Nested Quantifiers
Nested quantifiers
Two quantifiers are nested if one is within the
scope of the other.
P(x,y)
Example:
x y (x + y = 0)
Q(x)
x Q(x)
Q(x) is y P(x,y)
P(x,y) is (x + y = 0)
1
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into English.
x y (x + y = y + x)
Domain: real numbers
Solution:
For all real numbers x and y, x + y = y + x.
2
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into English.
x y (x = - y)
Domain: real numbers
Solution:
For every real number x, there is a real
number y such that x = - y.
3
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into English.
x y ((x > 0) (y < 0) (xy < 0))
Domain: real numbers
Solution:
For every real numbers x and y, if x is positive and y
is negative then xy is negative.
The product of a positive real number and a negative
real number is always a negative real number.
4
The order of quantifiers (example)
Assume P(x,y) is (xy = yx).
Translate the following statement into English.
x y P(x,y) domain: real numbers
Solution:
For all real numbers x, for all real numbers y,
xy = yx.
For every pair of real numbers x, y, xy = yx.
5
The order of quantifiers
The order of nested universal quantifiers
in a statement without other quantifiers
can be changed without changing the
meaning of the quantified statement.
6
The order of quantifiers (example)
Assume P(x,y) is (xy = 6).
Translate the following statement into English.
x y P(x,y) domain: integers
Solution:
There is an integer x for which there is an integer
y that xy = 6.
There is a pair of integers x, y for which xy = 6.
7
The order of quantifiers
The order of nested existential quantifiers
in a statement without other quantifiers can
be changed without changing the meaning
of the quantified statement.
8
The order of quantifiers (example)
Assume P(x,y) is (x + y = 10).
x y P(x,y) domain: real numbers
For all real numbers x there is a real number y such that x + y
= 10.
True (y = 10 - x)
y x P(x,y) domain: real numbers
There is a real number y such that for all real numbers x, x + y
= 10.
False
So, x y P(x,y) and y x P(x,y) are not logically equivalent.
9
The order of quantifiers
Assume P(x,y,z) is (x + y = z).
x y z P(x,y,z) domain: real numbers
For all real numbers x and y there is a real number z such that
x + y = z.
True
z x y P(x,y,z) domain: real numbers
There is a real number z such that for all real numbers x and y
x + y = z.
False
So, x y z P(x,y,z) and z x y P(x,y,z) are not logically
equivalent.
10
The order of quantifiers
The order of nested existential and
universal quantifiers in a statement is
important.
11
Quantification of two variable
x y P(x,y)
When true?
P(x,y) is true for every pair x,y.
When false?
There is a pair x, y for which P(x,y) is false.
x y P(x,y)
When true?
For every x there is a y for which P(x,y) is true.
When false?
There is an x such that P(x,y) is false for every y.
12
Quantification of two variable
x y P(x,y)
When true?
There is an x for which P(x,y) is true for every y.
When false?
For every x there is a y for which P(x,y) is false.
x y P(x,y)
When true?
There is a pair x, y for which P(x,y) is true.
When false?
P(x,y) is false for every pair x, y.
13
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into a logical
expression.
“The sum of two positive integers is always positive.”
Solution:
Rewrite it in English that quantifiers and a
domain are shown
“For every pair of integers, if both integers are
positive, then the sum of them is positive.”
14
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into a logical expression.
“The sum of two positive integers is always positive.”
Solution:
Introduce variables
“For every pair of integers, if both integers are positive,
then the sum of them is positive.”
“For all integers x, y, if x and y are positive, then x+y is
positive.”
15
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into a logical expression.
“The sum of two positive integers is always positive.”
Solution:
Translate it to a logical expression
“For all integers x, y, if x and y are positive, then x+y is
positive.”
x y ((x > 0) (y > 0) (x + y > 0)) domain: integers
x y (x + y > 0) domain: positive integers
16
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into a logical expression.
“Every real number except zero has a multiplicative inverse.”
A multiplicative inverse of a real number x is a real number y such
that xy = 1.
Solution:
Rewrite it in English that quantifiers and a domain
are shown
“For every real number except zero, there is a
multiplicative inverse.”
17
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into a logical expression.
“Every real number except zero has a multiplicative inverse.”
A multiplicative inverse of a real number x is a real number y such that
xy = 1.
Solution:
Introduce variables
“For every real number except zero, there is a multiplicative
inverse.”
“For every real number x, if x 0, then there is a real number
y such that xy = 1.”
18
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into a logical expression.
“Every real number except zero has a multiplicative inverse.”
A multiplicative inverse of a real number x is a real number y such that
xy = 1.
Solution:
Translate it to a logical expression
“For every real number x, if x 0, then there is a real number
y such that xy = 1.”
x ((x 0) y (xy = 1)) domain: real numbers
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Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into English.
x (C(x) y (C(y) F(x,y)))
C(x): x has a computer.
F(x,y): x and y are friends.
Domain of x and y: all students
Solution:
“For every student x, x has a computer or there is a student y
such that y has a computer and x and y are friends.”
“Every student has a computer or has a friend that has a
computer.”
20
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into English.
x y z ((F(x,y) F(x,z) (y z)) ¬F(y,z))
F(x,y): x and y are friends.
Domain of x, y and z: all students
Solution:
“There is a student x such that for all students y and all
students z, if x and y are friends, x and z are friend and z
and y are not the same student, then y and z are not
friend.”
“There is a student none of whose friends are also friends with
each other.”
21
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into logical expression.
“If a person is a student and is computer science major, then
this person takes a course in mathematics. ”
Solution:
Determine individual propositional functions
S(x): x is a student.
C(x): x is a computer science major.
T(x,y): x takes a course y.
Translate the sentence into logical expression
x ((S(x) C(x)) y T(x,y))
Domain of x: all people
Domain of y: all courses in mathematics
22
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into logical expression.
“Everyone has exactly one best friend. ”
Solution:
Determine individual propositional function
B(x,y): y is the best friend of x.
Express the English statement using variable and individual
propositional function
For all x, there is y who is the best friend of x and for every
person z, if person z is not person y, then z is not the best
friend of x.
Translate the sentence into logical expression
x y (B(x,y) z ((z y) ¬B(x,z))
Domain of x, y and z: all people
23
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into logical expression.
“Everyone has exactly one best friend. ”
Solution:
Determine individual propositional function
B(x,y): y is the best friend of x.
Express the English statement using variable and individual
propositional function
For all x, there is y who is the best friend of x and for every
person z, if person z is not person y, then z is not the best
friend of x.
Translate the sentence into logical expression
x y z ( (B(x,y) B(x,z)) (y = z) )
Domain of x, y and z: all people
24
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into logical expression.
“There is a person who has taken a flight on every airline in the
world. ”
Solution:
Determine individual propositional function
F(x,f): x has taken flight f.
A(f,a): flight f is on airline a.
Translate the sentence into logical expression
x a f (F(x,f) A(f,a))
Domain of x: all people
Domain of f: all flights
Domain of a: all airlines
25
Nested quantifiers (example)
Translate the following statement into logical expression.
“There is a person who has taken a flight on every airline in the
world. ”
Solution:
Determine individual propositional function
R(x,f,a): x has taken flight f on airline a.
Translate the sentence into logical expression
x a f R(x,f,a)
Domain of x: all people
Domain of f: all flights
Domain of a: all airlines
26
Negating quantified expressions
(review)
¬ x P(x) x ¬P(x)
¬ x P(x) x ¬P(x)
27
Negating nested quantifiers
Rules for negating statements involving a
single quantifiers can be applied for
negating statements involving nested
quantifiers.
28
Negating nested quantifiers
(example)
What is the negation of the following statement?
x y (x = -y)
Solution:
¬ x P(x) P(x) = y (x = -y)
x ¬P(x)
x (¬ y (x = -y))
x (y ¬(x = -y))
x y (x -y)
29
Negating nested quantifiers
(example)
Translate the following statement in logical expression?
“There is not a person who has taken a flight on every airline.”
Solution:
Translate the positive sentence into logical expression
x a f (F(x,f) A(f,a)) by previous example
F(x,f): x has taken flight f. A(f,a): flight f is on airline a.
Find the negation of the logical expression
¬ x a f (F(x,f) A(f,a))
x ¬ a f (F(x,f) A(f,a))
x a ¬ f (F(x,f) A(f,a))
x a f ¬ (F(x,f) A(f,a))
x a f (¬F(x,f) ¬A(f,a))
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