Java, Spring Boot, REST API, Hibernate/JPA, and Database In-Depth Guide
1. Core Java
OOP Principles (Real-life Analogy: Car Design)
- Abstraction: Hiding internal details (e.g., Car dashboard hides engine complexity).
- Encapsulation: Wrapping data and code (e.g., Steering, gear, brakes in one unit).
- Inheritance: One class inherits another (e.g., ElectricCar inherits from Car).
- Polymorphism: Same method behaves differently (e.g., start() in PetrolCar, ElectricCar).
Collections Framework:
- List: Ordered collection (ArrayList, LinkedList)
- Set: Unique values (HashSet, TreeSet)
- Map: Key-value pairs (HashMap)
Code:
Map<String, Integer> marks = new HashMap<>();
[Link]("Math", 90);
[Link]("Science", 80);
[Link]([Link]("Math"));
2. Spring Boot
- Java framework for building standalone applications.
- Advantages: No XML, embedded servers, auto-config, starter dependencies.
Real-Life Analogy: Pre-configured cake mix - just add your logic.
Java, Spring Boot, REST API, Hibernate/JPA, and Database In-Depth Guide
Code:
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class UserController {
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String sayHello() {
return "Hello, Spring Boot!";
3. REST API
REST = Representational State Transfer
HTTP Methods:
- GET: Read data
- POST: Create data
- PUT: Update data
- DELETE: Remove data
Analogy: Food Delivery App:
- GET /restaurants: List restaurants
- POST /order: Place order
Java, Spring Boot, REST API, Hibernate/JPA, and Database In-Depth Guide
Code:
@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
public ResponseEntity<User> getUserById(@PathVariable Long id) {
return [Link]([Link](id));
4. Hibernate / JPA
Hibernate: ORM tool that maps Java objects to DB tables.
JPA: Specification; Hibernate is its implementation.
Entity Example:
@Entity
@Table(name = "users")
public class User {
@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = [Link])
private Long id;
@Column(nullable = false)
private String name;
Repository:
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}
Analogy: User = Form; Hibernate = Clerk storing to DB.
Java, Spring Boot, REST API, Hibernate/JPA, and Database In-Depth Guide
5. Databases
Normalization:
- 1NF: Atomic columns
- 2NF: No partial dependency
- 3NF: No transitive dependency
Joins:
- INNER JOIN: Common in both tables
- LEFT JOIN: All left + matched right
- RIGHT JOIN: All right + matched left
SQL:
SELECT [Link], [Link]
FROM users u
JOIN orders o ON [Link] = o.user_id;
6. Full Stack Example
User Entity:
@Entity
public class User {
@Id @GeneratedValue
private Long id;
private String name;
Java, Spring Boot, REST API, Hibernate/JPA, and Database In-Depth Guide
private String email;
Repository:
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}
Controller:
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/users")
public class UserController {
@Autowired
private UserRepository repo;
@PostMapping
public User createUser(@RequestBody User user) {
return [Link](user);
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public User getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return [Link](id).orElse(null);