Excel Short Cut keys :

Shortcut Keys Description

F2 Edit the selected cell.
F5 Goto a specific cell. For example,
C6.
F7 Spell check selected text and/or
document.
F11 Create chart.
Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time.
Ctrl + ; Enter the current date.
Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet.
Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window.
Shift + F5 Bring up search box.
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the
worksheet.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted
selection.
Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to
begin printing.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window.
Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected
window.
Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks
/ windows.

Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets

in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets
in the same Excel document.
Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open
Excel files.
Alt + = Create a formula to sum all the
above cells
Ctrl + ' Insert the value of the above cell
into cell currently selected.
Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format.
Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency
format.
Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format.
Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage
format.
Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific
format.
Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format.
Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.
Ctrl + Space Select entire column.
Shift + Space Select entire row.
POWERPOINT SHORT CUT KEYS DESCRIPTION

Ctrl + N Create a new presentation

Ctrl + O Open an existing presentation
Ctrl + S Save a presentation
F12 or Alt + F2 Open the Save As dialog box
Ctrl + W or Ctrl + F4 Close a presentation
Ctrl + Q Save and close a presentation
Ctrl + Z Undo an action
Ctrl + Y Redo an action
Ctrl + F2 Print Preview View
F1 Open the Help pane
Alt + Q Go to the “Tell me what you want to
do” box
F7 Check spelling
Alt or F10 Turn key tips on or off
Ctrl + F1 Show or hide the ribbon
Ctrl + F Search in a presentation or use Find
and Replace
Alt + F Open the File tab menu
Alt + H Go to the Home tab

Alt + N Open the Insert tab

Alt + G Open the Design tab
Alt + K Go to the Transitions tab
Alt + A Go to the Animations tab
Alt + S Go to the Slide Show tab
Alt + R Go to the Review tab
Alt + W Go to View tab
Alt + X Go to the Add-ins tab
Alt + Y Go to the Help tab
Ctrl + Tab Switch between open presentations
Ctrl + A Select all text in a text box, all objects
on a slide, or all slides in a
presentation
Tab Select or move to the next object on a
slide
Home Go to the first slide, or from within a text
box, go to the beginning of the line
End Go to the last slide, or from within a
text box, go to the end of the line
PgDn Go to the next slide
PgUp Go the previous slide
Ctrl + Up/Down Arrow Move a slide up or down in your
presentation
Ctrl + Shift + Up/Down Arrow Move a slide to the beginning or end
of your presentation
Ctrl + X Cut selected text, selected object(s),
or selected slide
Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert Copy selected text, selected object(s),
or selected slide(s)
Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert Paste selected text, selected object(s),
or selected slide(s)
Ctrl + Alt + V Open the Paste Special dialog box
Delete Remove selected text, selected
object(s), or selected slide(s)
Ctrl + B Add or remove bold to selected text
Ctrl + I Add or remove italics to selected text
Ctrl + U Add or remove underline to selected text

Ctrl + E Centre a paragraph

Ctrl + J Justify a paragraph
Ctrl + L Left align a paragraph
Ctrl + R Right align a paragraph
Ctrl + T Open the Font dialog box when text or
object is selected
Alt + W,Q Open the Zoom dialog box to change
the zoom for the slide
Alt + N,P Insert a picture
Alt + H,S,H Insert a shape
Alt + H,L Select a slide layout
Ctrl + K Insert a hyperlink
Ctrl + M Insert a new slide
Ctrl + D Duplicate the selected object or slide (for
the latter, click on a slide thumbnail first)
Shift + F5 Start the presentation from the
current slide
Ctrl + P Annotate with the Pen tool during a slideshow

N or Page Down Advance to the next slide during a

slideshow
P or Page Up Return to the previous slide during a
slide show
B Change the screen to black during a
slideshow; press B again to return to
the slideshow
Esc End the slideshow
Word Short Cut keys Description
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page.
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Ctrl + C Copy selected text.
Ctrl + X Cut selected text.
Ctrl + P Open the print window.
Ctrl + F Open find box.
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link.
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection.
Ctrl + V Paste.
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed.
Ctrl + Z Undo last action.
Ctrl + L Aligns the line or selected text to
the left of the screen.
Ctrl + E Aligns the line or selected text to
the centre of the screen.
Ctrl + R Aligns the line or selected text to
the right of the screen.
Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font.
Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1pts up to
12pt and then increases font
+2pts.

Ctrl +] Increase selected font +1pts.

Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1pts if
12pt or lower, if above 12
 decreases font by +2pt.

Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1pts.

Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide nonprinting
characters.
Ctrl + <left arrow> Moves one word to the left.
Ctrl + <right arrow> Moves one word to the right.
Ctrl + <up arrow> Moves to the beginning of the
line or paragraph.
Ctrl + <down arrow> Moves to the end of the
paragraph.
Ctrl + Del Deletes word to right of cursor.
Ctrl + Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.
Ctrl + End Moves the cursor to the end of
the document.
Ctrl + Home Moves the cursor to the
beginning of the document.
Ctrl + Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the
default font.
Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing.
Ctrl + Alt + 1 Changes text to heading 1.
Ctrl + Alt + 2 Changes text to heading 2.

Ctrl + Alt + 3 Changes text to heading 3.

Ctrl + F1 Open the Task Pane.
F1 Open Help.
Alt + Ctrl + F2 Open new document.
Ctrl + F2 Display the print preview.
Shift + F3 Change the text in Microsoft
Word from upper to lower case or
a capital letter at the beginning of
every word.
Shift + Insert Paste.
F4 Repeat the last action performed
(Word 2000+)
F5 Open the find, replace, and go to
window in Microsoft Word.
Ctrl + Shift + F6 Opens to another open Microsoft
Word document.
F7 Spell and grammar check
selected text and/or document.
Shift + F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the
word highlighted.
F12 Save as.
Shift + F12 Save.
Ctrl + Shift + F12 Prints the document.
Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date.
Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time.
 ➢ Essential shortcuts

Keyboard shortcut Action

Ctrl + A Select all content.

Ctrl + C (or Ctrl + Insert) Copy selected items to clipboard.

Ctrl + X Cut selected items to clipboard.

Ctrl + V (or Shift + Insert) Paste content from clipboard.

Ctrl + Z Undo an action, including undelete files (limited).

Ctrl + Y Redo an action.

Ctrl + Shift + N Create new folder on desktop or File Explorer.

Close active window. (If no active window is present,

Alt + F4
then a shutdown box appears.)

Ctrl + D (Del) Delete selected item to the Recycle Bin.

Delete the selected item permanently, skipping Recycle

Shift + Delete
Bin.

F2 Rename selected item.

ESC Close current task.

Alt + Tab Switch between open apps.

PrtScn Take a screenshot and stores it in the clipboard.

Windows key + I Open Settings app.

 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + E Open File Explorer.

Windows key + A Open Action center.

Windows key + D Display and hide the desktop.

Windows key + L Lock device.

Windows key + V Open Clipboard bin.

Windows key + Period (.) or

Open emoji panel.
semicolon (;)

Windows key + PrtScn Capture full screenshot in the "Screenshots" folder.

Windows key + Shift + S Capture part of the screen with Snip & Sketch.

Windows key + Left arrow

Snap app or window left.
key

Windows key + Right arrow

Snap app or window right.
key
 ➢ Desktop shortcuts

Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key (or Ctrl + Esc) Open Start menu.

Ctrl + Arrow keys Change Start menu size.

Ctrl + Shift + Esc Open Task Manager.

Ctrl + Shift Switch keyboard layout.

Close active window. (If no active window is present,

Alt + F4
then a shutdown box appears.)

Ctrl + F5 (or Ctrl + R) Refresh current window.

Ctrl + Alt + Tab View open apps.

Ctrl + Arrow keys (to select)

Select multiple items on desktop or File Explorer.
+ Spacebar

Alt + Underlined letter Runs command for the underlined letter in apps.

Switch between open apps while pressing Tab multiple

Alt + Tab
times.

Alt + Left arrow key Go back.

Alt + Right arrow key Go forward.

Alt + Page Up Move up one screen.

Alt + Page Down Move down one screen.

Alt + Esc Cycle through open windows.

Alt + Spacebar Open context menu for the active window.

 Keyboard shortcut Action

Alt + F8 Reveals typed password in Sign-in screen.

Shift + Click app button Open another instance of an app from the Taskbar.

Ctrl + Shift + Click app

Run app as administrator from the Taskbar.
button

Shift + Right-click app button Show window menu for the app from the Taskbar.

Ctrl + Click a grouped app

Cycle through windows in the group from the Taskbar.
button

Shift + Right-click grouped

Show window menu for the group from the Taskbar.
app button

Ctrl + Left arrow key Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word.

Ctrl + Right arrow key Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word.

Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous

Ctrl + Up arrow key
paragraph

Ctrl + Down arrow key Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph.

Ctrl + Shift + Arrow key Select block of text.

Ctrl + Spacebar Enable or disable Chinese IME.

Shift + F10 Open context menu for selected item.

F10 Enable app menu bar.

Shift + Arrow keys Select multiple items.

Windows key + X Open Quick Link menu.

 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + Number (0-

Open app in number position from the Taskbar.
9)

Windows key + T Cycle through apps in the Taskbar.

Windows key + Alt + Open Jump List of the app in number position from the
Number (0-9) Taskbar.

Windows key + D Display and hide the desktop.

Windows key + M Minimize all windows.

Windows key + Shift + M Restore minimized windows on the desktop.

Windows key + Home Minimize or maximize all but the active desktop window.

Windows key + Shift + Up Stretch desktop window to the top and bottom of the
arrow key screen.

Windows key + Shift + Down Maximize or minimize active desktop windows vertically
arrow key while maintaining width.

Windows key + Shift + Left

Move active window to monitor on the left.
arrow key

Windows key + Shift + Right

Move active window to monitor on the right.
arrow key

Windows key + Left arrow

Snap app or window left.
key

Windows key + Right arrow

Snap app or window right.
key

Windows key + S (or Q) Open Search.

Windows key + Alt + D Open date and time in the Taskbar.

 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + Tab Open Task View.

Windows key + Ctrl + D Create new virtual desktop.

Windows key + Ctrl + F4 Close active virtual desktop.

Windows key + Ctrl + Right

Switch to the virtual desktop on the right.
arrow

Windows key + Ctrl + Left

Switch to the virtual desktop on the left.
arrow

Windows key + P Open Project settings.

Windows key + A Open Action center.

Windows key + I Open Settings app.

Backspace Return to Settings app home page.

 ➢ File Explorer shortcuts

Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + E Open File Explorer.

Alt + D Select address bar.

Ctrl + E (or F) Select search box.

Ctrl + N Open new window.

Ctrl + W Close active window.

Ctrl + F (or F3) Start search.

Ctrl + Mouse scroll wheel Change view file and folder.

Expands all folders from the tree in the navigation

Ctrl + Shift + E
pane.

Ctrl + Shift + N Creates a new folder on desktop or File Explorer.

Ctrl + L Focus on the address bar.

Ctrl + Shift + Number (1-8) Changes folder view.

Alt + P Display preview panel.

Alt + Enter Open Properties settings for the selected item.

Alt + Right arrow key View next folder.

Alt + Left arrow key (or

View previous folder.
Backspace)
 Keyboard shortcut Action

Alt + Up arrow Move up a level in the folder path.

F11 Switch active window full-screen mode.

F5 Refresh the instance of File Explorer.

F2 Rename selected item.

F4 Switch focus to address bar.

F5 Refresh File Explorer's current view.

F6 Cycle through elements on the screen.

Home Scroll to the top of the window.

End Scroll to the bottom of the window.

 ➢ Windows key shortcuts

Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key Open Start menu.

Windows key + A Open Action center.

Windows key + S (or Q) Open Search.

Windows key + D Display and hide the desktop.

Windows key + L Locks computer.

Windows key + M Minimize all windows.

Windows key + B Set focus notification area in the Taskbar.

Windows key + C Launch Cortana app.

Windows key + F Launch Feedback Hub app.

Windows key + G Launch Game bar app.

Windows key + Y Change input between desktop and Mixed Reality.

Windows key + O Lock device orientation.

Windows key + T Cycle through apps in the Taskbar.

Switch input between the desktop experience and

Windows key + Z
Windows Mixed Reality.

Windows key + J Set focus on a tip for Windows 10 when applicable.

 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + H Open dictation feature.

Windows key + E Open File Explorer.

Windows key + I Open Settings.

Windows key + R Open Run command.

Windows key + K Open Connect settings.

Windows key + X Open Quick Link menu.

Windows key + V Open Clipboard bin.

Windows key + W Open the Windows Ink Workspace.

Windows key + U Open Ease of Access settings.

Windows key + P Open Project settings.

Windows key + Ctrl + Enter Open Narrator.

Windows key + Plus (+) Zoom in using the magnifier.

Windows key + Minus (-) Zoom out using the magnifier.

Windows key + Esc Exit magnifier.

Windows key + Forward-

Start IME reconversion.
slash (/)

Windows key + Comma (,) Temporarily peek at the desktop.

Windows key + Up arrow

Maximize app windows.
key
 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + Down arrow

Minimize app windows.
key

Windows key + Home Minimize or maximize all but the active desktop window.

Windows key + Shift + M Restore minimized windows on the desktop.

Windows key + Shift + Up Stretch desktop window to the top and bottom of the
arrow key screen.

Windows key + Shift + Maximize or minimize active windows vertically while

Down arrow key maintaining width.

Windows key + Shift + Left

Move active window to monitor on the left.
arrow key

Windows key + Shift + Right

Move active window to monitor on the right.
arrow key

Windows key + Left arrow

Snap app or window left.
key

Windows key + Right arrow

Snap app or window right.
key

Windows key + Number (0-

Open app in number position in the Taskbar.
9)

Windows key + Shift + Open another app instance in the number position in the
Number (0-9) Taskbar.

Windows key + Ctrl + Switch to the last active window of the app in the number
Number (0-9) position in the Taskbar.

Windows key + Alt + Open Jump List of the app in number position in the
Number (0-9) Taskbar.
 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + Ctrl + Shift Open another instance as an administrator of the app in
+ Number (0-9) the number position in the Taskbar.

Windows key + Ctrl +

Change previous selected input option.
Spacebar

Windows key + Spacebar Change keyboard layout and input language.

Windows key + Tab Open Task View.

Windows key + Ctrl + D Create a virtual desktop.

Windows key + Ctrl + F4 Close active virtual desktop.

Windows key + Ctrl + Right

Switch to the virtual desktop on the right.
arrow

Windows key + Ctrl + Left

Switch to the virtual desktop on the left.
arrow

Windows key + Ctrl + Shift

Wake up the device when black or a blank screen.
+B

Windows key + PrtScn Capture full screenshot in the "Screenshots" folder.

Windows key + Shift + S Create part of the screen screenshot.

Windows key + Shift + V Cycle through notifications.

Windows key + Ctrl + F Open search for the device on a domain network.

Windows key + Ctrl + Q Open Quick Assist.

Windows key + Alt + D Open date and time in the Taskbar.

 Keyboard shortcut Action

Windows key + Period (.) or

Open emoji panel.
semicolon (;)

Windows key + Pause Show System Properties dialog box.

 THE GOOGLE CHROME
SHORTCUT
KEYS
Navigating Tabs and Windows

Windows/Linux Action

Ctrl + N Open new window

Ctrl + Shift + N Open new incognito window
Ctrl + T Open new tab
Ctrl + W Close current tab
Ctrl + Shift + W Close current window
Ctrl + Shift + T Reopen last closed tab
Ctrl + 1 - Ctrl + 8 Switch to tab 1-8
Ctrl + 9 Switch to last tab
Ctrl + Tab Move to next tab
Ctrl + Shift + Tab Move to prior tab
Ctrl + Click Open link in a new tab
Ctrl + Shift + Click Open link in a new tab and switch to it immediately
Shift + Click Open link in a new window
Alt + Left Go back one page
Alt + Right Go forward one page
Alt + Home Open your homepage in the current tab
Ctrl + Shift + Q Quit Chrome

Webpage Navigation

Windows/Linux Action

Ctrl + Plus (+) Zoom in

Ctrl + Minus(-) Zoom out
Ctrl + 0 (Zero) Reset zoom to 100%
F11 Toggle full-screen mode
Ctrl + F Search the current page
Space Move down the page
Shift + Space Move up the page
Home Go to top of current page
End Go to bottom of the current page
Ctrl + L Select all text in the address bar

1
 T ext Editing

W indow s/Linux Action

Ctrl + Back Space D elete previous w ord

Ctrl + Alt + Back Space D elete next w ord
Ctrl + A Select All
Ctrl + Right/Left M ove the cursor to the next/previous w ord
Ctrl + Shift + Right/Left Select next/previous w ord
Ctrl + Shift + End/Hom e Select all the text to the end/beginning of the current
line
Ctrl + C Copy
Ctrl + X Cut
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + Shift + V Paste w ithout form atting
Ctrl + Z U ndo
Ctrl + Y Redo

G en era l Chro m e Fu n ctions

W indow s/Linux A ction

Ctrl + P O pen print dialog

Ctrl + S Save the current w ebpage
Ctrl + R Refresh the page
Ctrl + Shift + R Refresh the page w ithout loading cache
Esc Stop page from loading
Ctrl + O O pen file
Ctrl + H V iew history
Ctrl + J O pen D ow nloads
Ctrl + D Bookm ark current page
Ctrl + Shift + D Bookm ark all open tabs
Ctrl + Shift + B T oggle bookm arks bar
A lt + E O pen Chrom e's m enu
Ctrl + Shift + O O pen Book m ark M anager
Search + Esc O pen Chrom e T ask M anager
Ctrl + U V iew page source
Ctrl + Shift + J O pen the D eveloper T ools panel
Ctrl + Shift + D el O pen Clear Brow sing D ata m enu
Ctrl + Shift + M O pen U sers m enu to log in as som eone else

2
 Miscellaneous

Windows/Linux Action

Ctrl + Enter Add "www." And ".com" to text in the address bar and
open page
Ctrl + K Moves cursor to the address bar to perform a Google
search
Shift + Alt + B Highlight bookmarks bar; use arrows to navigate
Shift + Alt + T Highlight the icons in the address bar row
Alt + Click Download the target of a link
Alt + Space + N Maximize current window
Alt + Space + X Minimize current window
F1 Open Chrome help
Alt + Shift + I Open a form to send feedback on Chrome

3
 (FULL FORMS)

A
•

•
AAC

ABI
:

:
PP
Advanced Audio Coding (audio compression format defined by the
MPEG-2 standard)
Application Binary Interface
•
•
•
ABR
ABR
AD
:
:
:
Area Border Router
Available Bil Rate
Active Directory

L A
L
• ADC : Analog -to- Digital converter

I
• ADC : Apple Display Connector (DVI vartant)
• AH : Active Hub
• AHA : Accelerated Hub Architecture

W
• Ajax : Asynchronous JavaSeript and XML
• AL : Active Link

R
• ALGOL : Algorithmic Language

E
• ALU : Arithmetic and Logical Unit
• AM : Active Monitor

E
• AMD : Advanced Micro Devices
• AMR : Audio Modern Riser

R
• AOE : ATA over Ethernet
• APCI : Application - LAyer Protocol Control Information

A
• API : Application Programming Interface
• APIPA : Automatic Private IP Adderssing
•
•
•
•
•
ASCII
ASG
ASP
AST
ATA
C :
:
:
:
:
American Standard Code for Information interchange
Abstract Semantic Graph
Application Service Provider
Abstract Syntax Tree
Advanced Technology Arrachment
• ATM : Asynchronouns Transfer Mode
• AVC : Advanced Video Coding
• AVI : Audio Video Interleaved
• AWT : Abstract Windowing Toolkit

1 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

 B
• BASIC : Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolle Instruction Code
• BCD : Binary Coded Decimal
• BEEP : Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocal
• BER : Bit Error Rate
• BFD : Binary File Descriptor
• BGP : Border Gateway Protocal
• Bin : Binary

P
• BINAC : Binary Automatic Computer
• BIOS : Basic Input Output System

P
• bit : Binary Digit
• BIob : Binary large object

A
• BIog : Web Log
• BMP : Basic multilingual plane

L
• BOOTP : Bootstrap Protocal

L
• BPEL : Business Process Execution Language

I
• Bps : Bits Per Second

C
•
•
•
CAD
CAE
CAI
:
:
:
W
Computer - Alded Design

R
Computer- Alded Engineering
Computer- Alded Instruction

E
• CAT : Computer- Alded Translation
• CAQ : Computer - Alded Quality Assurance
•
•
•
•
CC
CD
CD-R
CD-ROM
:
:
:
:
RE C Compiler
Compact Disc
CD-Recordable
CD Read- Only Memory
•
•
•
•
•
CD-RW
CG
CGA
CGI
CIFS C A:
:
:
:
:
CD- Rewritable
Computer Graphics
Colour Graphics Array
Common Gateway Inerface
Common Internet Filesystem
• CLI : Command Line Interface
• CLR : Common Language Runtime
• CNC : Computer Numerical Control
• COBOL : Common Business-Oriented Language
• CPU : Central Processing Unit
• CRT : Cathode Ray Tube
• CSI : Common System Interface

2 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

• CT : Computerized Tomography
• CTCP : Client-To- Client Protocol
• CTL : Computational Tree Logic
• CTS : Clear To Send
• CUA : Common User Access

D
• DAC : Digital-To-Analog Converter
• DAP : Directory Access Protocol

P
• DB : Database
• DBA : Database Administrator

P
• DBMS : Database Management System
• DCC : Direct Client-to-Client

A
• DDR : Double Data Rate
• DES : Data Encryption Standard
• DFD : Data Flow Diagram

L
• DFS : Distributed File System

L
• DHTML : Dynamic HTML

I
• DIVX : Digital Vedio Express
• DLL : Dynamic Link Library
• DLP : Digital Light Proccessing
DMA :

W
• Direct Memory Access
• DOS : Disk Operating System
• DPI : Dots Per Inch
•
•
•
DPMI
DSL
DSL
:
:
:
R
DOS Protected Mode Interface

E
Digital Subscriber Line
Domain-Specific Language

E
• DSN : Database Source Name (ODBC)
• DTE : Data Terminal Equipment

R
• DTR : Data Terminal Ready
• DVD : Digital Versatile Disc

A
• DVD : Digital Video Disc
• DVD-R : DVD-Recordable

C
• DVD-ROM : DVD-Read Only Memory
• DVD-RW : DVD-Rewritable
• DVI : Digital Visual Interface
• DVR : Digital Video Recorder

E
• EAP : Extensible Authentication Protocol
• EBCDIC : Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
• EDO : Extended Data Out
• EEPROM : Electronically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
• EFF : Electronic Frontier Foundation

3 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

• EFI : Extensible Firmware Interface
• EGA : Enhanced Graphics Array
• EGP : Exterior Gateway Protocol
• eID : Electronic ID card
• EIGRP : Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• ELF : Executable and Linkable Format
• ELM : Electronic Mail
• ENIAC : Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
• EOF : End of File
• EOL : End of Lile
• EOM : End of Message

P
• EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
• EUC : Extended Unix Code

P
• EXE : EXEcutable

A
F
• FAP : FORTRAN Assembly Program

L
• FAT : File Allocation Table

L
• FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions

I
• FDC : Floppy Disk Controller
• FDD : Floppy Disk Drive
• FIFO : First In First Out

W
• FHS : Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
• FCS : Frame Check Sequence
• FPU : Floating Point Unit
•
•
•
FS
FSB
FTP
:
:
:

E R
File System
Front Side Bus
File Transfer Protocol

E
• FXP : File Exchange Protocol

G
•
•
•
Gb
GB
GCR

A
:
:
:
R Gigabit
Gigabyte
Group Code Recording
•
•
•
•
•
GDI
GIF
GIGO
GPU
GUI
C :
:
:
:
:
Graphics Device Interface
Graphics Interchange Format
Garbage In, Garbage Out
Graphics Processing Unit
Graphical User Interface

H
• HAL : Hardware Abstraction Layer
• HCI : Human Computer Interaction
• HDD : Hard Disk Drive
• HD DVD : High Definition DVD

4 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

• HDL : Hardware Description Language
• HHD : Hybrid Hard Drive
• HID : Human Interface Device
• HIG : Human Interface Guidelines
• HPFS : High Performance File System
• HSM : Hierarchical Storage Management
• HTM : Hierarchical Temporal Memory
• HTML : Hypertext Markup Language
• HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• HTTPd : Hypertext Transport Protocol Daemon
• HTX : Hyper Transport eXpansion

P
• HURD : Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons
• HVD : Holographic Versatile Disc

•
•
IBM
ICMP
:
:
I
International Business Machines
Control Message Protocol
A P
L
• ICP : Internet Cache Protocol

L
• IDL : Interface Definition Language

I
• IE : Internet Explorer
• IGMP : Internet Group Management Protocol
• IGRP : Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

W
• IHV : Independent Hardware Vendor
• IIOP : Internet Inter-Orb Protocol
• IIS : Internet Information Services
•
•
•
IM
IMAP
I/O
:
:
:
R
Instant Messaging

E
Internet Message Access Protocol
Input/Output

E
• IP : Internet Protocol
• IPC : Inter-Process Communication

R
• IPP : Internet Printing Protocol
• IPsec : Internet Protocol security

A
• IPTV : Internet Protocol Television
• IPX : Internetwork Packet Exchange

C
• IRC : Internet Relay Chat
• IRP : I/O Request Packet
• IRQ : Interrupt Request
• ISC : Internet Storm Center
• ISO : International Organisation for Standardization
• ISOC : Internet Society
• ISP : Internet Service Provider
• ISR : Interrupt Service Routine
• ISV : Independent Software Vendor
• IT : Information Technology
• ITU : International Telecommunication Union

5 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

 J
• J2CE : Java 2 Cryptographic Edition
• JDS : Java Desktop System
• JMX : Java Management Extensions
• JMS : Java Message Service
• JNDI : Java Naming and Directory Interface
• JNI : Java Native Interface
• JPEG : Joint Photographic Experts Group
• JS : JavaScript

P
• JSON : JavaScript Object Notation
• JSP : JavaServer Pages

P
• JUG : Java Users Group

K
•
•
•
Kb
KB
kHz
:
:
:
Kilobit
Kilobyte
Kilohertz

L A
• LAN :
L
Local Area Network
I L
W
• LIFO : Last In First Out
• LSB : Least Significant Bit

• MAN :

E R M
Metropolitian Area Network

E
• MANET : Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
• Mb : Megabit

R
• MB : Megabyte
• MBCS : Multi Byte Character Set
• MBR : Master Boot Record
•
•
•
•
•
•
MDI
MICR
MIMO
MIPS
MIME
MM X
C A:
:
:
:
:
:
Multiple Document Interface
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
Million Instructions Per Second
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Multi-Media Extensions
• MNG : Multiple-Image Network Graphics
• MPEG : Motion Pictures (Coding) Experts Group
• MPL : Mozilla Public License
• MSB : Most Significant Bit
• MS-DOS : Microsoft DOS
• MVS : Multiple Virtual Storage

6 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

 N
• NEXT : Near-End CrossTalk
• NFS : Network File System
• NIO : New I/O
• NMI : Non-Maskable Interrupt
• NNTP : Network News Transfer Protocol
• NOP : No Operation
• NOS : Network Operating System
• NT (Windows) : New Technology

P
• NTP : Network Time Protocol

O
•
•
•
OCR
OMR
OOP
:
:
:
Optical Character Recognition
Optical Mark Reader
Object-Oriented Programming

A P
L
• OPML : Outline Processor Markup Language
• OS : Operating System
• OSS : Open-Source Software

P
I L
W
• P2P : Peer-To-Peer
• PAN : Personal Area Network

R
• PAP : Password Authentication Protocol
• PATA : Parallel ATA

E
• PC : Personal Computer
• PCI : Peripheral Component Interconnect

E
• PCle : PCI Express
• PCL : Printer Command Language

R
• PGA : Pin Grid Array
• PIC : Peripheral Interface Controller
• PIC : Programmable Interrupt Controller

A
• PINE : Program for Internet News & Email
• PIO : Programmed Input/Output

C
• PnP : Plug-and-play
• PoE : Power PC
• PPC : Pixels Per Inch
• PPPoA : PPP over ATM
• PPPoE : PPP over Ethernet
• PPTP : Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
• PSU : Power Supply Unit

Q
• QDR : Quad Data Rate
• QFP : Quoted For permanence
• QoS : Quality of Service

7 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

 R
• RADIUS : Remote Authentication Dial In User service
• RAID : Redundant Array of Independent Disks
• RAM : Random Access Memory
• RARP : Reverser Address Resolution Protocol
• RDBMS : Rlational Database Management System
• RDF : Resource Description Framework
• REFAL : REcursive Functions Algoritmic Language
•
•
•
RIP
ROM
ROMB
:
:
:
Routing Information Protocol
Read Only Memory
Read-Out Motherboard

PP
A
• RTOS : Real Time Operating System

S
•
•
•
•
SaaS
SAN
SATA
SAX
:
:
:
:
Software as a Service
Storage Area Network
Serial ATA
Simple API for XML I LL
•
•
•
SBP-2
SBU
SCSI
:
:
: W
Serial Bus Protocol 2

R
Standard Build Unit
Small Computer System Interface
•
•
•
SDL
SDN
SDR
:
:
:

EESimple DirectMedia Layer

Service Delivery Network
Software-Defined Radio
•
•
•
SDRAM
SMBIOS
SMTP

A
:
:
:R Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
System Management BIOS
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

C
• SP : Service Pack
• SPI : Serial Peripheral Interface
• SQL : Structured Query Language
• SUS : Single UNIX Specification
• SVD : Structured VLSI Design

T
• TCP : Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

8 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

• TTA : True Tap Audio
• TTF : True Type Font
• TTS : Text-to-Speech
• TTY : Teletype

U
• UAC : User Account Control
• UART : Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
• UEFI : Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
• UI : User Interface

P
• UL : Upload
• UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply

P
• URI : Uniform Resource Identifier
• URL : Uniform Resource Locator

A
• URN : Uniform Resource Name
• USB : Universal Serial Bus

•
•
•
•
•
Var
VB
VBA
VBS
VDU
:
:
:
:
:
Variable
Visual Basic
V

I LL
Visual Basic for Applications
Visual Basic Script
Visual Display Input
•
•
•
•
VFAT
VFS
VGA
VGCT
:
:
:
:

RW
Virtual FAT
Virtual File System
Video Graphics Array
Video Graphics Character Table

E
• VLAN : Virtual Local Area Network
• VM : Virtual Memory

E
• VOD : Video On Demand
• VoIP : Voice over IP

R
• VPN : Virtual Private Network
• VT : Video Terminal

•
•
•
•
WAFS
WAIS
WAN
WAP C A
:
:
:
:
W
Wide Area File Services
Wide Area Information Server•
Wide Area Network
Wireless Application Protocol
• Wi-Fi : Wireless Fidelity
• WiMAX : Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acess
• WinFS : Window Future Storage
• WINS : Windows International Naming Service
• WLAN : Wireless Local Area Network
• WMA : Windows Media Audio
• WMV : Windows Media Video

9 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir

• WO L : Wake-on-LAN
• WOM : Wake-on-Modem
• WP A : Wi-Fi Protected Access
• WSDL : Web Services Description Language
• WUSB : Wireless Universal Serial Bus
• WWAN : Wireless Wide Area Network
• WWID : World Wide Area Identifier
• WWW : World Wide Web

P
• XAML : eXtensible Application Markup Language
• XHTML : eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language

P
• XML : eXtensible Markup Language
• XMMS : X Multimedia System

A
• XNS : Xerox Network Services
• XSL : eXtensible Stylesheet Language

L
• XSL-FO : eXtensible Stylesheet Language Formatting Objects
• XSLT : eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

L
• XUL : XML User Interface Language

Y
I
W
• Y2K : Year Two Thousand

• ZIFS :

E R Z
Zero Insertion Force Socket

E
• ZISC : Zero Instruction Set Computer
• ZMA : Zone Multicas Address

A R
C
10 Computer by:- Yatendra Sir
HISTORY OF
COMPUTER
Topics
1. Definition of computer
2. Earliest computer
3. Computer History
4. Computer Generations
Definition of Computer
• Computer is a programmable machine.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a
list of instructions.
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing
various kinds of computations or calculations.
Definition of Computer
Three principles characteristic of computer:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined
manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Earliest Computer
• Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job
title was computers.
• These human computers were typically engaged in the
calculation of amathematical expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive,
requiring years of training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word" computer" was recorded in 1613,
referring to a person who carried out calculations, or
computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.
Tally Sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and
document numbers, quantities, or even messages.

Telly Stick
Abacus
• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first
used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
Abacus

Earlier Abacus Modern Abacus

Napier’s bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square
and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in
specially constructed boards.

John Napier Napier's Bones

Slide Rule
• Invented by William Oughtred in1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for
– Multiplication
– Division
– Roots William Oughtred
– Logarithms
– Trigonometry
• Not normally used for addition or
subtraction.

Slide Rule
Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.

Blaise Pascal Pascaline

Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Stepped Reckoner

Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-
Marie Jacquard in 1881.
• It an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Joseph- Marie Jacquard Jacquard Loom

Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmarin 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic
mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate
polynomial functions.
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.
First Computer Programmer
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical
Engine.

Augusta Ada Byron

Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.
Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerithin 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Herman Hollerithin Tabulating Machine

Havard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer.

Howard H. Aiken Mark 1

Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape
into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated
through punch tape.

Konrad Zuse Z1
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student
Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and
1942.

Professor John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer

ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic
Numerical Integrator and
Computer.
• It was the first electronic
general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper
Eckert and John W. Mauchl.

ENIAC
UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer 1) was the
first commercial computer.
• Designed by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.

UNIVAC 1
EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data.

EDVAC
The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1– the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

Osborne 1
The First Computer Company
• The first computer company was the
Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert
and John Mauchly.

Electronic Controls
Company
Computer Generations
There are five generations of computer:
• First generation–1946 -1958
• Second generation–1959 -1964
• Third generation–1965 -1970
• Fourth generation–1971 -today
• Fifth generation–Today to future
The First Generation
• The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire
rooms.
• They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.

Vacuum tubes
The First Generation
• First generation computers relied on machine language, the
lowest-level programming language understood by computers,
to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem
at a time.
• Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output
was displayed on printouts.
The Second Generation
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and
ushered in the second generation of
computers.
• One transistor replaced the equivalent
of 40 vacuum tubes.
• Allowing computers to become smaller,
faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient
and more reliable.
• Still generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.
Transistors
The Second Generation
• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instructions in words.
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for
input and printouts for output.
• These were also the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic
drum to magnetic core technology.
The Third Generation
• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers.
• Transistors were miniaturized and
placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically
increased the speed and efficiency
of computers.
• Much smaller and cheaper compare
to the second generation computers.
• It could carry out instructions in
billionths of a second.
Integrated circuit
The Third Generation
• Users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system, which allowed the device; to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that
monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
The Fourth Generation
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto
a single silicon chip.
• As these small computers became more
powerful, they could be linked together
to form networks, which eventually led
to the development of the Internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw
the development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.

Microprocessor
The Fifth Generation
• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
• Still in development.
• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality.
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
• There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that
are being used today.
(Topic) fo"k;

1- daI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk
2- lcls igyk daI;wVj
3- daI;wVj dk bfrgkl
4- daI;wVj tujs'ku
(Definition of Computer) daI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk

• daI;wVj ,d çksxzke djus ;ksX; e'khu gSA

• daI;wVj ,d e'khu gS tks funsZ'kksa dh ,d lwph ds vuqlkj MsVk esa gsjiQsj djrk gSA
• daI;wVj dksbZ Hkh midj.k gS tks fofHkUu çdkj dh [Link] ;k [Link] dks djus esa
euq";ksa dks lgk;rk djrk gSA
(Definition of Computer) daI;wVj dh ifjHkk"kk
daI;wVj ds rhu fl¼kar
• ;g ,d vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr rjhds ls funs'kksa ds ,d fof'k"V lsV dk tokc nsrk
gSA
• ;g funsZ'kksa dh ,d iwoZ&ntZ lwph fu"Ikkfnr dj ldrk gSA
• ;g cM+h ek=kk esa MsVk dks tYnh ls LVksj vkSj iquçkZIr dj ldrk gSA
(Earliest Computer) tYn ls tYn daI;wVj
• ewy :i ls [Link] dh [Link] euq";ksa }kjk dh tkrh Fkh] ftldk dke 'kh"kZd daI;wVj
FkkA
• ;s ekuo daI;wVj vkerkSj ij [Link]; vfHkO;fDr dh [Link] esa yxs gq, FksA
• bl vof/ dh [Link] fo'ks"k vkSj egaxh Fkh] [Link] esa çf'{k.k ds o"kksZa dh vko';drk
FkhA
• ^^daI;wVj** 'kCn dk igyk mi;ksx 1613 esa ntZ fd;k x;k Fkk] tks ,d O;fDr dh
[Link] djrk gS] ;k vfHkdyu vkSj 'kCn 20oha lnh ds eè; rd ml vFkZ esa mi;ksx
fd, tkrs jgsA
(Tally Sticks) VSyh dh NM+sa
VSyh fLVd ,d izkphu Le`fr lgk;rk midj.k Fkk tks fjdkWMZ vkSj nLrkost+ la[;k] ek=kk ;k
lans'k dks fjdkWMZ djus ds fy, FkkA

VSyh fLVd
(Abacus) vcsdl
• ,d vcsdl ,d ;kaf=kd midj.k gS tks [Link]; [Link] djus esa ,d O;fDr dh
lgk;rk djrk gSA
• vcsdl dk vkfo"dkj cschyksfu;k esa 2400 bZ-iw-
• vcsdl ftl :i esa ge lcls T;knk ifjfpr gSa] mldk bLrseky phu esa yxHkx 500
bZ-iw-
• ;g cqfu;knh [Link]; lapkyu djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(Abacus) vcsdl

iwoZ vcsdl vk/qfud vcsdl

(Napier’s Bones) usfi;j dh gfM~M;k¡
• 1614 esa tkWu usfi;j }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• vkWijsVj dks pkSdksj vkSj ?ku tM+ksa dks [Link] djus] foHkkftr djus vkSj [Link] djus ds
fy,] NM+ dks pkjksa vksj ?kqekdj vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls fufeZr cksMksZ esa j[kdj vkoafVr
djus dh vuqefr nhA

tkWu usfi;j usfi;j dh gfM~M;k¡

(Slide Rule) LykbM :y
• fofy;e eLVMZ }kjk 1622 esa vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• y?[Link] ds ckjs esa usfi;j ds fopkjksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
• eq[; :i ls ds fy, bLrseky fd;k
− [Link]
− foHkktu
− tM+ksa
− f=[Link]
• vke rkSj ij blds vykok ;k ?kVko ds fy, mi;ksx
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
(Pascaline) ikLdykbu
• 1642 esa Cykbl ikLdy }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• TkksM+uk vkSj ?kVkuk bldh lhek FkhA
• ;g dkiQh eg¡xk gSA

Cykbl ikLdy ikLdykbu

(Stepped Reckoner) LVSIM jsduj
• 1672 esa xkWVfizQM foYgse fycfut+ }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• og e'khu tks Lopkfyr :i ls tksM+] ?kVk] [Link] vkSj Hkkx dj ldrh gSA

XkkWVfizQM foYgse fycfut+ LVSIM jsduj

(Jacquard Loom) tSDdkMZ ywe
• tSDdkMZ ywe ,d eSdsfudy ywe gS] ftldk vkfo"dkj 1881 esa tkslsiQ&eSjh tSDdkMZ us
fd;k FkkA
• ;g ,d Lopkfyr ywe gS tks iap dkMZ }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA
(Arithmometer) vfjFkeksehVj
• ,d ;kaf=kd dSydqysVj dk vkfo"dkj FkkWel Mh dksyejhu 1820
}kjk fd;k x;k]
• igyh fo'oluh;] mi;ksxh vkSj O;kolkf;d :i ls liQy [Link]
e'khuA
• e'khu pkj cqfu;knh [Link]; dk;Z dj ldrh gS
• igyh cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr [Link] e'khuA
(Difference Engine and Analytical Engine) varj batu vkSj fo'ys"[Link] batu
• ;g ,d Lopkfyr] ;kaf=kd dSydqysVj gS ftls cgqin dk;ksaZ dks [Link]¼ djus ds
fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
• 1822 vkSj 1834 esa pkyZ~l cScst }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;k
• ;g igyk eSdsfudy daI;wVj gSA
(First Computer Programmer) igyk daI;wVj çksxzkej
• 1840 esa] vkWxLVk ,Mk ck;ju us cScst dks ladsr fn;k
fd og ckbujh flLVe dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
• og fo'ys"[Link] batu ds fy, dk;ZØe fy[krk gSA

vkWxLVk ,Mk ck;ju

(Scheutzian Calculation Engine) Scheutzian [Link] batu
• 1843 esa (Per Georg Scheutz) }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• pkYlZ cScst ds varj batu ds vk/kj ijA
• igys eqnz.k dSydqysVjA
(Tabulating Machine) VSfcax e'khu
• 1890 esa gjeu gksysfjfFku }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA
• lwpuk vkSj ys[kk dks lkjkaf'kr djus esa lgk;rk djukA

gjeu gksysfjfFku VSfcax e'khu

(Havard Mark 1) gkoZMZ ekdZ 1
• blds vykok vkbZch,e Lokpkfyr vuqØe fu;af=kr dSydqysVj (ASCC) ds :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA
• 1943 esa gkoMZ ,p ,sdsu (Howard H. Aiken) }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;k
• igyk bysDVªks&eSdsfudy daI;wVjA
(Z1) tsM 1
• igyk izksxzkescy daI;wVj A
• 1936 ls 1938 rd dksujkM ”kwflu teZuh }kjk cuk;k x;kA
• Z1 dks izksxzke djus ds fy, vko';d gS fd mi;ksxdrkZ iap
Vsi dks ,d iap Vsi jhMj esa Mkys vkSj lHkh vkmViqV Hkh iap

Vsi ds ekè;e ls mRiUu fd, x,A

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) ,VuklkWiQ&csjh daI;wVj (,chlh)
• ;g igyk bysDVªkWfud fMftVy daI;wfVax fMokbl FkkA
• 1939 vkSj 1942 ds chp vk;ksok LVsV ;wfuoflZVh esa izksiQslj tkWu vVkuklkWiQaM
Lukrd Nk=k fDyiQksMZ csjh }kjk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA

IkzksisQLkj tkWu vVkuklkWiQM ,VuklkWiQ&csjh daI;wVj

ENIAC
• ENIAC dk eryc bysDVªkWfud
U;wesfjdy baVhxzsVj vkSj daI;wVj gSA
• ;g igyk bysDVªkWfud lkekU; iz;kstu
daI;wVj FkkA
• 1946 esa iwjk gqvkA
• tkWu izaij ,dVSZaM vkSj tkWu MCY;w ekSpsy
}kjk fodflrA
ENIAC
UNIVAC 1
• UNIVAC I (UNIVERSAL
Automatic Computer 1) igyk
O;kolkf;d daI;wVj FkkA
• ts- fizLij ,dVZ vkSj tkWu ekSpyh }kjk
fMtkbu fd;k x;kA

UNIVAC 1
(EDVAC) ,MoSd
• EDVAC dk eryc bysDVªkWfud fMlØhV osfj,cy
vkWVkseSfVd daI;wVj gS
• Ikgyk laxzfgr izksxzke daI;wVj
• 1952 esa okWu U;weSu }kjk fMtkbu fd;k x;kA
• blesa LVksj fd, x, izksxzke ds lkFk&lkFk MsVk dks
j[kus ds fy, eseksjh gSA

EDVAC
(The First Portable Computer) igyk iksVsZcy daI;wVj
• vkslcksuZ 1&igyk iksVsZcy daI;wVjA
• vkslcksuZ daI;wVj dkWiksZjs'ku }kjk 1981 esa tkjh fd;k x;kA

vkslcksuZ 1
(The First Computer Company) igyk daI;wVj daaiuh
• igyh daI;wVj daiuh bysDVªkWfud daVªksy daiuh FkhA
• 1949 esa ts- fizLij ,dVZ vkSj tkWu ekSpyh }kjk LFkkfirA
(Computer Generations) daI;wVj tujs'ku
daI;wVj dh Ikk¡p ihf<+;k¡ gS%
• igyh ih<+h & 1946&1958
• nwljh ih<+h & 1959&1964
• rhljh ih<+h & 1965&1970
• pkSFkh ih<+h & 1971&vkt
• ikapoha ih<+h & vkt ls Hkfo";
(The First Generation) igyh ih<+h
• igys daI;wVj esa eseksjh ds fy, lfdZVªh vkSj pqacdh; Mªe ds
fy, oSSD;we V;wc dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] vkSj vDlj
fo'kky gksrs Fks] iwjs dejs dks ysrs FksA
• os lapkfyr djus ds fy, cgqr egaxs Fks vkSj fctyh ds ,d
egku lkSns dk mi;ksx djus ds vykok] cgqr vf/d xehZ
mRiUu dh] tks vDlj [kjkch dk dkj.k FkkA

oSSD;we V;wc
(The First Generation) igyh ih<+h
• igys ih<+h ds daI;wVj e'khu Hkk"kk ij Hkkjkslk djrs Fks] lapkyu djus ds fy, daI;wVj
}kjk le>s tkus okys fuezre Lrj dh izksxzkfeax Hkk"kk] vkSj os ,d le; esa dsoy ,d
leL;k dks gy dj ldrs FksA
• buiqV fNfnzr dkMZ vkSj isij Vsi Ij vk/kfjr Fkk] vkSj fizaV vkmV Ij vkmViqV iznf'kZr
fd;k x;k FkkA
(The Second Generation) nwljh ih<+h
• VªkaftLVj us oSD;we V;wcksa dks cny fn;k vkSj nwljh ih<+h
ds daI;wVj dh 'kq#vkr dhA
• ,d VªkaftLVj us 40 oSD;we V;wcksa ds cjkcj txg ys yhA
• daI;wVj dks NksVk] rst] lLrk] vf/d mQtkZ&dq'ky vkSj
vf/d fo'oluh; cukus ds fy, vuqefr nsukA
• fiQj Hkh xehZ dk ,d cM+k dkj.k gS fd daI;wVj dks
uqdlku igq¡pk ldrk gSA VªkaftLVj
(The Second Generation) nwljh ih<+h
• nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVj fØfIVd ckbujh e'khu Hkk"kk ls izrhdkRed] ;k fo/kulHkk]
Hkk"kkvksa esa pys x,] tks izksxzkej dks 'kCnksa esa funsZ'k fufnZ"V djus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA
• nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVj vHkh Hkh vk,ViqV ds fy, buiqV vkSj fizaVvkmV ds fy,
fNfnzr dkMZ ij fuHkZj gSaA
• ;s Ikgys daI;wVj Hkh Fks tks mudh Le`fr esa muds funsZ'kksa dks laxzghr djrs Fksa] tks ,d
pqacdh; Mªe ls pqacdh; dksj izkS|ksfxdh esa pys x,A
(The Third Generation) rhljh ih<+h
• ,dhÑr lfdZV dk fodkl rhljh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa dh igpku FkkA
• VªkaftLVj dks NksVk vkSj flfydkWu fpIl ij j[kk x;k] fyls v/Zpkyd dgk tkrk gS]
ftlus daI;wVj dh xfr vkSj n{krk esa dkiQh o`f¼ dhA
• nwljh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVk vkSj lLrkA
• ;g ,d lsdaM ds vjcksa esa funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA

,dhÑr lfdZV
(The Third Generation) rhljh ih<+h
• mi;ksxdrkZvksa us dh cksMZ vkSj ekWfuVj ds ekè;e ls rhljh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa ds lkFk
ckrphr dh vkSj ,d vkWijsfVax flLVe ds lkFk gLr{ksi fd;k] ftlus fMokbl dks ,d
dsanzh; dk;ZØe ds lkFk ,d ckj esa dbZ vyx&vyx ,fIyds'ku pykus dh vuqefr nh
tks eseksjh dh fuxjkuh djrs FksA
• daI;wVj igyh ckj cM+s iSekus Ij n'kZdksa ds fy, lqyHk gks x, D;ksafd os vius
iwoZofrZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa NksVs vkSj lLrs FksA
(The Fourth Generation) pkSFkh ih<+h
• ekbØksizkslslj daI;wVj dh pkSFkh ih<+h dks yk;k D;ksafd
gtkjksa ,dhÑr lfdZV ,d ,dy flfydkWu fpi ij
cuk, x, FksA
• tSls&tSls ;s NksVs daI;wVj vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh gksrs x,]
mUgsa usVodZ cukus ds fy, ,d lkFk tksM+k tk ldrk
gS] ftlls varr% baVjusV dk fodkl gqvkA
• pkSFkh ih<+h ds daI;wVjksa us GUI] ekml vkSj gSaMgsYM
fMokblksa ds fodkl dks Hkh ns[kkA ekbØksizkslslj
(The Fifth Generation) ikapoh ih<+h
• vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (AI) ij vk/kfjrA
• fiQj Hkh fodkl esaA
• lekukarj izlaLdj.k vkSj lqijdaMDVlZ dk mi;ksx d`f=ke cqf¼ dks okLrfodrk cukus esa
enn dj jgk gSA
• y{; mu [Link] dks fodflr djuk gS tks izkd`frd Hkk"kk buiqV dk tokc nsrs gSa
vkSj lh[kus vkSj vkRe&laxBu djus esa l{ke gSaA
• dqN ,fIyds'ku gSa] tSls fd vkokt dh igpku] ftldk ,i;ksx vkt fd;k tk jgk gSA

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