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Vector + geometry

This document covers the fundamentals of vector algebra, including types of vectors, operations such as addition, subtraction, scalar and vector products, and properties of these operations. It explains concepts like free and localized vectors, linear combinations, and coplanarity, along with examples and solutions to illustrate these principles. The document aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of vector operations and their applications in mathematics.

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4 views56 pages

Vector + geometry

This document covers the fundamentals of vector algebra, including types of vectors, operations such as addition, subtraction, scalar and vector products, and properties of these operations. It explains concepts like free and localized vectors, linear combinations, and coplanarity, along with examples and solutions to illustrate these principles. The document aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of vector operations and their applications in mathematics.

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sailormuun2503
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19 Vector Algebra STRUCTURE VECTORS TYPES OF VECTORS OPERATIONS ON VECTORS “194. ADDITION 19'S. PROPERTIES OF OPERATION OF ADDITION SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION BY A SCALAR ORTHONORMAL BASES - 199. PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS 19°10 SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS OR DOT PRODUCT 19'11. PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT 19'12, VECTOR PRODUCT OR CROSS PRODUCT 19'13, PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to understand : Addition, subtraction, scalar product and vector product and problems based on the above, 19°. YECTORS In mathematics we generally deal with two kinds of quantities. Those hich are specified by a single real number called the magnitude, in other words, those which measure quantities but not related to any direo- tion in space. Such quantities are called scalars. ‘The examples of such quantities used are in measurement of mass, volume; electric charge, tempe- Tatare, sales, production, etc. The other types of physical quantities are those which have -got magnitude as well asa definite direction in space. uch quantities are called vector quantities or simply vectors. The most familiar examples of this type are [Link] measurement of velocity, accelera- tion, ete , VECTOR ALGEBRA ™ A vector is often denoted as a di " 7 a line has an intial point or the origin and a tern ne segment. Such ‘and whose direction is indicated by .an inal point or the terminus, ‘geometric expression has the folowing three attributes? a directed line in (i) length or magnitude, (i) support or inclination, and (iit) direction or sense. i. Thus in vector AB, A is called the origin and jermi magnitude of the vector is given by the length UB ad ta duetion'e from 4 to Bor B to A depending on the A arrow indication. In addition to the 8 above notation of vectors giving their origin and terminus, we shall use bold —~&— 4B. face type #, b.¢. _ The corresponding italic letters @, , c denote only the magnitude of the vectors, We also use so i 7, j,k vector bases or just i, jie depending on the context in whi eT context in which these 1. Free and Localised Vectors. When we 4 choose the origin of fete at any point, it is said to be ae ae but where it is restri to.a certain specified point, the vector is said to be a localised vector. p tor is said to It, Nall Vector. If the origin and terminal points of coincide, it is said to be a zero or mull vector. "Bvidently its lengths Zero and its direction is indeterminate. A null vector is denoted by the bold faced type 0. All zero vectors are equal arid they can be expressed >> as AA, BB, etc. 0 init Vector, A vector whose: modulus is unity is called a unit Vector, Ifthere be any vector a whose modulus is 4, then the * corresponding uiit vector in that direction is denoted by a which has its parallel supports. See a=da or a @ 1 Reviprocat Vector. A vector whose direction is the same as that ofa Yiven vector a but whose magnitude is the reciprocal of the magnitude of the given vector, it is called the reciprocal of» and is written asa-t Thus if a=a 2, then a va ss BUSINESS MATHEMATIC. jal Vectors. Two ‘vectors in if they have (the same fens? nitude), (i) the same sense and (ii) oun or parallel supports. The equality ig A bolically denoted by a=b. Thus equal vector, may be represented by parallel lines of equat Iength drawn in the same sense or direction irrespective of the origin. a> eee ABSEF=CDZCD ne " i; Co-initial Vectors. Vectors having the same initial Point oy origin are ediled co-initial vectors? | |. Collinear Vectors. Any number of vectors are said to be ollinéar when they are parallel to the same line whatever their magnitudes may be, vat Goplanar Vectors. Vectors whose supports are parallel to the sanfie plane are called coplanar vectors. ‘Any plane which is llel to this plane is called ‘the plane of. seh vectors, a+yb is coplanar with the vectors 2, b, whatever be the values of the scalars * and y.- If .a, b be two non-collinear ‘vectors then every vector x coplanar with a -and b can be represented as a linear combi- nation, “in telitivee vectors are coplanar, then any one of them can be expressed in terms of ‘the other two. Converse also holds: good, ie., if ther at three vectors and any [Link] them can be expressed in terms of the oth, then the vectors are coplanar. Remarks, Ifa, b be two non-collinear vectors, then any vector ‘coplanar with a, bean be expressed as r=xa-+yb and x, y being scalars, 2. .Non-coplanar Vectors. If a, b, ¢ be three non-collinear and non- coplanar vectors, then any vector r can be expressed as r=satybtze : where x, y/# are scalars... 2 : Linear Combistation. The linear combination is the addition of tw6 or more vectors multiplied by the respective scalars. For example, Wo bave the vectors a. b, © and the fesprotive scalars x, y and z, The Minear combination of the above vectors will then be expressed r=yxa-+yb+ze With numerical expression of scalars, vector combin: tions can be datb, Jat2b—4e, —4at3b+/2e Oe en 3 ( Linear Dependence. Now a |i oan fineat dependence or independence, "The yuna combination may be of il vectors a, b i cae be dependent if Shere, are scalars x,y and 2 not all ae ai sa Jineat combin: with scalar multiplicati i indicated below : iplications yield a zero vector as zatyb+ze=0 — [0 is a zero vector ] If there is no such set of scalars that the linear combination of vectors with scalar multiplications yield a zero vector then the vectors a, band c are linearly independent. In such a case the linear. combination r will be g, zero vector only if all the scalars X,Y, Z are zero, ~ Position Vector. Any vector joining an arbit aint of origin O and the terminal point P can be the Position ector ib : place which can be used to explain vector from other origins but terminating at'P or those from other origins in the same plane. Ina way this concept of position vector is the basis of vector geometry we are discussing here. To illustrate, we express the position vector OP in the following figure in terms of OA and OB which are from the same originas =~ > 5 _m0A+nOB Fe Mma+nb Tntn where the point P divides the vector AB in the fatio m:n, This result we had obtained earlier in the chapter on Coordinate Geometry. _panijte 1, The position vectors of four points, P, QO, R, [Link] a, a > b, 2a+3b, 2a—3b respectively, Express the vectors PR, RS and PQ in terms of a and b. _ Solution, Let O be the origin. OP: o > > > > op sa, OQ=b, OR=2a4-3b, OS=2a-3b Ses Now = PR=OR-OP=2a+3b—a:-a-+3b +s 3 RS=OS—OR=2a—3b—2a—3b =—6b > + > and PQ=0Q—O0P=b—a Example 2. Show that the points a—2b+3c, 2a+3b—4c am —7b-|-10c are collinear, 114 BUSINESS MATHEM Ato, Solution, Let the given points be denoted by 4, B and C. Lete be the origin of reference, then AB=OR- OA=2a-+3b—4e—a-+2b—30=2+ Sb—7e 4C=00-Od=—Th + 100—a+26—3e , —3b+7e=—(a+ 56-7) + = “ AB=—AC i : Thus the vectors 4B and AC are either parallel or collinear. Further because these vectors are coterminus, hence the points 4, B,C arg collinear, ple 3.. Show that the vectors 2i—j +s, i—3j Sk, 3i—4j_4y, are coplanar, Solution, Let 2i—j+k=% (i—3j—5k) +(3i—4j—4k) = 2 —j+b=(e+-3y) i-Gx+4y) j-Gx+4y)5 a x+3y=2 sa(l) 3x+4y=1 2) Sy-+4y=—1 3) J From (1) and (2), we get These values of x and y satisfy the equation (3). Hence the vectors are coplanar. ample 4, Slow that the points —6a+3b+2c, 3a—2b+4e, $a47h+3e, —Ida+I7b—e are coplanar, a, b, ¢ being three non-coplanar ‘vectors, + Solution, Let the given points be 4, B, C and D. | Let O be the origin of reference, then 2 2 OA=—Gn-+3b+2c, OB=3a—2b-+-4c, > 2 0C=-Sa+Tb+3c, OD=—13a+17b—¢ a) Then AB=0B—0A=3a—2b+-4e46a—3b —2¢ =9a—Sb+2c >>> AC=0C-0A=Sa+Tb+3c-+6a—3b—2¢ ) tella+4bte VECTOR ALGEBRA Sp, AD=0D_ O4m~ 135 8 a So Tat 14a 35 ota 3h, Let us first Prove that the Vectors Ss > 4B, AC, 4p AC, 4] Let IAB4: mach “re linearly connected, "9a—5b+2e]4-m Ma 44m —te gy —3e = O11) a+ 514. 4my D+ m) ex oo + lms—7 “S=—~Ta+14b—3¢ —Sltamaig 2l+ma—3 Solving (1) and (2), we get; 13-2, mat These values of J and m sati ‘ a es nec im satisfy the equation (3) also, Hence vectors AB, AC, AD are coplanai, Because these vecto, rs are coterminus, and D are coplanar. hence the four points 4, 8, @ 193. OPERATIONS ON VECTORS The two important operat i k tions ate addition and multiplication whereas subtraction and division follows from them. {should be eae bered that the -operatiors on vectors are element by element booms a Vector is an ordered set. We have discussed with two dimensions but a vector point can be in -dimensional space indicated by the m number of ~ elements‘in a vector. 194 ADDITION = If a is a vestor represented by OA and b is a vector represented by > AB so that the terminus of a is the initial point of b, then their sum or resultant (a+b) is defined to be the vector Tepresented in magnitude and direction: by as OB, where OB is the third side of the triangle OAB. This method of addition is called the triangle-law of addition, A and b i a by Ifa is a vector represented by OA and b is a vector represente a . OC (ie., they have. a common origin) then their sum (a+b) is defined to 116 BUSINESS MATHEMATIC 35 be the vector represented in magnitude and direction by OB, where O4Bq@ is the completed parallclogram. This method of addition is called the parallelogram law of addition. It may be noted that these two methodg are identical as is obvious from the definition of the equality of vectors, PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATION OF ADDITION "I Inclusion Property, If a€ V and bE V then a+be V. 11, Commutative Property, a+b=b-+-a for alla, bE V. ; > > Proof. Let OA=-a and AB=b be two given vectors. > By triangle law of addition, OB=a+b Complete the parallelogram OABC, > > > > Then OA=:CB=a and OC=AB=b, Now > oe a oe 0A+AB=OB=a-+b and OC+CB=OB-:b+a Hence at+b=b+a IML, -Associative Property, a+(b+c)=(a+b)+c for alla, b,c@V Fea > Prost Let OA=a, AB=b and BC: =e be any three vectors. en > = AH (b+) =OA-bb+ BC)= Od 4 ACH OC fl) Pe aL anes ig sty ects a, Again (a+b) i-e (O4-+4B)+ BC=OB + BC= OC =Q) From (1) and (2), we have ak(h Fe)--(a4-b) He { IV. Identity or Zero Propert is identi vector for addition such that erty. There exists a zero vector or identity ato=a=o-+a forallacV cooRDINATE GEOMETRY a age Of the required line js " I-My—=M(=—x,) ‘The above equation can also be written as sin 8 I-NA= core 4) > YON _F—x sin 6 cos 8 vi Parametric Form. In the Fig. taken af a distance r from the point R on the Beret! the point P(x, ») is xx, y- + =co 6, 77h sin 8 2% _ mY, Sed Tao? Hs the Tequired equation: of the straight line in parametric form. 1X. Two-point Form. The equation of a straight line passing through two point (x,, ¥,) and (xs; Ya). : Let Q(x, y,) and R(%,, ys) be the two points on the line, Take any point P(x, y) on the ¥I 8 line. Then by def., y= Slope of OP= xz, wl) 1 = No Slope of QR: a *e (2) Fig. 23. Since A, P, B are collinear points, from (1) and (2), we have , IMA ns x—¥, | Xe Hence the equation of the requised straight line is = UOU(x—x,). Vm sation of a straight dicular Form The ee inclination vane y X. Normal or Pei 2 tne tn terms of the perpendicular from | © Perpendicular with the axté : ee , : BUSINESS MATHEMATIog Let 8 ‘straight line be at _a perpendicular distance P -from the origin and the inclination of the perpendj. cular OM with the x-axis be a. The ‘coordinates of 1, the foot of the perpendi: colar, in’ terms of the gi constants are (p cos a, p sid a). The inclifation of the line Fis. 24. with the x-axis is +a <. [Link] the given line : ata(F+. )=—cot a= Let P(x, ») be any point on the line, then cosa sin a (1) Slope of MPa +2) - Since-, P, B are collinear, from (1) and (2), we have y=p sina cos a 5 x—pcoe site > y sin a—p aln® am —x cog a+ cost a > “X 608 a-+y sit.c=p (sin® a-+costa)=0 of * cos e+-y Gin a=p, is the required equation. ‘ISIS. GENERAL EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE equation of the form ax-+-by+-c=0, where @, 6, ¢ are constants and 3 yare variables, is-called the general equation of the straight Une, Proof. Let P(x, y,), » Ya) and R(x,, ‘be the three points on ‘She Tocus tepresenton of Gy oa ‘Mee 7) be’ the thes pol at by-pemo w(t) Which is the first'tegree equation in x and y., “' %y¥4) lies-on (1), we get \ ax, +by,4+c=9 (2) Similarly ax,-bby, -e=0 +(3) é Vand ; Oxy b by, +0=0 A) tg eae ng (2), (3) and (4) by =%5 4—y, and Y-Ve respectively FAO EAI EEG, Ite") oe See WOME =e y~Y, 49,1 =0 > (%-Y)+x,0.—y, +*0,~y,)=0 2. WA)-+2,05—y, +20,-y,)]=0 VECTOR ALGEBRA. Because of this pro : i id the netural element fer nadir Vector is called the additive identity or V. Negative Propert: : the property that erly. For any vector a there is a vector —a with a4(—a)--0 and (—a)+a=o On account of this property — lai the vector a and we wie Ys the vector (—1) ais called the negative of —a=(—I)a It should be noted that the existence . d be ni of the four _properti ji tion composition is referred to by saying that the tof western come mutative group for the addition composition. 196. SUBTRACTION aii Subtraction is the inverse of the operation of addition as shown ‘below : a—arrat(—a)=at+(—1)a=0 It can also be defined as a difference of two positive vectors or a sum of a positive and a negative vector as shown below. a—b=a+(—b) also —(a+b)=—a—b Diagramatically we can show these results as follows : 19°7. MULTIPLICATION BY A SCALAR If mis any scalar, then the product ma of a vector a and the real number m- is defined as a vector whose magnitude is m times the modulus Of 2 and whose direction is the same as that of 2 or the opposite direction gecording as the scalar m is positive or negative. ‘The division of a vector a by a real number m is defined: as the multiplication of the veetor "by >. PROPERTIES OF SC).LAR MULTIPLICATION 1, It has an internal composition only, ie, if a€VthenmaeV pINATE anor 7 2 Thearea of the triangle formed by P, Q, Ris zero. > P, Q, R are collinear, put they are any three points on the locus of (1). Hence the Jocus-is a straight line. ‘ Slope of the line ax+by+c—0, Writing the equation as ‘Re , and comparing it with slope-intercept form, we find that a coeff. of x Slope of the line=m= =o coeff ofy sulk le. 17, The line passing through the potnt aa, —1), and. inclined at 45° to the x-axis, meets the line «/2x-+-2+/2y—6=0 In tks polnt P, Find the distance AP, Solution Equation of the straight line through 4 (2, —1) and having slope 1 (tan 45°) is given by’ P+1=1(x—2) 2 () To find the coordinates of P, substituting the vatue of » from (1) in the given equation, we get © VS 2X42 2(x—3)—-6=0 > By 22= 62-41) oe EDL iyatnnaty2 : Syed 2—3BeVt—-1: - Coordinate of P is ((2+72), (Vv2—1)] Hence PA=V/(O4-V2—2) + 0/2—1 412 unite, : ofan The coordinates of two points A and B are(—1, 2) 1) respectively, Find the equation the slope of the line AB, Solution, Here.x,;=—1, 12, %:=2 and yy=—1 . The réquired equation of AB is 1-2 yeep eM oe y—2=@ +1) = | xtysl Coeff_of x Slope of AB= = Eoeff. of y Exafapte 19, Find the equation of the straight line through-(2° ™ mae equal intercepts of chpasite sign on the axis, * a) Exa: and (2, —1) a1 ~ 580 BUSINESS MATMEMATICS j and —a be the intercepts on the %-axis and y-; Solation. Lure, the equation of the line is = 243 =I AD Since the line (1) passes through (2, 5), we have 2,3 ator or a=—3 +. The equation of the straight line is = 2 : a+57) or x-y+3=0. le 20, Find the equation of the straight line passing through the axes is 18, the polit (4,5) and the sum of ltsintercepis on t Se ne Solution. - Let the equation of the required line be 2g Pej a ‘This line passes through the point (4, 5), therefore, we have 4,5 a i at! . ~@) and atb=als wn (2) Putting the value of 5 from (2) in (1), we have 4.5 ate! or O17 a4+-72=0 or (2—8)(a—9)=0 “ a=8 or @=9 When a=8, 56=18—8=10 ~ When a=9, b=18—9=9 . The equations are ‘ as sels te of or Fy 2a gto such ExAmPle 21. Find the equation of the straight line through P(- 4, 3) Such that the portlon between the axis ty indie Oe inthe ratle 5:3, Solution, Here A=(q, 0), B=(0, 5), then the line AB is, s4he1 ol) VECTOR ALGEBRA lal [bi cose where 0 is the angle between the iti [| ate the moduli of and b respectaheemttes * and b and | aj, 1911, PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT I, Commutativé Property, From t ‘4 the above we find that a. b=b.. a=ab cos 6, i-e., scalar Product is commutative, o cosQ22P ab Scalar Product ab 1a TTT “Product of modu Il, The scalar product of two non-zero vectors is positi p . itive, zero or negative according as the angle between them is acute, a right angle or obtuse. Il. Scalar product of a vector with itself, 4 ie,, the square of a vector is equal to the square of its modulus, acasal |alcosd=|al? =a IV. Condition of Perpendicularity, 1 two vectors « and i are per- pendicular, thena.b=0 (.a.b=d) cos 90°=0), i., for perpendi- cular vectors, the scalar product is zero. Corveisely if a. b=:0, then either a=0 or b=0 or a is perpendicular to b. V. If two vectors have the same direction, @=0 or cos @==1 VL @. a.(-b)=—a.b (ii) (-s).b=-a.b (iii) (-a): (—b)=2.b Proof, (i) a. (—b)=ab cos (n--0)=(—a) . b =—ab cos 6= —(a . b) VIL, Orthonotmal vector triads i, j,k. We know that i, j, k are three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, * ffekt=1 andi. j=j.k=k VIII, Distributive Law of Multiplication, i.e., a.(b+e)=[Link].c 0 ooRINATH GEOMETRY since the point P(—4, 3), Gives 43 inthe ay i 4a 3240x5 st Sta. OF an} A 330458 343 or bt Substituting the values of bi cau ofgand b in (1), we get the required equa- ey = tag! or Sx—20y4.9620 Example 22. Find th divides the straight iine passing towne the join oft-4. Nand (!,-3) Solution, Thi 4 and(?, jation, : acae lon. ¢ equation of the straight line joining (—$, 1) and \ j—1 YA=TF5 +5) > 30-1) +204 =0 ie 2+ 3¥+7=0 a If the required ratio is A ; 1 in which (1) divid joi and B(7, 8). Then the coordinates of reamed po ane Pascl ans (Re a4 DEL? DET ‘These coordinates must satisfy equation (1), therefore, we have AMK+3) , HBK+4) 4 i) oe tao ° (140-240-470) + (6-4 124-7) =0 A= Henee the line joining (—5, 1) and (1, —3) divides the join of (3, 4) and (7, 8) paternally in the ratio 5: 9. a , A firm invested Rs, 10 million ina new factory t has a sehen 2 per years An investment of fe win would yleld a net income of Ks, 2 million per year. What is the linear relat hip investment and annual Income? What would be the annual return on an investment of Rs, 15 million,? Solution. Let x coordinate represent the investment and y ¢o- ordinate represent the annual income. red linear onship between investment and income is the ela, the required Tine ro tsing tho point (10,000,000), (500,000) Si ce) epee i tte ie 75.00,000— 5500-09 16,000000 E10 1h- loo 79, 000,000=1 (vane yoy, 2 tert ane) ‘VECTOR ALGEBRA . 783 =(A2bs—a5b,)i+ (agh,—a,b,)j + (0,0,—a,5,)k fg k | =| % a, a, a bh by VU. sinp=—l2xbl , Tal. tbl Se ce AV Gb =O FTG ab YT Oya VOR Oa) Orb r) a of Ua id magnitude of aXtb canbe expressed in terms of scalar (axb)*=a"h?—(a . by? Proof. (axXb)*=(axb). (axb)= | axb|?* al?|b]?sinz0 al] 2} b [2 (1—cos? 6) =atb*— | a! ?|b| cos? 6 =ath'—(a ..b)? 1X. If a,b,c be three vectors, then y ax (b-+e)=axb+axe mple 6, Find the angle between the vectors (i) a=i42j+2k, b=i—2j-+2k (8) aX2i4jtk, b=—2i+2j-+2k (ili) p=ai-+tbj+ek, q=aith, j+¢k, wand find the condition that they are perpendicular to each other, Solution, (f) 2. b=(i-+2j+2k) . (i—2j+2k) =(1)1)+-@)(—2)+(2)(2) 0 stH44+4=1 a=VPEPF=3, baVPH(—2 423 a.b 1 “ cos O= Tal Tel 9 2% g=cos-* (1/9) ony a b=2(—2)+1.2-41.2=0 cosg=0- > 65 ie,, vectors a and b are perpendicular to each other. (ii) PGA, +b by +00, P=Vae+be+e?, ga a2 +b +6, BI 382 —- }USINESS, MATHEMAT Cy 15 _(— 10,000,000 =i99 @-! ) * 20»—10,000,000=3%— 30,000,000 = ——-- 3x 20—20,000,000=0 ‘i =15,000, the ‘annual in found ene value of = hae edn obtained, le Yeanbe 3(15,000,000)—20y—20,000,000=0 yeRs. 1,250,000 / is the number of units manufactured incr 4,000 8 6; Tt toial cost of ae ae ame trom Re 2200 Rs, 30,000, Find the relationship between the cost (y) and the number of units mage (x), if the relationship is linear, Solution. When x=4;000, . “y=22,000 and when X=6,000, y=30,000 As the relationstiip betweth * and y is linear, we have to find the equation - of line through (4,000, 22,000) and (6,000,-30,000). os! 6i42j—3K 785 es Show that a, b, ¢, are each of unit:length and are mutually perpendicular Solution.. We are > ° ul Magnitude of b. 5 > Magnitude of ¢.= > wen Gs, vectors. Now. to prove that: dot products. SRR eke given the-vectors Dea ik awotr bts + [> wt 4 ie ley mh oh |e 4 xh ve! a e = x aI = > : : by te fate -all’ of magnitude*equal: to |, they art -¢ mutuany: perpendicular, d.e., ‘they are-unif Jet us take their NATE GEOMETRY (0 For the interior angle, we have = tan 0=tan (6,—6,) tan 0,—tan @, Diff - lerence of the sloy Tata po = Difference of the 1+tan @, tan 0, “T+ Product of the slopes If we express Ke by m, and m,, the formula can also be expressed as tan Qh 1+mym, ” i) For the exterior angle, therefore tan a=tan (n—0)=—tan = — = T+mm, | ‘We can, therefore, say that ifthe angle formula gives a positive result, | it is the tangent of the acute angle between the tan ifthe angle | tan a negative result, it is the tangent of the obtuse angle ton of Parallelism, If two lines are parallel, the angle between them is zero degree, a tan O=tan 0°=0 a a > tan O° = me =o = m,—m,=0, Le. m= My Thus ifthe lines are parallel, their slopes will be cqual. ion of Perpendicularism, The two lines are perpendicular, if 0, the augle between them is 90° tan 6=tan 90°=co m—M, 4 (S95 tte” . 1+m,m,=0 * mma—l ‘Thus if two lines are perpendicular, slope of one line is the negativo Teciprocal of the other line. If the lines are given in the form =0 axphyreeo and eth te 4, i if 0 is then their slopes are given by -- and — py respectively ma 7 ” thefangle between these lines, then : % 5 (-#)-(it) shoe wo ee mE) 508 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS It immediately follows from (1) that 1. The acute angle 6 oe the Hines is = tann? (2a e=tan ate : et) 2. The lines are parallel if a, by Mby— 21by=0, hey Gp 3. The lines are mutually perpendicular if 4,2, +6,6,:=0. Remgrks. J. To write down the equation of any line parallel to a given line ‘whose equation is in the general form, change the constant term to a new constant &, 2, To write down the equation of any line perpendicular to the given line whose equation is in general form, we (#) ‘interchange the cocfli- cients of x and y, (if) change the sign of one of them, and (lif) change the constant term to a new constant k. Example 28. (a) Ja a triangle with vertices A(0, 6), B(-2, -2) and C(4, 2), Vind the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the side BC. [C.4,, November 1991) > Solution.: Slope of the line BC= ie u a «, The slope of the perpendicular bisector of the side BC=— ? 8 Mid-point of BC=:( _ = ea, 0) + The equation of the verpendestar biseotor of the side BC is y-0— -F 3-1) or ri seep =0 » ay . ) The vertices of a triangle are (-4,0), (1,1) and ¢ u the equations of any two of its altitude. [c.. 2 suey, Ban 1991) A Solution:.Let 4(—4, 0), 3, 1) the vertices of the M40) , ao as Slope of th ee. L € D pe of the line AB: da1= § ++ Slope of the altitude CE=—5 +. Equation of the altitude CE is 8 e ' Yt1=—S(e—3) or 1d Fig. 27. eis iene 1 Slope of the line aca? =--7 qo n0NATS GEOMETRY 1. Slope of the altitude 2D=7 = +. Equation of the altitude BD is y-1=7(x-1) e Tx-J+6=0, le 29. Find the equatio: ie m 1) and perpendicular to na ig ae 1 im o maths thtoagt U.C.W.A,, December, 1990) Solution. Tho slope of the line $x—2y+7=0 is > 7 - The slope of the line perpendicular to the line Sx -2y+-7=0 ez. : 5 . The equation of the required line is 2 y-l=— &+3) or 2x}5y+1=0 baample. 30, Find the equation of a line whicn passes through the point (2,5) thd makes an angle of 45° with the line x-3y+6=0, [C.A, May, 1991) somtion, Let. the slope of the required line be m, Therefore, we have lm | \ . aa a5=[ 7st 2 iv . 3m,—1 3232! u rH to Im mn 1 2 m=2 or mE a ce The equation of the required line i y—S=2(%—2) oF pS 9 (x—2) 2 weyti=O oF x+2y-12=0. of two straight lines through the x on te 3h Ea the ones hake tne 6x-+5y-1=0. Show that these lines are at right angles to ane another, ; Solution. The equation of straight line passing through (2, =v ‘ yrelem(x—2)- 1 given, qine.6x+5y—1=0 is: Slope of the 588 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS ‘Now the angle between the given straight line and the Tequired straight line is either 45° or 135°. m8 met stan 45°33 — tan 135°=: lym l-ym 5m+6 oe a mt6 > =e 2 1 ‘56m > mani a m=i1 +, The required‘ straight linee-are yel=— jh le-2) and y+1= 11-2) or x411y+9=0 and 11x—y—23=0 "Since the slopes of the required lines are —;4- and 11, the product one slopes is —1, hence the required lines are at right angles to each er. Example 32, Find the equatton of straight lines each of which makes @ positive intereept of S units on the y-axis ‘and {ts inclined at an angle of 45° to the line 2x4-3y—7=0, Solution. Let m be the slope of the required lines. Slope of 2x+-3y—7=0 is -3 The angle between the required line and :2x-+-3y—7=0 is given to be equal to 45°. 3m+2 vf tan 45°= +- 1=15=3m Taking the positive sign, wo get 3-—2m=3m+-2, 1. Taking the negative sign, we get 3—2m=—3m—2, he, m=—5 The equations of the straight lines are yo$xt5 and ya 5y45 > *=5y—25 and Sx+y=5, 5 RDINATE GEOMETRY ; the Y" coordina Be rate ( Varying alphabets (xy) gy @,% (i) Varying subscripts yy) x yp ce) (ili) Varying dashes @y) Cy) The diagrammatic presentation of the two Coordinates is as follows i 555 OY axis, Various methods of expressing these Pairs of It should be noticed that the horizontal distance of the point from the Y'OY is called the x-coordinate or the abscissa and the vertical distance of the point from’ the X'OX is called the y-coordinate or the ordinate. Beample Plot the points with the following coordinates : AS, -5), RG, 2), 4,6), 50, -5), Solution. In the following graph, we plot the points. It should be remembered ae , that_we read the first coordinate ‘on : Sas is 2°OX axis right or left depending on whether, unit numbers sre posite or negative respectively. Similarly we read the seco Scoriinaty ae on the Y’OY axis upwards or downwards depending on WI ate positive or negative respectively. cook DINATE GEOMETRY Example 33, Find the ory 589. salght lines —Y=5, ax— yang od the trlangle formed by the Fig. 28, Solution, Let ABC he the triangle formed by the given lines, Let ABwmx—y—S=0 BC=2x—y—8=0 . CAs3x—y—900 +03) Solving equations (1) and (2), (2) and (3), (3) and (1),- ordinates of the vertices 0 ae 3} nig 19 and a gre the ae ‘The orthocentre is the point of intersection of the three altitudes of atriangle. Itis sufficient to find the equations of two of the altitudes AL and 2M to determine the orthocentre, Now slope of BC=2, Since AL jis perpendicular to BC, slope of AL=} \ 4. Equation of AL with slope —} and passing through the point ‘AQ, —3) is Y+3——4(2—-2) > x+2yt4=0 + (4) Similarly BM is perpendicular to CA, slope of BM=—} . Equation of BM with slope ~# and passing through the point B3, —2)is . * ‘ y+2=— 1-3) 2 x+3+3=0 ; AS) Solving equations (4) and (5). we Bet co-ordinates of the orthocentre 3 (—6, 1). ition of the straight line passing through ape fe ond be Syede0 and (0) paralfel to == 12, 42-4 Sy 6, (il) perpendicular to 2x-+-3yel2, . ; * eastieae re equation of any line passing through the intersection Of the given Jines is (4x—3y - I)F22K SS 13)=0, Where A is some constant. WNATE GEOMETRY Similarly co-ordinate of 2 is 591 ¢ (0-7) Now ABAP ox 4.1 > [Link] 2ABAP d= 2OBAP ae (2) Now ABAP= $[o-(- oy > ap 040~(. eg )] ~ [24549] ax, + by, +e ] wonl (ort) (2) avr 2. soe (om bby, + + rom 2) e git de de 2b HM etn te ita Ve «nae eriie see Solution, The equation of straight live 'through (4, —2) is y+2—=m(x—4) (1) or mx—y—4m—2=0 Since the distance of the origin, 4.¢., (0, 0) from this line is 2 units, —(4m42) Vitm Qmei= Vien 4m? 1-4 1 pent m@m+4)=0 > “ m=0or ma oo 4% Substituting these values of 7 in (1), we Bet the required equation of the straight lines a y+2=0 ind yee (9-4) of 4¢439=10. “\BUSINESS. MATHEMATICS 556 15'4, C@ORDINATES OF MID-POINTS inates id-point from the coordi he coordinates of a mit t i nates HE eave poms using the following formula : “yt sth, at ‘a For example, the coordinates of the mid-point of the join of . points —24+6 5+3) ,; (2,5). (6, 3) are (=348, 3°), 14, 4) i in finding out the middle point from a joi of This is helpful first in finding o1 ee aa mee verifying whether two straight lines Qbave) — isect each other. In the diagram, the “dotted vertical lines are drawn perperidicular ' tox-axis and the dotted horizontal 5 lines are parallel to the x-axis. The : ANMP and AQML are the ‘coiig- i Tuent triangles. It follows, therefore, HR that Fig. 5. NM=ML Se eet BC=CD > 0C—OB=0D—oC = On-%)=(4—x,) . ante q xt tl) Also from the same -agrient triangles, we get 2 NP=QL = NB—PB=QD_—LD > MC—P3—9D—MC > Ya—N1=Va— Vn > es 2h vue(2) From (1) and Q), we conclude tl ; mide POINE (Xm, Y—) age (AI, hat the coordinates of the mi on NATE GEOMETRY Now, the coordinates of the mid-point of the sc 557 5) and (7, 3) will be the join of the tio th Points x47 243, | =>. > ie, G4, 8% DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO Points The distance, say d, betwee; i given by the formula % {WO Points Por, %) and Of, y) is Ss, d=V R= WO)” =V Giff. of abscaue La =V(Gifl of abscisoae)?+(Gi, of ordinates Since we take the square o the two diffe i any of the points as (xy, 94) and the other (jy MO SY designate sIn order to prove the above formula, and Q(x, ¥2) as shown in the following di la, let us take two points P(x,, y,) liagram, The: vertical dotted lines PB and QC are. perpendiculars from P [Link] the x-axis, and PR is the perpendicular from P on OC. Then PR=BC=0C—0B=x,—x, and QR=OC—RC=y,—y, From the right angled triangle PRQ, right angled at R, we have by the Pythagoras theorem PQ'=PR?+QR* > Ba (x,—x,)° + 02-1)" * * - dav TOY It may be noted that the above formula will be valid for points taken in other three quadrants as well. Also the distance of a point P(t, 11) fon the origin is daV GH FOO) =V xR! Thus, the distance between two points say G- —1) and (7. 3) is d=/ 7-4 +Ot = VPPEHV 25 =S units. Exampte 2, (a) Show that the’ points (6, 6), (2,3) and (4, 7) are the vertices of a right-angled triangle. \ \ 558 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS of Prove tnat the points (4, 3), (7, —1) and (9, 3) are the vertices of an isoxceles triangle, Solution. (2) Let 4, B, C be the points (6, 6), (2, 3) and (4, 7) respectively, then AB*=[(6—2)*+(6—3)"}=16+9=25 BCt=[(2—4)?+ 3-7] =4+16=20 CAr=[(4—6)*+(7—6)']J=44+1 =5 ” AB*=BC+CA® > LABC=1 right angle Hence the points A(6, 6), B(2, 3) and C(4, 7) are the vertices of a right angled triangle. .() We know that the property of an isosceles triangle is that two of it sides are equal. Using the distance formula, we have AC=/O—4°+B—33' = a < Since te of the sides, i¢., AB and AC are equal, the triangle is an ‘isosceles ple 3. Prove that the seed lateral with vertices (2, —I), 4, (22, 3) and (—3, —2) is a rhombu: a de ae pl i points (4, —5), (8, 1), (14, —3) and (10, —9) -are the four vets ofthe quastlatral 7 >” C2 3) and D(—3, —2) be AB=V 0-38 (1 — 4/26 BC=VB—(— OP +E Med =V(—-D-(—- FBO VE DA=Vi-3)-OF DC LV ORPEE =v 32, B= Brat 4pyav 2 AB=RC=CD=DA, ACH#BD ABCD is'a rhombus, Left as an exercise for the student, vertices of a paraiclngeng, MM (2. 1), 1, 0), (4,3) and (1,2) are the Solution, Let vertices of a quadilatersy —2 BU, 0), C(6, 3) and D(t, 2) be the > ¢ piNATE OBOMETRY 359 ey coe m(=244 phen the mid-point of ACH se, ays 1h F Sun Ly id-point f p= (LHL O+2 and the mid-point o} Z* —>-)=(41) wu) ym (1) and (2), we conclude that 4 i oe same point (1, 1) and. hence the Toads each Pad perlelogram i $. Find the coordinates Of the cir . “omg are (3, —2), (6, 3) and (=6,3) "Bene 9oh the cae, Solution, Let A(3, —2), B(4, 3) and C6. 5 i dotrangle and P(x, 9) be the efrcuttbe rent OCG 5) be the vertices of By definition PA=PB—PC = PA?= PBI PCr Now by the distance formula : PA=(X— 34942) 9-4 yt 6x4 4413 PB=(x—4)°+(y—3)'= x94 yt Bx— 694.95 PCA (+695) a9 84 122109461 Now PA‘ PB? re PLY —6x-+4y+ 13x29 8x— 6425, : 2x4 10y=12 = x+5¥=6 Ea aa PR=PC z + Ay 8x—6y+25—=x2-4y?412x—10y461 > —20*+-49=36 3 ae es wa) Solving (1) and (2), we get Now the circumradius of A ABC is PA or PB or PC. Therefore — 3 3 = pana] (=F-3) +(4 42) a1 8 "2 baa “Ger ee 4 Ay — pa VI8 BUSINESS MATHEMATIC: ~ : s 560 iL Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle them ple points of its sides BC,CA, AB have, coordinates G, 2, 2) and (5, —4) respectively: : [! pe eee: 1991} : the coordinates of. the point 4, B and.C of the ang MRE be Cs eC Jo) and (%, Ie) Pespectively. Therefore, we have ll) or and on (2) or . -Q) and Wtn=—4 (4) ts and Wg = 2 * or %,+%=10 =+(3) and Whe 8 : ~O Adding (1) end (3), (5) and (2), (4) and (6), we hgve Hy xe tH and WA tI=—4 M1, y=9,%=—3 and. Y=—8, ¥,=0, N= 4 Hence (1, —8), (9, 0) and (—3, 4) are the vertices of the triangle. 156. SECTION FORMULA The coordinates of a point R(x, y) dividing a line in the ratio of " He connecting the points P(x,, y,) and Q(x,,¥,) in the’ diagram below oy yaltyetny, En Draw PL, RM and ON ¢ Perpendiculars on X'OX and draw and RT perpendiculars on RM “ and QN respectively. We are given ~ Ygrr mn “) Rome wl __ Suppose PQ makes angle with the x-axis, From the figure + In APRK, pINATE GEOMETRY = PK ; 561 PR=0s 6 = PR cos O=x—x S § ROT, 1 din ARQT, ofl an RT (1) i) > RQ cos 6=x,—x Dividing (1) by (2), we get ~@) PR _x—% im RO, [Using (+) 2 2X —NX,=Mxy— mx, i.e, 340) mzytnx, a xa atm, oe m+n Similarly 2 PR sinv y—y, _m RQ tin 0 yy > 1/—ny,=my,—my Ym-+n)=my,+ny, ya Mat m+n . It may be noted that _m, which corresponds to. the segment PR: multiplies “the coordinate of Q, while n, which refers to RO, multiplies the Coordinate of P, If m=n, we find that the .coordinates of the mid- Point are & ites YtMe 2 ste 187, EXTERNAL DIVISION Ih if ed that the point R divides PQ internally iterator ne ine meta iat the point R lies between Pand 0. If "is divided exterhally by R, then R lies outside PQ. The. student should "eat theabove méthod, and using the same diagram with R-and.Q inter- ‘tenged, it can be proved that : : my “m—n * sqQlote. that if the given ratio ie 423, then 2 lies on RQ produce Tt if the ratio is 3 4, then Ris [Link] _produeed.-af formula, however, takes care of this. 7 18g a OID 2 INATES-OF 4 ae A of: intersection of the three ‘eae gmail ofa rane i. te Poti side oposte tt Vere "NS of a triangle. Each me R15 GBOMBTRY (i) For external division where m 563 a=4 and m, aXe, _4x(— 7) '=3, We have 7" mM, ee =a, 4X4 309 2 my a Below we will discuss a Converse Problem in pend ie values of all the coordinate ie, have to fina (/ Find the ratio in poltat Kandy 0 MEA the pt) ddr ng lution. Let the point P(11, —3) giv o : gM} HI) in the ratio ns 1» ~3 vide the jin ot pints 4,4 By the section formula, we have 743 U=stT 2 1A4$11=7043 > =—2 . P divides AB externally in the ratio 2:1, It should be noted that in finding the ratio of division, the knowledge of one coordinate of tte point of division is enough: The application of the section formula to tte other coordinate, if known, will give the same ratio, Example 9, Find the ratios in which the axes divide the line Joining fe points (2,5) and (1, 9). Also find the coordinates of the points fn Wich the coordinate axes intersect this line, Solation. Let the x-axis intersect the join of A(2, 5) and B(1,'9) tthe point P and the y-axis intersect AB at O. _ Since P lies on the x-axis, its y-coordinate is 0. Also Q lies on tho Mais its x-coordinate is 0. : 40d © The point Q divides AB in the ratio 4g =T> sy Let the coordinates of @ be (0, 5). We have by the section a, : AA? og goats Aus) i = SH and EI Hot From the former, we have h=!—2. A Substituting this value in the lattér equation, we get 5a 2Xk soe ; ,, Sin ogee cent ive, Q divide "ig 2'11° the ratio of division is negative, Q divide °2:1 and the coordinates of the point of divisio AB externally in the on are (0, 13). ., 4P_. (say). The point P divides AB in the ratio n—-y+ (0) 19) BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 564 Let the soutinahs ot P be (a, 0). We have by the section formula 549k ot anptt and 0= From the latter equation, we have k= gubstituting this value in the former equation, we get ici 5 -o?? 13 -e41 Since the ratio of division is negative, th ision is external, i.e, P divides AB. externally in the ratio of 5: . and the coordinates of the point of division are (8, 0). maple 10. If (—3, 4) fs the centroid of the triangle whose vertices are 5, 2), eo 3), (0, ), find x and y. Solution. “Using [Link] formula, we have 24349 ye se > y= . AREA OF A TRIANGLE = ER __ We: can find out the area of @ triangle with the vertices given. Alxuy For this let Ay), Bly ¥ and C(x, Ys) be the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle ABC. From 4, B, C draw perpendiculars AL, BM and CN on the x-axis. As is clear from the figure, area of AABC =Area of trapezium ABML ++ Area of trapezium ALNC—Area of trapezium BMNC Since the area of the trapezium =1 [Sum of the parallel sides] x [Perpendicular distance between the parallel sides ooRDINATE GEOMETRY Hence the area of the A ABC can be of, = QABC¥ (BM + AL)MLAC4L4 CHEN nary cnr HOP ME—AHO tI, x)~a0, +I SVE ADy bay, —xgg ND The above on simplification can take the following form : ue Zilee—A+ = 2904 OD—x00) ah FAR 0-19 +0.-9) 459,99) 0) Remarks 1. The sign of the area of the trisngle is posit ve as the arrangement of vertices gle is positive or ‘nega pabown below . are counter-clockwise or clockwise y ACRL.Y1) Fig. 101i) Fig. 101)” The oe area formula is'therefore given by: Area of A=L4G I-A t%s— XT xD AD | 2. Aid to memory, The formula for area ‘of /\ABC can [Link]- veniently penne by using the memory chart in the following form : a, KON Hoo Ro Y Area of a A=t (here dotted arrow is preceded by-a minus sign and the other one by.2, _ Plus sign). : eas U1. Find. the ‘area of the triangle whose vertices afe (8, 3), 67, (-3, 4. ¢ Sointion, Using the above aid to memory, v7 5 we,get BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 566 Area of A=42.7—3.5+-5.4—7.(—3)+(—3).3—4.2], =}(14—15+20+21—9—8) =11°5 sq. units It should be noted that the vertices are taken anti-clockwise and therefore, the result is positive. If we take in the reverse order placing (—3, 4) as (%,, ¥4), the result will be negative, Fig. 11. Examplé 12. The verticés of a triangle ABC are A(5, 2), B(—9, —3) and C(—3, —5), D, E, F are respectively :the mid-points of BC, CA and AB Prove that AQABC=4 ADEF Solution. “Area of AABC is AABC=415{—3—(—5)}+(—9){— 5—2}4+- (—3{2—(—3)}] =}[104+-63—15]=29 sq. units wal) Also the coordinates of D, £ and F are P= 94+(—3) | (—3)4(— oa COE) --6, ~4) a(t eC -#) o ADEF=H(—9(-4-(— 9) 4+. (-}-(— 4) 4. (—2)( 4 te, 7 : =F[ 6it4s # 59. units Q) From (1) and (2), we conclude that é AABC=4ADEF COORDINATE GEOMETRY 567 Bx: le 13. Prove that the tric langle formed by the ‘points AG, —19), BU, —3), C0, 4 ic g right angled triangle, Solution. We know that in a right -. - AC*= AB 4 BC oh angled tingle Also distance between two Points P and Q is PO = P-40,—y,9 AB‘ =(1—-8)°+-(—34.10)2-=50 (0—7?-+(—44.3)%250 =(8—-0)'-+(—10-44)2=109 o AC*=AB4- BC? and hence the triangle is a right angled triangle. 1510. COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS In case the three points of a triangle are in a’straight line, chey are called collinear. The area 6f such a triangle is equal to zero «i indicated below : a Of LHe Yb H Ye Aa bx, Hs) abi 14.» Show that the following points are collinear : P3, —2), O(—I, 1), R(=5, Solution. 4 Memory Chart : wt Q 8, +E N-2)-4O)] =H3—2—4+5+10—12]=}10]=0 ints P, Q and R are collinear. wae Oe wae of the triangle with vertices A(3, 1), ample 15. tinct points A, B and Care “a, 3) and lk, 24). Show tha the three aa Po pecember 1990) near when k=—2, - of the AABC ee aby -2kQk— +k 300] HGR APD eS) =}(k9+24). Area of A POR=H(3)(1)—(—-2M-D-H(-D4)- 0-9) 568 BUSINESS MATHEMATI Cg +, The three points 4, B and C will be collinear if 3(K24+-2k)=0 > k=0 or k=—2. ‘11. AREA OF A QUADRILATERAL J “In case of a quadrilateral, it is possible to split it into two triangles ‘and then add the area of them, i.e., Quadrilateral ABCD = A ABC+ AADC = UC) + Oaa— A+ Mas — 9) FHC OOF CI -7V0) =HGa—% a) + aVa— Fade) + Va Fe) +1 HI) The area of the quadrilateral with 4 sides can be found out by . extending the|same aid to-memory illustrated for a triangle. + +7 Xe x, Re tee oa He Ae RR Oy Ne % Area of quad. = +H1(%Y.—%9¥4) + (%¥o~ Xa¥2)-+ (Xa Xa) +4000) \ The} same as given above because the middle two terms cancel out. The area is indicated by the + sign. The sigu of area will be positive if the ace taken counter clockwise and negative if taken clockwise. = Example 16. Find the area of a quadrilateral whose vertices are AU, 1) 5 BG, 4) ; C15, ~- 2) and D4, ~7) Solution, Let us make chart forthe sake of eng ae® 8" Of the above formula and the meinory Area of quad. =41{(4)--(3)}+' (9) —( 20)} + {(—35)—(—8)} +)-(-)}] l = Sarl HO 294-27) H1}=—F sq. units. follows = InformT: (i) Take the moving point as P(x, Y) on the locus. (i) Form an equation in x and y using the given conditions. (iii) Simplify, if necessary, the relation so obtained. In form I; - (i) Take any point (4, k) or (a, 8) on the locus. (i) Write the relation between 4, k using the conditions given. (iii) Simplify the relation, if necessary. () Change (A, i) into (x, »). 15°13. whe STRAIGAT LINE The study of curves starts with the straight line which is the simplest, geometrical entity. Mathematically it is defined as the shortest distance between two distinct points. 15°14. /SLOPE OR GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE The slope of the line is the tangent of the angle formed by the line above the x-axis towards its positive direction whatever be the position of the line as shown below : ar 4 y -2B B. Xx ] Yr PR A° » o> = xSP X XO PN X Aa ae “A " . A x y’ Y Y @ (i) qin «iv Figs 94 Slope of a line is generally denoted by m. Thus if a line makes an angle 8 with the positive direction of the x-axis, its slope is m=tan 0 If 6 is acute, slope is positive and if 0 is-obtuse, the- slope is Degative. BUSINESS MATHEMATI¢g In terms of the coordinates, the slope of the line joining two points, is given by nee Difference of ordinates m=tan 0= 5; —x, ~ Difference of abscissae The following diagram will make the explanation more clear, B(rava) a) ce da 514 _BP tan d= = x, Fig. 15. 15'1s/ DIFFERENT FORMS OF EQUATIONS OF THE STRAIGHT LINE I, Equations of the Coordinate Axes : (i) If P(x; y) .be any point on the x-axis, then its ordinate y is always zero for ‘any position of the point P on the x-axis “e no other point. JS y=0, is the equation of x-axis. (i) If P(%, ) is any point on the y-axis, then its abscissa X is always zero for any position of the point Pon the Y-axis and for no other point. Fig. 16. . x=0, is the equation of y-axis, EyGa ions of Lines Parallel to the Coordinate Axes 3 () Let P(x, ») be any point on a line Parallel to y-axis at a distance a from it. For any position of the Point P lying on this line, and for no other point, the abscissa * is always constant and is equal x==a is the equation of the line Parallel to the y-axis and at a distance 4° from it. 3 the equation of the line parallel to the x-axis Fig. 17. (i) Similarly yb it. and at a distance b from j ynATB, GEOMETRY Origin-slope Form, The esi : & and having slope m : Caquation of a line passing thy we 575 rough straight line pass through th ad have a slope ma Let eb any point on the line, ‘Fro pera PM perpendicular on the X-axis, FMP oma 8 y=*x tan 0 > y=mx, ghich is the required equation of the fine. Fig. 18, Iv. Js Line Intercepting the Axes, In case the straight line meets v the x-axis and the y-axis at points other than the origin, the respective Points will be called x-intercept and y-intercept. The diagram shows the two intercepts of a Straight line AB which meét the x-axis in A and the y-axis in B, the OA is called the intercept of the line on the x-axis, and OB as the intercept of the line on the y-axis, and the two intercepts O4 and OB, taken in this particular order, are called the intercepts of the line on the Fiz. 19 eS It may be noticed that at the point of y-intercept, the value of x is equal to zero and at the point of intercept, the value of y is equal to ato. Therefore, in order to find out the value of say y-intercept ae ate ‘put x equal to zero in the equation. Similarly, to find out the value of oe put y equal to zero in the equation. jope-intercept Form. The equation of the line with the slope "and anYntercept c on-y-axis, intenL&t @ straight line of slope m weineet_ the pais, ink Let OK, + intercept on the y-axis, be ¢. i the coordinates of K are (0, ¢)- ie (x,y), any variable point on the *. Slope of KP=— AD) Slope of the line, as given, is es Fig. 20. BUSINESS MATHEMATIog 516 : : Equating (1) and (2), we get the required equation as c —m @ yomete. = Two-intercept Form. The equation of a line having intercepts VI. Two-inte: a and b on the coordinate axes Let a straight line intersect the coordinate axes making intercepts of a and b on x-axis and y-axis respectively, Therefore Ais (a, 0) and B is (0, 5) Let P(x, y) be any point on the line AB. . Slope of AB b a (1) +n(2) Now the points 4, P, B are on the same line. Slope of AP=Slope of AB Pie be > xa" a > ay=—bx-ab > bx-+ay=ba wo = +i=1 is the required equation of the line. Vil. Slope-point Form. The equation of a straight line having a slope m and passing through the point (x,, y,) Let the straight line passing through a given point R(x, y,) be y inclined at an angle 6 with ‘the x-axis. The slope of the straight line is, therefore, m=tan 0. Take any point P(x, y) on the straight Slope of RP=2—21 xox, (by def.) Since the points 4 and P are on-the samé line, we have m-stan 0=7 22 Fig. 22. XK, GoRDINATE GEOMETRY v. The sae of the required line ‘ 8TT I-Y=M(X—x,) eel ae Can also be written as -y,= 08 yn org a) Yon 2m sin @ cos 6 va Parametric Form. In the Fi; taken’af a distance r from the point Fig. 22, > if the point Pt Ron the line, then Pt x, ¥) is . F=% PHN, =o =F, is the required equation: of the straight line in parametric form, 1X. Two-point Form. The equation of a straight line passing through two point (x,, ys) and (xy, Ya). Let Q(%,, ¥) and R(%,, Ys) be the vl 8 two points on the line. Take any point P(x,'y) on the line, Then by def., : Slope of QP= = Al) A= a Slope of OR= == RE va(2) > Fig. 23.. Since A, P, B are collinear points, from (1) and (2), we have e 1» yy _ Wa %—%, Xs Hence the equation of the required straight line is naa¥eye eS. gon= Boe x) Th . Perpendicular Form. line inner erpendlcilar iFom. the origin an © Perpendicular with the axis : sation of [Link] «the inclination of the z : BUSINESS MATHEMATIC, Let a ‘straight line be at a perpendicular distance P :from the origin and the inclination of the perpendi- cular OM with the x-axis be a. The ‘coordinates of My, the ‘foot of the perpendi- cular, in terms of the given constants are (p cos a, p * sini a). The inclination of the line Fig. 24 With the x-axis is Fa <+ ‘[Link] the given line z ® oe SO ay ey : stan(F +e )=—cot ‘= Se (1) Let P(x, y) be-any point on. the line, then, Slope of MP=- +2) - Since-4, P, B are collinear, from-(1) and (2), we have Y=psina copa x—pcosa ~~ sia > sin a—p gin? aes —x cos +p cos® « ~ C08 a-+y sift =p (sin? a-+cos%«)=0 S- *.C0s a-+y ain a=p, is the required equation. “1516. NERAL EQUATION OF A SFRAIGHT LINE equation of the form ax+by+c=0, where a, b,c are constants and %, ¥ are variables, is called the general equation of the straight line, Proof. Let P(x,, y); Oxy, Y») and R(X», Ys) b the three points on thé lou repredeated by he Geatige, 384 Rete 20) be ee art byte=0 ol) Which is the first tegree equation in x and y.. (1, 94) lies-on (1), we get’ ax, + by, +e=0 +2) ‘Similarly a, + byy + 6=0 3) ) and Oph by y+ (4) Multiplying (2), (3) and (4) by ys, y,— o RES and addidge ie Gao” 2) 224 (4) by x=, Ye—y, sind y4—y, respectively aLx,(¥ 2D FON) +, —W4 BOI) 4. 3 : of PAO Ip} Ie =H 4Y,—H]=O > OA W+KO-Y) +440, — 94) >. WAM -II+5,0.-2) 440,910 :[Link] oor! 2 The area of the triangle formed by P, Q, Ris ero, 7 a P,Q, Rare collinear, . ‘ But they are any three points on the locus of (0 Hence the Jocus-is a straight line, : ‘Remark. Slope of the line ‘ax: ti ‘ ts ee oe bby +c=0, Writing the equation as ye-p*— band comparing it with slope-intercept form, we find that : Plope of the line=m——*.—_ coeff. of x, ep ) b coeff. of y Eidmple. 17, The line passing through the polnt A(2, —1), and inclined at 45° to the x-axis, x P, Find the distance pee the line «/2x--2y/2y—6=0 ‘in its polnt Solution. Equation of the straight line throug cease ene ft regi line through A (2, —1) and’ IH+1=1.(%—2) : '* y=x—3 wl) To find the coordinates of P, substituting the value of » from (1) in the given equation, we get V 2x42 2(x—3)—-6=0 > 34/2%=6(/2+1) > ea ED = yt m2 v2 : s yadtV2—3=y2-1 Coordinate of P is (2+-V2), (V2—DI oe see ea 5 Hence VOFV IO F211 =2 units, , The coordinates of two ‘points A and B are(—1, 2) and BRE dively. Find the equation andthe slope ofthe Iie AB. Solution. Here,x:=—1,1=2 m2 and y=—1 “. The réquired equation of AB is y= FEN [x-(-)1 s y-2= +1) 3 > * xtyel \ Coeff of X54, Slope of AB=~ Coeff. of y ee oe the straight ‘through (2,5 Rxafjpte 19. Find the equation of 1 Me = eat Equal intercepls of opposite ssign on the axis, ae 530 BUSINESS MATMEMATICS d and —a be the intercepts on the x-axis and Solution. ane the fon of the line is axis 2 PS AD) Since the line (1) passes through (2, 5), we have 2,54 or 1040=70(e—12)—70x—240 = “" y=T0x-+200 © which is the required Telationship between'x and ». : oom RaSSRESE He somite 0) we soinoet oe fot the sondtaiit expenses (c)— 200° and’ variable expenses per member (obama _rowiaTe GEOMETRY “i 8 "Gif When the number ot m i ‘ {LO ye10x15+200=Rs. t members. in the mess is 19, the total Example 26. Find the equations of the hose sides are X==2, x=—1, y=6 and ee ox? diagonals of the rectangle, Solution. Since x=2 and x=—1 are ‘vo lines parallel to each other, they form a pat ‘of opposite side say AB and CD. The Fiuations ‘y=6 and y=—2 give the other two sides BC and DA. :, Avis solution of AB and DA, ie., geand y=—-2, he, AQ, — 2». Similarly B(2, 6), C(—1, 6).and D(—1, -2). Now the equation of CA is given by > and the equation of BD is given by y= orn 2=E) > 8x—3y +2=0 1517, INTERSECTING LINES Let the lines be given by ax+bytq=0 o() and a,x+b,y+e=0 ff) Since the point of intersection lies on both the lines, the coordinates Of the point of atersection of the two lines satisfy the equations of both es. Solving equations (1) and (2) by the rule of cross-multiplication, we have ep De ow 1 Byegreabs tae dyb_— 0:2 The point of intersection is bey —erbs 12a (ap,—bute a,b,— by ) 1818, CONCURRENT LINES Let the three lines be ax+byyte=0 we) BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 584 ax by+e=0 (2) a,x + by+cy=0 : : : -@ ‘The three straight lines will be concurrent if the point of intersection of any two of the lines lies on the third. ‘The point of intersection of (2) and (3) is (2a Belg _ Coa Calln G,Dy—Ayby” “GsDy— aby Dyey—: y0y— C545 el ! Ieles on (1, if 0-2 46, (BIKE temo, te, it G,(byeg—By0,) + 5,044, —C04,) +¢,(4,5.—495,)=0, which may be written in the determinant form as a & & a, b 4 |=0. a by Example 27. Prove that the lines 3x—4y45=0, 7x—8v45=0 and 4-45y=45 are concurrent, Solution. Consider the first two equations 3x—4y (1) Tx—-8y=—5 wa(2) Multiptying equations (1) and (2) by 7 and 3 respectively and then subtracting (2) from (1), we get Substituting this value of y in (1), we get 3x—4x5=—5 or x=5 Hence the point of intersection of (1) and (2) is (5, 5) which also satisfy 4x+5y=45 Hence the three lines are concurrent. 13°19. ANGLE BETWEEN ‘TWO STRAIGHT LINES Let AB and CD be two straight lines with given inclinations to the x-axis as 0, and 6,, form inte- tior and exterior angles 8 and « respectively as shown below : Since 6,=0+6,, 0=0,—-0, ol) Also ar=0ta “ a=n-6 (2) NATE GEOMETRY (i) For the interior angle, we have - tan 6=tan (6,—8,) tan 0,—tan i If we express Wee m, and m,, the formula can also be expressed as tan = l+mm, " (ii) For the exterior angle, therefore tan a=tan (r—6)=—tan 6=— i+mm, . Wecan, therefore, say that ifthe angle formula gives a positive result, it is the tangent of the acute angle between the lines, but if the angle formula gives a negative result, it is the tangent of the obtuse angle ‘between idition of Parallelism, If two lines are parallel, the angle between them is zero degree. a tan 0=tan 0°=0 oe > tan 0 imam, 0 > m,—m,=0, 1.e,, = My Thus ij lines are parallel, their slopes will be equal. ftion of Perpendicularism, The two lines are perpendicular, if 0, the atgle between them is 90° a tan 6=tan 90°=co Ty—My fo. i¢mm, > 1+m,m,=0 ° mgn=—1 ‘Thus if two lines are perpendicular, slope of one line is the negative Teciprocal of the other line. i jiven in the form If the Pee and x+byy-+e,=0 e 4, respectively and if @ is a then their slopes are given by —5- a™4 —5, thefangle between these. lines, then . & \ fo (ie) =ga,4bb, (EB) 588 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS Now the angle between the given straight line and the required straight line is either 45° or 135°. 6 6 m+— m+2 : ton 135°=—> o. tan 45°= .. The required'straight linee-are yel=— plea) and y+1=11—2) or x+11y+9=0 and 11x—y—23=0 "Since the slopes ofthe required lines are —;}- and 11. the product ofthe slopes is —1, hence the required lines are at right angles to each other. E: le 32. Find the equation of straight lines each of which makes a pracy ola of 5 units on the y-axis and is inclined at an angle of 48° to the line 2x4+3y—7=0, Solution. Let ™ be the slope of the required lines. Slope of 2x-+-3y-7=0 is — 3 The angle between the required line and |2x-+3y—7=0 is given to be equal to 45°. 2 m2. o 3 4 3mt2 eee 2 1=+3" 9m ass Taking the positive sign, we get 3—2m=3m42, Le, mae Taking the negative sign, we get 3—2m=—3m—2, te, m=—5 ~The equations of the straight lines are 1 YHZxts and yo— 5x45 oe x=5y—25 and 5x+y—5, cooRDINATE GEOMETRY Esample 33, Find the o 589. graight lines ®—Y=5, 2x—yug ethocentre of the and 3x—y—9, trlangle formed by the n=yo8) Fig. 28. Solution. Let ABC he the triangle formed by the given lines. Let ABreax—y—5=0 (1) BC=2x—y—8=0 i +2) Cé=3x—y—9=0 +=(3) Solving equations (1) and (2), (2) and (3), (3) and (1),- - ordinates of the vertices as 4=a(2,‘—3) me 3 and ere Bey He © The orthocentre is the point of intersection of the three altitudes of a triangle. It is sufficient to find the equations of two of the altitudes AL and BM to determine the orthocentre. Now slope of BC=2, Since AL. is perpendicular to BC, slope of AL=} |, Equation of AL with slope —t and passing through the point ‘AQ, —3) is Y+3=—4(—2) > x+2yr4=0 4) Similarly BM is perpendicular to CA, slope of BM=—t .. Equation of BM with slope 4 and passing through the point 33, —2)is . * é y+2=—Hx—3) 5 > x+3y+3=0 we Solving equations (4) and (5), we get co-ordinates of the orthocentre as (—6, 1). . tic the straight line passing througl wefan fee io amd ae d= and (i) parallel to 4x45y =6, (il) perpendicular to 2x+3y— ee ‘ : z eee ibe equation of any line passing through the intersection of the given lines is (4x—37 - D+ where A is some constant. y+-3)=0, BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 590 This equation can be written as (44 2a)x—(3-4 SAV (130) = 0 (1) 4 At2A Its slope is =34570 (#) Since the line (1) is parallel'to 4x+ Sy=6, 442n 4 aS = 20-+10n==— 12-200 16 . r= . The equation of the. required line is 32 80 . 48 (4-38) (2-8) (14-0 = 28x+35y—63=0 > 4x+sy=9=0 : (i) ‘Since the line (1) is perpendicular to 2x-+3y=12, 442n_ 3 eS : eed HoT 4 (slope of 2x-+37=12 is —+-) > 8440=9+150 > ay s+ Equation of the required line is eet ee ges. 3 (4a) =-(3-a7) >-C iy )=0 = 42x—28y— 1d=9 a 3x—2y—-1=0 z3 4520. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT Pixy) Let AB be the line ax-+-by+c=0 en) Let P(x, 9x) be the point and PM LAS Join AP and PE. AB meets the x-axis, where putting y=0 in (1), we get ax-+c=0 or x= - Coordinate of 4 is Fig: 29 . (-}.0 ) NATE GEOMETRY Similarly co-ordinate of B is sol (0-§ mers, Now ABAP = 45 [Link] aE 0) now as4Pm >[ 0-(—£y, 42040 Ifo, 2 ex =7([S+5+#] IS day 2AbaP aap rt +e) 2. From (2), we get d= + dare - Example 35. Find the equations of the straight lines through (4, —2) and at a perpendicular distance of 2 units from the origin. Solution, The equation of straight line’ through (4, —2) is y+2=m(x—4) imx—y—4m—2=0 Since the distance of the origin, ie., (0, 0) from this line is 2 units, —(4m+2) vite Sm41)=ViFm 4mt.1--4m= 1m m(3m+4)=0 w() or =2 a > m=0or™=— = 3 Substituting these values of m in (1), we get fhe required equation of - the straight lines as y+2=0 and yea= == (x—4) or 4x+3y=10.

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