
arrangement. The air undergoes a polytropic expansion process with index
1.5 through a volume ratio of 8:1. For the air in the cylinder, determine
(a) the final pressure (b) final temperature (c) work interaction and (d)
heat interaction.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 125 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

For air, M = 28 kg/kmol and γ = 7/5. Therefore, R = 8314÷28.8 =

296.93 J/kg.K and Cv = R ÷ (γ − 1) = 742.325 J/kg.K.

(a) Given P V n = P1 V1n = P1 V2n ,

 n  1.5
V1 1
P2 = P1 = 7000 × = 309.36 kPa [2]
V2 8

(b) m = P1 V1 ÷ (RT1 ) = 3.2 g [1].

P2 V2 309.36 × 103 × 8 × 0.25 × 10−3

T2 = = = 637 K [2]
mR 3.27 × 10−3 × 296.93

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 126 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

(c) Taking the air as the system, the work interaction for such a process
may be evaluated as
Z 2
P2 V2 − P1 V1 m R (T2 − T1 )
W = P dV = = = 2.258 kJ [3]
1 1−n 1−n

(d) Application of first law to this system gives

∆E = ∆U = Q − W [1]
⇒ Q = m Cv (T2 − T1 ) + W [2]
= −565.07 J [2]

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 127 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

An insulated vessel is divided into two compartments A and B by a thin

membrane which is designed to rupture at 1 MPa. Compartment A
occupies 0.5 m3 and is initially evacuated. Compartment B occupies 0.25
m3 and contains 2 kg of air initially at a pressure of 700 kPa. The air is
stirred until the membrane ruptures. Determine (a) the temperature in B
when the membrane ruptures (b) the work done by the stirrer and (c) the
final equilibrium temperature and pressure.

B A

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 128 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

The initial temperature of the air in compartment B may be calculated

using the ideal gas equation of state as

P1 V1 700 × 103 × 0.25

T1 = = = 303 K
mR 2 × 288.68
(a) The pressure in compartment B when the membrane ruptures is 1000
kPa. Hence, the temperature at this instant is given by

P2 V 2 1000 × 103 × 0.25

T2 = = = 433 K
mR 2 × 288.68

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 129 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

(b) We take the entire vessel to be the system. Applying first law for
process 1-2, we get
0, insulated 0
∆E = ∆U = 7− W1−2 = −
Q > − Wstirrer
Wdisp

Displacement work, Wdisp is also zero since the system boundary does not
deform during the process. Therefore,

Wstirrer = −∆U = −m Cv (T2 − T1 )

= −(2)(721.7)(433 − 303) = −187.64 kJ

Hence, work done by the stirrer is 187.64 kJ.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 130 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

(c) Let the final state be denoted 3. Applying first law for process 2-3, we
get
0 0
∆E = ∆U =  Q7− 
W>2−3 = 0
⇒ m Cv (T3 − T2 ) = 0
⇒ T3 = T2 = 433 K

For process 2-3, there is no work interaction, since the stirrer is stopped
once the membrane ruptures. The final temperature is 433 K. The final
pressure may be calculated as
mRT3 2 × 288.68 × 433
P3 = = = 333.33 kPa
V3 0.25 + 0.5

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 131 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example, Quiz I, 2015, 25/40 marks

Consider the frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement

shown. Initially, the air contained in cylinder A A
occupies 0.0864 m3 and is at 200 kPa and 300 K,
while the air in cylinder B occupies 0.0398 m3 , and is
at 300 K. The cross-sectional areas of cylinders A and
B are, respectively, 0.00786 m2 and 0.00393 m2 . Heat
is now supplied to cylinder A causing the piston to
move slowly downwards by 2 m. The total mass of the B
pistons and connecting rod is 10 kg. Cylinder B is
completely insulated. Determine:

(a) Mass in cylinder A (b) Initial pressure in cylinder B (c) Mass in

cylinder B (d) Watm (e) Wpiston (f) Final pressure in B (g) Final
temperature in B (h) WB (i) Final pressure in A (j) Final temperature in
Aand (k) Heat supplied, Q. Take Patm = 100 kPa and g = 10 m/s2 .

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 132 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution
(a) Mass of air in cylinder A is given as

P1,A V1,A 200 × 103 × 0.0864

mA = = = 0.2 kg [2]
RT1,A 288.68 × 300

(b) At any instant during the process, a force balance on the piston
assembly gives

(P − Patm ) Ap |A + Mp g = (P − Patm ) Ap |B

The initial pressure in B is thus

 
Ap,A Ap,A Mp g
P1,B = Patm 1 − + P1,A +
Ap,B Ap,B Ap,B

Upon substituting the known values into the right hand side, we get P1,B
= 325.45 kPa [3].
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 133 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
(c) Mass of air in cylinder B is given as
P1,B V1,B 325.45 × 103 × 0.0398
mB = = = 0.15 kg [1]
RT1,B 288.68 × 300
(d) The work interaction for the atmosphere may be evaluated as
Watm = Patm (∆Vatm,A + ∆Vatm,B )
Given that the piston assembly moves down by 2 m, ∆Vatm,A = −2 × Ap,A
and ∆Vatm,B = 2 × Ap,B . Therefore, Watm = -786 J [2].

(e) Wpiston = −Mp g (z2 − z1 ) = 200 J [2].

(f) At any instant, considering the air in cylinder B as the system, we may
write,
0, insulated
dE = dU = δ Q − δW = −P dV

7
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 134 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
This expression may be written as

m Cv dT = −m P dv
RT
Cv dT = − dv
v
dT dv
= −(γ − 1)
T v
Upon integrating, we get T v γ−1 = constant. This is the equation that
describes the adiabatic, fully resisted process undergone by the air in
cylinder B. The final pressure in B may now be calculated using

V1,B γ
 
P2,B = P1,B
V2,B

Since V2,B = V1,B − 2 Ap,B = 0.03194 m3 , we finally get P2,B = 442.84

kPa [2].
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 135 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
(g) Final temperature in B is given as
P2,B V2,B 442.84 × 103 × 0.03194
T2,B = = = 327 K [2]
mB R 0.15 × 288.68
(h) If we apply first law to the air in cylinder B, we get
0, insulated
∆E = ∆U = 7− W ⇒ WB = −mB Cv (T2,B − T1,B )
Q
Therefore, WB = -(0.15)(721.7)(327-300) = -2923 J [3].

(i) From the expression given in part (b) for the force balance on the
piston assembly, we may write
 
Ap,B Ap,B Mp g
P2,A = Patm 1 − + P2,B −
Ap,A Ap,A Ap,A
Hence, the final pressure in A, P2,A = 258.7 kPa [2].
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 136 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
(j) Final volume of the air in cylinder A, V2,A = V1,A + 2 Ap,A = 0.10212
m3 . Final temperature in A may now be calculated as

P2,A V2,A 258.7 × 103 × 0.10212

T2,A = = = 458 K [1]
mA R 0.2 × 288.68
(k) If we apply first law to the air in A, we get

∆E = ∆U = Q−W
⇒ QA = ∆UA + WA [1]
= ∆UA − (WB + Wpiston + Watm ) [1]
= mA Cv (T2,A − T1,A ) − (WB + Wpiston + Watm ) [1]

where we have used the fact that WA + WB + Wpiston + Watm = 0. Upon

substituting the values, we finally get QA = 26.315 kJ [2].
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 137 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

Air and N2 are contained in a frictionless, insulated

piston cylinder apparatus as shown. The thin rigid
partition that separates the two chambers is perfectly
thermally conducting. Initially, the air is at 500 kPa
and 473 K and N2 is at 1000 kPa and they each
occupy 0.015 m3 . The air is now compressed slowly
until the pressure of N2 reaches 1100 kPa. Determine Air
the work and heat interaction for the air and its final
temperature. Neglect any internal energy changes in N2
the partition wall.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 138 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution
For N2 , M = 28 kg/kmol and γ = 7/5. Therefore, R = 8314÷28 =
296.93 J/kg.K and Cv = R ÷ (γ − 1) = 742.32 J/kg.K.

The mass of air and N2 may be determined from the respective equations
of state using the given information. Since the partition in the middle is
perfectly thermally conducting, the air and N2 are always in thermal
equilibrium. Thus

P1 V1 500 × 103 × 0.015

mair = = = 0.055 kg
RT1 air 288.68 × 473

and
P1 V 1 1000 × 103 × 0.015
mN2 = = = 0.107 kg
RT1 N2 296.93 × 473
N2 undergoes a constant volume process. Since the final pressure is
known, the final temperature may be evaluated from
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 139 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

P2 V 2 1100 × 103 × 0.015

T2 = = = 519 K
mR N2 0.107 × 296.93
The first law for a system comprising the air, N2 and the partition may be
written as
0, insulated
∆E = ∆U = − W
Q7
⇒ (mair Cv,air + mN2 Cv,N2 ) (T2 − T1 ) = −W

Note that Q = 0, since the vessel is insulated. Upon substituting the

numerical values, we get

W = −(0.055 × 721.7 + 0.107 × 742.32) (519 − 473) = −5479.61 J

The work interaction for air is -5479.61 J, since the work interaction for
N2 is zero.
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 140 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
If we apply first law to a system that contains the air alone, we get
∆Eair = ∆Uair = Qair − Wair
mair Cv,air (T2 − T1 ) = Qair − Wair
Note that the Q that appears in this expression is the heat interaction
between the air and N2 across the thermally conducting partition. Hence
Qair = Wair + mair Cv,air (T2 − T1 ) = −3653.71 J
Alternatively, if we apply first law to a system that contains the N2 alone,
we get
0, V = const
∆EN2 = ∆UN2 = QN2 −  W *

N2
⇒ mN2 Cv,N2 (T2 − T1 ) = QN2
⇒ QN2 = (0.107)(742.32)(519 − 473) = 3653.71 kJ
Since, Qair = −QN2 , we get the same value for Qair as before.
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 141 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

Air is contained in an insulated rigid tank of volume 1000 L. The air is

initially at 1 MPa, 300 K. A valve on the top of the tank is now opened
and the air is allowed to escape slowly into the atmosphere until the
pressure in the vessel reaches 100 kPa at which point, the valve is closed.
Determine (a) the final temperature of the air inside the tank and (b) the
amount of air that escapes.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 142 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution
(a) A system appropriate for this problem was shown before. If we apply
first law to this system at an intermediate instant, we get
0
dE = dU = δ7− δW = −P dV
Q

where we have set δQ = 0, since the system and the surrounding air are
always at the same temperature and the vessel is insulated. This
expression may be written as

m Cv dT = −m P dv
RT
Cv dT = − dv
v
dT dv
= −(γ − 1)
T v
Upon integrating, we get T v γ−1 = constant.
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 143 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Therefore, the final temperature of the air in the tank is given as

 (γ−1)/γ
P2
T2 = T1 = 155 K
P1

Note that the mass of the system itself is not required for this analysis.

(b) Mass contained in the tank initially may be calculated as

m1 = P1 V ÷ (R T1 ) = 11.547 kg. The mass in the tank finally is given as
m2 = P2 V ÷ (R T2 ) = 2.235 kg (this is also the mass of the system
considered in part a). Therefore, the mass that escapes is 11.547 - 2.235
= 9.312 kg.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 144 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example
Consider the frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement
shown in the figure in which the piston is spring
loaded. The top surface of the piston is exposed to the
atmosphere at 100 kPa. Initially, the cylinder contains
a certain quantity of N2 at 200 kPa, 27◦ C and
occupies 0.1 m3 . At this position, the spring just
touches the piston but does not exert any force. The
cross-sectional area of the frictionless piston is 0.05 m2 N2
and the spring constant is 15000 N/m. The valve is
800 kPa, 27oC
now opened and the N2 from the line at 800 kPa,
27◦ C flows into the cylinder until the pressure inside
the cylinder reaches the line pressure at which point,
the valve is closed. Determine (a) the mass of N2
initially present in the cylinder, (b) the final volume
occupied by N2 (c) the amount of N2 that enters the
cylinder and (d) the final temperature of N2 .
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 145 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

N2 N2
800 kPa, 27oC
Initial Final

For N2 , M = 28 kg/kmol and γ = 7/5. Therefore, R = 8314÷28 =

296.93 J/kg.K and Cv = R ÷ (γ − 1) = 742.33 J/kg.K.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 146 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
The mass of N2 initially in the cylinder may be evaluated as

P1 V1 200 × 103 × 0.1

m1 = = = 0.2245 kg
RT1 296.93 × 300
At any instant during the process, the pressure inside the cylinder may be
written as
Mp g k x k
P = Patm + + = 200 × 103 + 2 (V − V1 )
Ap Ap Ap

where x is the spring deflection. Therefore, when the pressure finally

reaches 800 kPa, the volume occupied by N2 may be evaluated as

A2p
V2 = V1 + (800 − 200) × 103 × = 0.2 m3
k

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 147 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
The thermodynamic system appropriate for this problem is shown in the
figure using a dashed line. With respect to this system, let the mass of N2
initially in the line be mline kg. This is also the mass that enters the
cylinder. At the final state,

(m1 + mline ) R T2 = P2 V2 (1)

If we apply first law to the system shown, we get

0, insulated
∆E = ∆U = 7− W
Q
m1 Cv (T2 − T1 ) + mline Cv (T2 − Tline ) = −W

The displacement work W is the sum of the displacement work in that

part of the system that is inside the line and that part next to the piston.
Hence,
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 148 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Z 2
W = Pline (0 − V1,line ) + P dV
1
Z 2 
k
= −mline R Tline + 200 × 103 + 2 (V − V1 ) dV
1 Ap
15000 0.12 − 0
= −mline R Tline + 200 × 103 × (0.2 − 0.1) +
0.052 2
= −R Tline mline + 50000
Therefore,
m1 Cv (T2 − T1 ) + mline Cv (T2 − Tline ) = −50000 + R Tline mline
This may be rearranged to give
m1 Cv T2 + mline Cv [T2 − Tline − (γ − 1) Tline ] = m1 Cv T1 − 50000
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 149 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Or
1
R T2 (m1 + mline ) −γ mline Cv Tline = m1 Cv T1 − 50000
γ−1 | {z }
=P2 V2

where we have used Eqn. (1) from above. Thus,

P2 V2
γ mline Cv Tline = −m1 Cv T1 + 50000 +
γ−1
Upon substituting the known values, we get mline = 1.283 kg. From Eqn.
(1), we may get T2 = 357 K.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 150 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

Air contains 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen by volume. A rigid vessel
initially contains 0.01 m3 of air and 0.001 m3 of methane at 101325 Pa
and 25◦ C.

(a) Calculate the masses of nitrogen, oxygen and methane present in this
mixture.

To this mixture, 0.001 kg of hydrogen is added. During the process, the

temperature remains constant.

(b) What is the mixture molecular weight after the addition of hydrogen?

(c) What is the mixture pressure after the addition of hydrogen?

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 151 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

Partial volumes of nitrogen and oxygen may be evaluated as

0.79Ö0.01=0.0079 m3 and 0.21Ö0.01=0.0021 m3 , respectively. Partial
volume of methane is given to be 0.001 m3 .
101325 × 0.0079
mN2 = = 9.05 × 10−3 kg
(8314 ÷ 28) × 298
101325 × 0.0021
mO2 = = 2.75 × 10−3 kg
(8314 ÷ 32)298
101325 × 0.001
mCH4 = = 6.54 × 10−4 kg
(8314 ÷ 16) × 298

After 0.001 kg of H2 is added, mass of the mixture mmix = 0.013454 kg.

Thus, the mass fractions of nitrogen, oxygen, methane and hydrogen are:
0.673, 0.204, 0.049 and 0.074.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 152 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

1
M W mix = 0.673 0.204 0.049 0.074 = 14.19 kg/kmol
28 + 32 + 16 + 2

Pmix V = mmix Rmix T

0.013454 × (8314 ÷ 14.19) × 298

⇒ Pmix = = 213551.5 Pa
0.011

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 153 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

A 17.3 liter tank contains a mixture of argon, helium and nitrogen at 298
K. The argon and helium mole fractions are 0.12 and 0.35 respectively. If
the partial pressure of the nitrogen is 0.8 atm, determine the pressure, the
total number of moles and the mass of the mixture in the tank. Also,
determine the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the
mixture to 500 K.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 154 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

Since yAr = 0.12 and yHe = 0.35, we can calculate yN2 to be 1 - yAr -
yHe = 0.53.

PN2
PN2 = yN2 P ⇒ P = = 1.509 atm
yN2
PV
PV = nRT ⇒ n= = 1.0676 moles
RT

M Wmix = 0.12 × 40 + 0.35 × 4 + 0.53 × 28 = 21.04 kg/kmole

mmix = n × M Wmix = 22.3024 g

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 155 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

!
1 1 1
C̄v,mix = R 0.12 5 + 0.35 5 + 0.53 7
3 −1 3 −1 5 −1
J
= 16.877
mol.K

Q = nC̄v,mix ∆T = 1.0676 × 16.877 × (500 − 298) = 3629.7 J

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 156 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

A saturated mixture of R134a initially at 100 kPa is contained in a rigid

vessel of volume 0.02 m3 . The mixture is heated until it attains the critical
state. Determine the mass of the mixture and the heat transferred.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 157 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example
A saturated mixture of R134a initially at 100 kPa is contained in a rigid
vessel of volume 0.02 m3 . The mixture is heated until it attains the critical
state. Determine the mass of the mixture and the heat transferred.

P
(kPa)
2

1
100

0.0019685 v (m3/kg)

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 157 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

The mixture undergoes a constant volume process. Since the final state is
the critical state, the property values are known. From the pressure table,
we can retrieve v2 = 0.00197 m3 /kg and u2 = 233.9 kJ/kg.

Since v1 = v2 = 0.00197 m3 /kg, the mass of the mixture, m = V ÷ v1 =

10.15 kg. Taking the contents of the vessel to be the system, if we apply
first law, we get,
0
∆E = ∆U = Q −  W>= Q

Here, we have set W = 0 since the vessel is rigid and hence the
displacement work is zero.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 158 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Thus,
Q = ∆U = m (u2 − u1 )
The initial state is a saturated mixture at 100 kPa and we may retrieve the
following property values from the pressure table: vf = 0.726 × 10−3
m3 /kg, vg = 0.19255 m3 /kg, uf = 17.19 kJ/kg and ug = 215.21 kJ/kg.
The dryness fraction at the initial state, x1 , can now be evaluated.
v1 − vf
x1 = = 0.0065
vg − vf

The specific internal energy at the initial state may be calculated as

u1 = uf + x1 (ug − uf ) = 18.47713 kJ/kg

Therefore, the heat supplied, Q = m (u2 − u1 ) = 2186.54 kJ.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 159 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example, Quiz II, 2001, 12/40 marks

A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of saturated R134a

vapor initially at 25◦ C. The vapor is compressed slowly until the volume is
reduced by two-thirds of the initial volume. Heat transfer during the
process with the ambient at 25◦ C keeps the temperature of the contents
of the cylinder constant. Determine the final pressure, work done and the
heat transferred.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 160 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example, Quiz II, 2001, 12/40 marks

A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of saturated R134a
vapor initially at 25◦ C. The vapor is compressed slowly until the volume is
reduced by two-thirds of the initial volume. Heat transfer during the
process with the ambient at 25◦ C keeps the temperature of the contents
of the cylinder constant. Determine the final pressure, work done and the
heat transferred. P
(kPa)

2 1

25 oC

0.0103 v (m3/kg)
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 160 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

Initial state is saturated vapor at T1 = 25◦ C and mass, m = 5 kg. From

the temperature table, we can retrieve the following property values:
specific volume, v1 = vg = 0.03092 m3 /kg, specific internal energy,
u1 = ug = 243.64 kJ/kg.

As the vapor is compressed isothermally, it condenses. Since the specific

volume of the liquid is less than that of the vapor, the reduction in the
volume due to compression is accommodated by the reduction in the
volume occupied on account of the condensation and the pressure thus
remains the same until all the vapor has condensed.

Final specific volume, v2 = v1 ÷ 3 = 0.0103 m3 /kg. As this is greater than

vf corresponding to 25◦ C, condensation is not complete and so the
pressure remains at the saturation pressure, 665.8 kPa.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 161 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
The dryness fraction at the final state may be evaluated as
v2 − vf
x2 = = 0.3148
vg − vf

where vf = 0.8286 × 10−3 m3 /kg, from the temperature table. The

specific internal energy at the final state may be calculated as

u2 = uf + x2 (ug − uf ) = 135.552 kJ/kg

where uf = 85.85 kJ/kg, from the temperature table.

Since the pressure remains constant during the process, the displacement
work may be calculated as

W = Psat (V2 − V1 ) = Psat m (v2 − v1 ) = −68.644 kJ

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 162 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

If we apply first law to the system consisting of the R134a substance, we

get

∆E = ∆U = Q − W
⇒ Q = ∆U + W = m(u2 − u1 ) + W

Upon substituting numerical values into this expression, Q = -609.084 kJ.

Heat has to be removed to maintain the system at the same temperature.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 163 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 2.6 kg of saturated R134a

mixture initially at 500 kPa and occupying 0.1 m3 . The mixture expands
according to the relation P V = constant until it becomes a saturated
vapor. Determine the final pressure, work done and heat transferred.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 164 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example
A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 2.6 kg of saturated R134a
mixture initially at 500 kPa and occupying 0.1 m3 . The mixture expands
according to the relation P V = constant until it becomes a saturated
vapor. Determine the final pressure, work done and heat transferred.

P
(kPa)

1
500

0.0385 v (m3/kg)

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 164 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

Given a saturated mixture of R134a at P1 = 500 kPa and V1 = 0.1 m3 ,

and mass, m = 2.6 kg. The specific volume at the initial state is
v1 = V1 ÷ m = 0.0385 m3 /kg. Since the R134a at the initial state is a
saturated mixture, the dryness fraction may be evaluated as
v1 − vf
x1 = = 0.934
vg − vf

where vf = 0.806 × 10−3 m3 /kg and vg = 0.04117 m3 /kg, from the

pressure table. The specific internal energy at the initial state may be
calculated as

u1 = uf + x1 (ug − uf ) = 227.824 kJ/kg

where uf = 72.92 kJ/kg and ug = 238.77 kJ/kg, from the pressure table.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 165 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Since the mixture expands according to P V = constant, we may write

P2 v2 = P1 v1 , as the mass remains the same. At first sight, it may appear
that we have two unknowns,namely, P2 and v2 , in this expression. This is
not so, since v2 = vg (P2 ). The final pressure may be obtained by trial and
error as P2 = 100 kPa.

The specific volume at the final state is then v2 = 0.19255 m3 /kg and the
specific internal energy is u2 = 215.21 kJ/kg.

The work interaction for the process may be obtained from

Z 2 Z 2  
v2
W = P dV = m P dv = m P1 v1 ln = P1 V1 ln 5
1 1 v 1

Upon substituting the values, we get W = 80.472 kJ.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 166 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Apply first law to the system consisting of R134a to get,

∆E = ∆U = Q − W ⇒ Q = m(u2 − u1 ) + W

Upon substituting the values, we get Q = 47.676 kJ.

It should be noted that, although the process obeys P V = constant, the

temperature does not remain constant, since the pure substance under
consideration is not an ideal gas.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 167 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

A vertical frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement contains 2 kg of water

initially at 1 bar. The piston initially rests on stops and will move when
the pressure reaches 3 bar. The enclosed volume when the piston is on the
stops is 250 L. An amount of heat equal to 4500 kJ is now transferred to
the water. Determine the final state and the work done.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 168 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example
A vertical frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement contains 2 kg of water
initially at 1 bar. The piston initially rests on stops and will move when
the pressure reaches 3 bar. The enclosed volume when the piston is on the
stops is 250 L. An amount of heat equal to 4500 kJ is now transferred to
the water. Determine the final state and the work done.
P
(kPa)

2 3
300

100
1
0.125 v (m3/kg)
Q
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 168 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution
The specific volume at the initial state, v1 = V1 ÷ m = 0.125 m3 /kg.
From the pressure table, corresponding to 1 bar, we can retrieve,
vf = 1.0431 × 10−3 m3 /kg and vg = 1.6958 m3 /kg, uf = 417.3 kJ/kg
and ug = 2505.5 kJ/kg. Since vf < v1 < vg , the water is initially a
saturated mixture.

The dryness fraction at the initial state may be evaluated as

v1 − vf
x1 = = 0.07314
vg − vf
The specific internal energy at the initial state may be calculated as
u1 = uf + x1 (ug − uf ) = 570.031 kJ/kg
The heat required to raise the pressure to 3 bar may be calculated by
applying first law to a system that consists of the water substance. This
gives,
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 169 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

0
∆E = ∆U = Q1−2 − 
W
>1−2
⇒ Q1−2 = m (u2 − u1 )

where the displacement work has been set to zero since the pressure
increase occurs at a constant volume. Hence, at state 2, P = 3 bar and v
= 0.125 m3 /kg. From the pressure table, corresponding to 3 bar, we can
retrieve, vf = 1.0731 × 10−3 m3 /kg and vg = 0.6063 m3 /kg, uf = 561.19
kJ/kg and ug = 2543.4 kJ/kg. Since vf < v2 < vg , state 2 is also a
saturated mixture state.

The dryness fraction at state 2 may be evaluated as

v2 − vf
x2 = = 0.2048
vg − vf

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 170 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

The specific internal energy at state 2 may be calculated as

u2 = uf + x2 (ug − uf ) = 967.15 kJ/kg

Therefore, Q1−2 = 794.238 kJ. It thus becomes clear that the remainder,
namely, 4500-794.2384 = 3705.762 kJ of heat is further added to the
system. Note that the pressure remains constant during this process (2-3),
since the pressure is entirely due to atmospheric pressure and the weight of
the piston, both of which do not change during the process.

Application of first law gives

∆E = ∆U = Q2−3 − W2−3
m (u3 − u2 ) = Q2−3 − m P2 (v3 − v2 )

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 171 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

If we rearrange this expression, we can get

Q2−3
h3 = u2 + P2 v2 +
m
where we have used the fact that P3 = P2 and the definition of specific
enthalpy, h = u + P v. Therefore, h3 = 2857.53 kJ/kg. Since hg (3 bar)
< h3 , state 3 is a superheated state.

From the superheated table, the specific volume at state 3 may be

obtained by interpolation as 0.7103 m3 /kg. Therefore, the work done

W1−3 = W2−3 = m P2 (v3 − v2 ) = 351.18 kJ

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 172 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example, Quiz II, 2012, 17/40 marks

Consider the frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement

shown. The cylinder is divided into two compartments
A and B by a rigid metal partition which ensures that
the temperature is always the same in the two
compartments. The piston and all sides of the cylinder
except the bottom are well insulated. The volume of
B
compartment A is 0.2023 m3 and it initially contains
steam at 5 bar, 180◦ C. Compartment B initially has a A
volume of 0.2 m3 and contains 2 kg of a saturated
mixture of liquid water and water vapor. Heat is now
Q
added to compartment A until the pressure becomes
equal in both the compartments.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 173 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example, Quiz II, 2012, 17/40 marks

Determine
(a) the initial pressure in compartment B
(b) the dryness fraction of the mixture initially in compartment B
(c) the mass contained in compartment A and
(d) the final pressure and temperature.
(e) Calculate the heat transferred.

For steam at 5 bar, 180◦ C, v = 0.4045 m3 /kg, u = 2609.5 kJ/kg and h =

2811.7 kJ/kg.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 174 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

Given mass of steam in compartment B, mB = 2 kg and volume,

V1,B = 0.2 m3 .

(a) The initial specific volume in compartment B is

v1,B = V1,B ÷ mB = 0.1 m3 /kg. Furthermore, T1,B = T1,A = 180◦ C. For
this value of temperature and specific volume, the substance is a saturated
mixture. The initial pressure in compartment B is thus equal to the
saturation pressure corresponding to 180◦ C, namely, 10.02 bar, from the
temperature table [2].

Accordingly, the following values may be retrieved from the temperature

table: vf = 1.1273×10−3 m3 /kg, vg = 0.194 m3 /kg, uf = 762.12 kJ/kg
and ug = 2583.4 kJ/kg.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 175 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
(b) The initial dryness fraction may be calculated as
v1,B − vf
x1,B = = 0.513 [2]
vg − vf

(c) Given P1 = 5 bar and T1 = 180◦ C in compartment A. For this value of

pressure and temperature, the state is superheated. Accordingly, the
following property values may be retrieved from the superheated table:
v1,A = 0.4045 m3 /kg [1], u1,A = 2609.5 kJ/kg [1].

Since VA is given to be 0.2023 m3 , mass contained in compartment A,

mA = VA ÷ v1,A = 0.5 kg [1].

(d) The pressure in compartment B at any instant is the sum of the

atmospheric pressure and the pressure due to the weight of the piston.
Since these two remain the same, the pressure in compartment B remains
constant. Hence, P2,B = P1,B = 10.02 bar [1].
Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 176 / 395
 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)
Further, it is given that the final pressure is the same in both the
compartments. Hence, P2,A = P2,B = 10.02 bar.

Since the volume of compartment A remains the same, v2,A = v1,A =

0.4045 m3 /kg [1]. P
(kPa)

1,B 2
180 o
C

500
1,A
0.1 v (m3/kg)

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 177 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

The final pressure and specific volume in compartment A are known and
hence the final state in compartment A is known. From the superheated
table, it can be determined that the final state in A is superheated. The
final temperature in compartment A, T2,A = 607◦ C [1], from the
superheated table.

The final temperature in compartment B is the same as in A. Note that,

since the pressure and temperature in both the compartments are the
same, the final states are also the same.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 178 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

Taking compartments A and B together as the system, application of first

law gives
∆E = ∆U = Q − W
Here, the work interaction is displacement work in compartment B and
this may be evaluated as

W = P1,B (V2,B − V1,B ) = P1,B mB (v2,B − v1,B ) = 610.218 kJ, [1]

The internal energy change in compartments A and B may be evaluated

using
∆U = mA (u2,A − u1,A ) + mB (u2,B − u1,B )

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 179 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

The specific internal energy at the initial state in compartment B may be

evaluated as

u1,B = uf + x1,B (ug − uf ) = 1696.44 kJ/kg [1]

The specific internal energy at the final state is, u2,B = u2,A = 3309.8
kJ/kg [1]. Hence, ∆U = 3576.87 kJ [1]. Therefore, heat transferred,
Q = ∆U + W = 4187.088 kJ [1].

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 180 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Worked example

An insulated rigid vessel of volume 500 L, which is initially evacuated is

connected to a line in which steam at 20 bar, 400◦ C flows, through a valve.
The valve is opened and steam is allowed to slowly flow into the vessel
until the pressure inside is the same as the line pressure at which point,
the valve is closed. Determine (a) the final temperature inside the vessel
and (b) the mass that enters. Neglect heat loss and KE and PE changes.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 181 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution

(a) The appropriate system for this problem was shown before. If we apply
first law to this system, we get
0
∆E = ∆U = 7− W
Q
m(u2 − u1 ) = −Pline (V2 − V1 )line
= −Pline mline (0 − vline )

Here, m is the mass in the system and for the system under consideration,
m = mline . Also u1 = uline . Therefore,

mline (u2 − uline − Pline vline ) = 0

⇒ u2 = uline + Pline vline = hline

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 182 / 395

 First Law Analysis of Systems

Solution (cont’d)

From the superheated table, corresponding to 20 bar, 400◦ C, we can get

hline = 3247.5 kJ/kg. Therefore, u2 = 3247.5 kJ/kg. From the pressure
table, since ug at 20 bar is 2599.5 kJ/kg, it becomes clear that the
content of the vessel is superheated. From the superheated table,
corresponding to P = 20 bar, u2 = 3247.5 kJ/kg, we can get T2 =
575◦ C. Note that the final temperature inside the vessel is higher than the
line temperature. This is on account of the fact that the specific internal
energy in the final state is equal to the specific enthalpy of the steam in
the line – the flow work term in the specific enthalpy is a part of the
specific internal energy at the final state.

(b) Final mass in the vessel may be evaluated as m = V ÷ v2 = 0.5 ÷

0.1937 = 2.58 kg. This is the mass that enters the vessel from the line.

Prof. V. Babu, IIT Madras Engineering Thermodynamics 183 / 395