Differential Equation:

Equations such as:

dy 1 − x2
(i) =
dx 2 − y2
2
dy dy
(ii) + 2y 2 = 4 + 4x
dx dx

d3 y d2 y dy
(iii) 3
+ 7 2
+ 8 − 9y = log x
dx dx dx
∂z ∂z
(iv) + = kz
∂x ∂y

∂2 z ∂2 z ∂2 z
(v) + 2 + =0
∂x 2 ∂x ∂y ∂y 2

Ordinary Differential Equation: Equations which involve a single independent variable are called ordinary differential
equations.

Partial Differential Equation: Equations which involve more than one independent variable are called partial differential
equations.

Order and Degree of Differential Equations: The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order
derivative present in the equation.

The degree of a differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative in the equation.

Ex.1) Eliminate the constants from 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐱 + 𝐛𝐱 𝟐

Solution: We have, y = ax + bx 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)

dy
Now, = a + 2bx
dx

d2 y 1 d2 y
= 2b ⇒ b =
dx 2 2 dx 2

dy dy d2 y
∴a= − 2bx = −x 2
dx dx dx
Putting these values in (i),we get

dy d2 y 1 d2 y
y=x −x 2 + x2 2
dx dx 2 dx
 dy d2 y 1 d2 y
⇒y=x − x2 2 + x2 2
dx dx 2 dx

dy 1 2 d2 y
⇒y=x − x
dx 2 dx 2

d2 y dy
∴ x2 2
− 2x + 2y = 0
dx dx
which is a differential equation of 2nd order, obtained from the given equation after eliminating the arbitrary constants a
and b.

Ex.2) Form the differential equation of the corresponding equation 𝐲 = 𝐜 𝐱 − 𝐜 𝟐 , where c is an arbitrary constant.
2
Solution: Given, y = c x − c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)

dy
Now, = 2c x − c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
dx
Dividing (i) by (ii),

y (x − c)
=
dy 2
dx
y (x − c) 2y dy
⇒ = ⇒ p x − c = 2y ⇒ c = x − Where, p =
p 2 p dx

Putting these values of c in (ii),we get

2y 2y
p=2 x− x−x+
p p

4y 2y
⇒ p = 2x −
p p

2px − 4y 2y
⇒p=
p p

2y 2px − 4y
⇒p=
p2

⇒ p3 = 4y(px − 2y)
3
dy dy
∴ = 4y x − 2y
dx dx
 𝟐
Ex.3) Form the differential equation of the corresponding equation 𝐜 𝐲 + 𝐜 = 𝐱 𝟑 , where c is an arbitrary
constant.
2
Solution: Given, c y + c = x 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)

Differentiating the given equation we get,

dy
2c y + c dx
= 3x 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)

Dividing (i) by (ii),

y+c x
=
dy 3
2
dx
dy
⇒ 3 y + c = 2x
dx
dy
⇒ 3y + 3c = 2x
dx
dy
⇒ 3c = 2x − 3y
dx
1 dy
⇒c= 2x − 3y
3 dx

Putting the value of c in equation (ii),

1 dy 1 dy dy
2 2x − 3y y+ 2x − 3y = 3x 2
3 dx 3 dx dx
4x dy 2x dy dy
⇒ − 2y y+ −y = 3x 2
3 dx 3 dx dx
2
4x dy 2x dy
⇒ − 2y = 3x 2
3 dx 3 dx

3 2
8 dy 4 dy
⇒ x2 − xy − 3x 2 = 0
9 dx 3 dx
3 2
dy dy
⇒ 8x 2 − 12xy − 27x 2 = 0
dx dx
3 2
dy dy
∴ 8x − 12y − 27x = 0
dx dx
Equations of First Order and First Degree

 Solutions by Separations of variables

dy 1 + y 2
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: =
dx 1 + x 2

Solution: Separating the variables the equation becomes,

dy dx
2
=
1+y 1 + x2

Integrating, we get

⇒ tan−1 y = tan−1 x + tan−1 A

⇒ tan−1 y − tan−1 x = tan−1 A

y−x
⇒ tan−1 = tan−1 A
1 + xy
y−x
⇒ = A; which is the required solution.
1 + xy

dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: = ex−y + x 2 e−y
dx

Solution: Separating the variables the equation becomes,

dy ex x 2
= +
dx ey ey

⇒ ey dy = ex + x 2 dx

Integrating, we get

x3
⇒ ey = ex + +C
3

𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: sec 2 x tan y dx + sec 2 y tan x dy = 0

Solution: Separating the variables the equation becomes,

sec 2 x tan y dx = −sec 2 y tan x dy

sec 2 x sec 2 y
⇒ dx = − dy
tan x tan y

sec 2 x sec 2 y
⇒ dx + dy = 0
tan x tan y

⇒ log (tan x) + log(tan y) = A

  Equations reducible to the form in which variables are separable

dy
Equations of the form = f ax + by + c can be reduced by letting, ax + by + c = v
dx

dy 2
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: = 4x + y + 1
dx

dy
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given, = 4x + y + 1 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
dx

Let, 4x + y + 1 = v

Integrating,

dy dv
4+ =
dx dx

dy dv
⇒ = −4
dx dx

Equation (i) then reduces to,

dv
− 4 = v2
dx

dv
⇒ = v2 + 4
dx

dv
⇒ = dx
v2 + 4

Integrating we get,

1 v
tan−1 = x + C
2 2
1 4x + y + 1
⇒ tan−1 =x+C
2 2

which is the required solution.

2
dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x + y = a2
dx

2
dy
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given, x + y = a2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
dx

Let, x + y = v

Integrating,

dy dv
1+ =
dx dx

dy dv
⇒ = −1
dx dx
Equation (i) then reduces to,

dv
v2 − 1 = a2
dx

dv a2 v 2 + a2
⇒ =1+ 2 =
dx v v2

a2
⇒ 1− dv = dx
v2 + a2

1 v
⇒ v − a2 tan−1 = x + C
a a
x+y
⇒ x + y − a tan−1 =x+C
a
x+y
⇒ y − a tan−1 =C
a

which is the required solution.

dy 2
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: = x+y
dx

dy
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given, = x + y 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
dx

Let, x + y = v

Integrating,

dy dv
1+ =
dx dx

dy dv
⇒ = −1
dx dx

Equation (i) then reduces to,

dv
− 1 = v2
dx

dv
⇒ = v2 + 1
dx

dv
⇒ = dx
v2+1

⇒ tan−1 v = x + C

⇒ tan−1 (x + y) = x + C

 Solutions of Homogeneous Differential Equations

 dy f1 x, y
Equation of the form = can be reduced to an equation in which variables are separable
dx f2 x, y

dy dv
by putting y = vx, = v+x
dx dx

𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x 2 + y 2 dx + 2xydy = 0

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Given, x 2 + y 2 dx + 2xydy = 0

We can write, x 2 + y 2 dx = −2xydy

dy x2 + y2
⇒ =− . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
dx 2xy

Let, y = vx

dy dv
⇒ =v+x
dx dx

Equation (i) then reduces to,

dv x2 + v2 x2
v+x =−
dx 2x. vx

dv 1 + v2
⇒v+x =−
dx 2v

dv 1 + v2
⇒x =− −v
dx 2v

dv −1 − v 2 − 2v 2
⇒x =
dx 2v

dv −1 − 3v 2
⇒x =
dx 2v

dv (1 + 3v 2 )
⇒x =−
dx 2v

2v dx
⇒ 2
dv = −
(1 + 3v ) x

Integrating,

1
⇒ log 1 + 3v 2 = − log x + log C
3
1
⇒ log 1 + 3v 2 + log x = log C
3

1 y2
⇒ log 1 + 3 2 + log x = log C
3 x

which is the required solution.

𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x 2 ydx − x 3 + y 3 dy = 0

Solution: Given, x 2 ydx − x 3 + y 3 dy = 0

We can write,

dy x2 y
= 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
dx x + y3

Let, y = vx

dy dv
⇒ =v+x
dx dx

Equation (i) then reduces to,

dv x 2 . vx
v+x = 3
dx x + v3 x3

dv v
⇒x = −v
dx 1 + v3

dv v4
⇒x =−
dx 1 + v3

1 + v3 dx
⇒ dv = −
v4 x

1 1 dx
⇒ 4
+ dv = −
v v x

1
⇒− + log v = − log x + C
3v 3

y 1
⇒ log + log x = +C
x y3
3 3
x

which is the required solution.

dy dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: y 2 + x 2 = xy
dx dx
dy dy
Solution: Given, y 2 + x 2 = xy
dx dx

We can write,

dy
y 2 = xy − x 2
dx

dy y2
⇒ = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
dx xy − x 2

Let, y = vx

dy dv
⇒ =v+x
dx dx

Equation (i) then reduces to,

 dv v2 x2
v+x =
dx x. vx − x 2

dv v2
⇒x = −v
dx v − 1

dv v
⇒x =
dx v − 1

v−1 dx
⇒ dv =
v x

1 dx
⇒ 1− dv =
v x

⇒ v − log v = log x + C

y y
⇒ − log = log x + C
x x

which is the required solution.

H.W:

dy dy
1) y − x = a y2 +
dx dx

2
dy
2) x − y = a2
dx

dy
3) x 2 + y 2 = xy dx
dx
Linear Differential Equation:

Differential equation of the form,

dy
+ Py = Q; is called linear differential equation of first order.
dx
Pdx
To solve this equation we multiply both sides by e

Pdx
dy Pdx Pdx
e + Pye = Qe
dx
d Pdx Pdx
⇒ ye = Qe
dx
Integrating both sides,

𝐏𝐝𝐱 𝐏𝐝𝐱
𝐲𝐞 = 𝐐𝐞 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐂

which is the required solution.

dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 1 − x 2 − xy = 1
dx
Solution: The equation can be written as,

dy x 1
− y =
dx 1 − x2 1 − x2
x
Here, P = − 1−x 2

x 1 1
− dx 1−x 2 ⁡ 1−x 2 2
I. F: e 1−x 2 = e2log = elog = 1 − x2

Hence the solution is,

1
y 1 − x2 = 1 − x 2 dx + C
1 − x2

1
⇒ y 1 − x2 = dx + C
1 − x2

⇒ y 1 − x 2 = sin−1 x + C

which is the required solution.

 dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x + 2y = x 4
dx
Solution: The equation can be written as,

dy 2
+ y = x3
dx x
2
Here, P = x

2 2
dx
I.F: e x = e2 log x = elog x = x 2

Hence the solution is,

y. x 2 = x 3 . x 2 dx + C

⇒ x2 y = x 5 dx + C

x6
⇒ x2 y = +C
6
which is the required solution.

dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x + 2y = x 2 log x
dx
Solution: The equation can be written as,

dy 2
+ y = x log x
dx x
2
Here, P = x

2 2
dx
I.F: e x = e2 log x = elog x = x 2

Hence the solution is,

y. x 2 = (x log x . x 2 ) dx + C

⇒ x2 y = x 3 log x dx + C

d
⇒ x 2 y = log x x 3 dx − log x x 3 dx dx + C
dx
 x4 1 x4
⇒ x 2 y = log x − . dx + C
4 x 4

x4 1
⇒ x2 y = log x − x 3 dx + C
4 4

x4 1 x4
⇒ x2 y = log x − . + C
4 4 4

x4 x4
⇒ x2 y = log x − +C
4 16
which is the required solution.

dy
𝐄𝐱. 𝟒) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x 3 − x − 3x 2 − 1 y = x 5 − 2x 3 + x
dx
Solution: The equation can be written as,

dy 3x 2 − 1 x 5 − 2x 3 + x
− 3 y=
dx x − x x3 − x

dy 3x 2 − 1
⇒ − y = x2 − 1
dx x 3 − x
3x 2 −1
− dx x 3 −x 1
I.F: e x 3 −x = e− log = x 3 −x

Hence the solution is,

1 1
y. = x2 − 1 dx + C
x3 −x x3 −x
1 1
⇒y = dx + C
x3 −x x

1
⇒y = log x + C
x3 −x
which is the required solution.

H.W::

dy
𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: + 2y tan x = sin x
dx
dy dy
𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: x + 2y = +4
dx dx
Exact Differential Equation:

If equation of the form Mdx + Ndy = 0 satisfies the condition:

∂M ∂N
=
∂y ∂x

then it is exact differential equation.

To obtain the solution,

1) Integrate M with respect to x regarding y as constant;

2) Find out those terms in N which are free from x and integrate them with respect to y

3) Add the two expressions and equal the sum to an arbitrary constant.

𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐲 𝟒 + 𝟒𝐱 𝟑 𝐲 + 𝟑𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟒𝐱𝐲 𝟑 + 𝐲 + 𝟏 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = y 4 + 4x 3 y + 3x and N = x 4 + 4xy 3 + y + 1

∂M
= 4y 3 + 4x 3
∂y

∂N
= 4x 3 + 4y 3
∂x
∂M ∂N
Since, = , so the equation is exact.
∂y ∂x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

x2
y4 x + x4 y + 3
2

In N = x 4 + 4xy 3 + y + 1, terms free from x are y + 1

Integrating y + 1, with respect to y, we get,

y2
+y
2
Hence, the solution is,

3 y2
y4 x + x4 y + x2 + + y = C
2 2
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐱 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐚𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐲 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = x 3 + xy 2 − xa2 and N = x 2 y − y 3 − b2 y

∂M
= 2xy
∂y

∂N
= 2xy
∂x
∂M ∂N
Since, = , so the equation is exact.
∂y ∂x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

x4 x2 2 x2 2
+ y − a
4 2 2

In N = x 2 y − y 3 − b2 y, terms free from x are −y 3 − b2 y

Integrating −y 3 − b2 y, with respect to y, we get,

y4 2
y2
− −b
4 2
Hence, the solution is,

x 4 x 2 y 2 a2 x 2 y 4 b2 y 2
+ − − − =C
4 2 2 4 2

∴ x 4 + 2x 2 y2 − 2a2 x 2 − y 4 − 2b2 y 2 = C

𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝟐𝐱𝐲 + 𝟑𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 + 𝟒𝐲 𝟑 + 𝟔𝐱𝐲 − 𝐱 𝟐 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = x 2 − 2xy + 3y 2 and N = 4y 3 + 6xy − x 2

∂M
= −2x + 6y
∂y

∂N
= 6y − 2x
∂x
∂M ∂N
Since, = , so the equation is exact.
∂y ∂x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

x3 x2
− 2 y + 3y 2 . x
3 2
 x3
⇒ − x 2 y + 3xy 2
3

In N = 4y 3 + 6xy − x 2 ,terms free from x are 4y 3

Integrating 4y 3 , with respect to y, we get, y 4

Hence, the solution is,

x3
− x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 4 = C
3

𝐄𝐱. 𝟒) 𝐱 − 𝟐𝐞𝐲 𝐝𝐲 + 𝐲 + 𝐱 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = y + x sin x and N = x − 2ey

∂M
=1
∂y

∂N
=1
∂x
∂M ∂N
Since, = , so the equation is exact.
∂y ∂x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

d
yx + x sin x dx − x sin x dx dx
dx

= xy − xcos x + sin x

In N = x − 2ey ,terms free from x are −2ey

Integrating −2ey , with respect to y, we get,−2ey

Hence, the solution is,

xy − xcos x + sin x − 2ey = C

𝐚𝟐 𝐱𝐝𝐲 − 𝐲𝐝𝐱
𝐄𝐱. 𝟓) 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐲𝐝𝐲 =
𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐

Solution: The equation can be written as,

a2 x dy a2 y dx
x dx + ydy = −
x2 + y2 x2 + y2

a2 y dx a2 x dy
⇒ x dx + + ydy − =0
x2 + y2 x2 + y2
 a2 y a2 x
⇒ x + dx + y − dy = 0
x2 + y2 x2 + y2

Here,

a2 y a2 x
M=x + and N = y −
x2 + y2 x2 + y2

∂M (x 2 + y 2 ). a2 − a2 y. 2y a2 x 2 − y 2
= =
∂y x2 + y2 2 x2 + y2 2

∂N x 2 + y 2 . a2 − a2 x. 2x a2 y 2 − x 2 a2 x 2 − y 2
=− = − =
∂x x2 + y2 2 x2 + y2 2 x2 + y2 2

∂M ∂N
Since, = , so the equation is exact.
∂y ∂x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

x2 1 x
+ a2 y tan−1
2 y y

x2 x
= + a2 tan−1
2 y

a2 x
In N = y − terms free from x are y
x2 + y2

y2
Integrating y, with respect to y, we get, 2

Hence, the solution is,

x2 x y2
+ a2 tan−1 + = C
2 y 2

H.W:

x
y
x
y
x
1) 1 + e dx + e 1− dy = 0
y

xdy − ydx
2) x dx + y dy + =0
x2 + y2

3) sin x cos y + e2x dx + cos x sin y + tan y dy = 0

4) 2x 3 + 3y dx + 3x + y − 1 dy = 0
When the equation is not Exact Differential Equation

Rules for finding the Integrating Factor (I.F):

∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x f x dx
𝐑𝐮𝐥𝐞: If = f x ; a function of x only, then Integrating Factor, I. F = e
N

𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + 𝐱𝐲 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = x 2 + y 2 + x and N = xy

∂M ∂N
= 2y , =y
∂y ∂x

So, the equation is not exact.

∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x 2y − y 1
Therefore, = = ; is a function of x only.
N xy x
1
f x dx dx
∴ I. F: e =e x = eln x = x

Multiplying by I.F, the equation becomes,

x 3 + xy 2 + x 2 dx + x 2 y dy = 0

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

x4 x2 2 x3
+ y +
4 2 3

In N there is no term free from x

Hence, the solution is,

x4 x2 y2 x3
+ + =C
4 2 3

𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝐝𝐱 − 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = x 2 + y 2 + 1 and N = −2xy

∂M ∂N
= 2y , = −2y
∂y ∂x
So, the equation is not exact.

∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x 2y + 2y 2
Therefore, = = − ; is a function of x only.
N −2xy x
2 −2 1
∴ I. F: e f x dx
= e− x
dx
= e−2 ln x = eln x =
x2
Multiplying by I.F, the equation becomes,

y2 1 2y
1+ 2
+ 2 dx − dy = 0
x x x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

y2 1
x− −
x x

In N there is no term free from x

Hence, the solution is,

y2 1
x− − =C
x x

𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 𝐝𝐱 − 𝟐𝐱𝐲 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = x 2 + y 2 and N = −2xy

∂M ∂N
= 2y , = −2y
∂y ∂x

So, the equation is not exact.

∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x 2y + 2y 2
Therefore, = = − ; is a function of x only.
N −2xy x
2 −2 1
∴ I. F: e f x dx
= e− x
dx
= e−2 ln x = eln x =
x2
Multiplying by I.F, the equation becomes,

y2 2y
1+ 2
dx − dy = 0
x x

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

 y2
x−
x

In N there is no term free from x

Hence, the solution is,

y2
x− =C
x

𝐄𝐱. 𝟒) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 𝐝𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 𝐝𝐲 = 𝟎

Solution: Here,

M = x 2 + y 2 + 2x and N = 2y

∂M ∂N
= 2y , =0
∂y ∂x

So, the equation is not exact.

∂M ∂N
−
∂y ∂x 2y
Therefore, = =1
N 2y

f x dx 1 dx
∴ I. F: e =e = ex

Multiplying by I.F, the equation becomes,

ex x 2 + y 2 + 2x dx + 2y ex dy = 0

Integrating M with respect to x keeping y as constant, we get

x 2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + y 2 ex + 2xex − 2ex = x 2 ex + y 2 ex

In N there is no term free from x

Hence, the solution is,

ex x 2 + y 2 = C

H.W::

1 1 1
1) y + y 3 + x 2 dx + x + xy 2 dy = 0
3 2 4

2) x 3 − 2y 2 dx + 2xydy = 0
Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

Case:: Types of Roots Complete Solution:

Case-I All roots are real and y = C1 em 1 x + C2 em 2 x + C3 em 3 x + ⋯ … … … + Cn em n x
different

Case-II m1 = m2 but other roots real y = (C1 + C2 x)em 1 x + C3 em 2 x + ⋯ … … … + Cn em n x

and different

If m1 = m2 = m3 but other y = (C1 + C2 x + C3 x 2 )em 1 x + C4 em 2 x + ⋯ … … … + Cn em n x

roots real and different

Case-III 1) α + iβ, a pair of imaginary y = eαx C1 cos βx + C2 sin βx

(Imaginary roots
Roots)

Case-I:

𝐝𝟑 𝐲 𝐝𝐲
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 𝟑
− 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝐲 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱
Solution: Equation is,

D3 − 13D − 12 y = 0

Auxiliary equation is,

D3 − 13D − 12 = 0

⇒ D+1 D+3 D−4 = 0

∴ D = −1, −3,4

Hence, the complete solution is,

y = C1 e−x + C2 e−3x + C3 e4x

Ex. 2) Solve: D3 + 6D2 + 11D + 6 y = 0

Ex. 3) Solve: D3 − 7D + 6 y = 0

Ex. 4) Solve: D3 − 3D2 + 2D y = 0

Case-II:

𝐝𝟒 𝐲 𝐝𝟑 𝐲 𝐝𝟐 𝐲 𝐝𝐲
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: 𝟒
− 𝟑
− 𝟗 𝟐
− 𝟏𝟏 − 𝟒𝐲 = 𝟎
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱

Solution: Equation is,

 D4 − D3 − 9D2 − 11D − 4 y = 0

Auxiliary equation is,

D4 − D3 − 9D2 − 11D − 4 = 0
3
⇒ D+1 D−4 = 0

∴ D = −1, −1, −1,4

Hence, the complete solution is,

y = (C1 + C2 x + C3 x 2 )e−x + C4 e4x

Ex. 2) Solve: D3 − 2D2 − 4D + 8 y = 0

Ex. 3) Solve: 25 D2 − 40D + 16 y = 0

Ex. 4) Solve: D4 − 2D3 + 2D − 1 y = 0

Ex. 5) Solve: D2 − 4D + 4 y = 0

Case-III:

𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞: D4 + 5D2 + 6 y = 0

Solution: Auxiliary equation is,

D4 + 5D2 + 6 = 0

⇒ D2 + 3 D2 + 2 = 0

∴ D = ± 3i , ± 2i

Hence, the complete solution is,

y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x + C3 cos 2x + C4 sin 2x

Ex. 2) Solve: D4 − D3 − D + 1 y = 0

d4 y
Ex. 3) Solve: −y = 0
dx 4

d4 y
Ex. 4) Solve: − a2 y = 0
dx 4

d4 y
Ex. 5) Solve: − a4 y = 0
dx 4