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2–1.

An air-filled rubber ball has a diameter of 6 in. If the air

pressure within the ball is increased until the diameter
becomes 7 in., determine the average normal strain in the
rubber.

Solution
d 0 = 6 in.

d = 7 in.
pd - pd 0 7 - 6
P = = = 0.167 in.>in. Ans.
pd 0 6

Ans:
P = 0.167 in.>in.

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2–2.

A thin strip of rubber has an unstretched length of 15 in. If it

is stretched around a pipe having an outer diameter of 5 in.,
determine the average normal strain in the strip.

Solution
L0 = 15 in.

L = p(5 in.)
L - L0 5p - 15
P = = = 0.0472 in.>in. Ans.
L0 15

Ans:
P = 0.0472 in.>in.

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2–3.

If the load P on the beam causes the end C to be displaced

10 mm downward, determine the normal strain in wires CE D E
and BD.

4m

A B C
Solution
∆LBD ∆LCE 3m 2m 2m
=
3 7
3 (10)
∆LBD = = 4.286 mm
7
∆LCE 10
PCE = = = 0.00250 mm>mm Ans.
L 4000
∆LBD 4.286
PBD = = = 0.00107 mm>mm Ans.
L 4000

Ans:
PCE = 0.00250 mm>mm, PBD = 0.00107 mm>mm

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*2–4.

The force applied at the handle of the rigid lever causes the
lever to rotate clockwise about the pin B through an angle G F
of 2°. Determine the average normal strain in each wire. The
wires are unstretched when the lever is in the horizontal 200 mm 200 mm 300 mm
300 mm
position. E
A B

C D
200 mm
H

Solution
2°
Geometry: The lever arm rotates through an angle of u = a bp rad = 0.03491 rad.
180
Since u is small, the displacements of points A, C, and D can be approximated by

dA = 200(0.03491) = 6.9813 mm

dC = 300(0.03491) = 10.4720 mm
dD = 500(0.03491) = 17.4533 mm

Average Normal Strain: The unstretched length of wires AH, CG, and DF are
LAH = 200 mm, LCG = 300 mm, and LDF = 300 mm. We obtain
dA 6.9813
(Pavg)AH = = = 0.0349 mm>mm Ans.
LAH 200
dC 10.4720
(Pavg)CG = = = 0.0349 mm > mm Ans.
LCG 300
dD 17.4533
(Pavg)DF = = = 0.0582 mm >mm Ans.
LDF 300

Ans:
(Pavg)AH = 0.0349 mm>mm
(Pavg)CG = 0.0349 mm > mm
(Pavg)DF = 0.0582 mm >mm

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2–5.

The rectangular plate is subjected to the deformation shown y

by the dashed line. Determine the average shear strain gxy
in the plate.
150 mm 3 mm
B

200 mm

Solution
A x
Geometry:

3 3 mm
u′ = tan-1 = 0.0200 rad
150

p
u = a + 0.0200b rad
2

Shear Strain:

p p p
gxy = - u = - a + 0.0200b
2 2 2

= - 0.0200 rad Ans.

Ans:
gxy = -0.0200 rad

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2–6.

The square deforms into the position shown by the dashed y

lines. Determine the shear strain at each of its corners, A, B,
C, and D, relative to the x, y axes. Side D′B′ remains 3 mm
D¿ B¿
horizontal. B
D

53 mm 50 mm
91.5

Solution C
x
A C¿
Geometry:
50 mm
B′C′ = 2(8 + 3)2 + (53 sin 88.5°)2 = 54.1117 mm 8 mm
2 2
C′D′ = 253 + 58 - 2(53)(58) cos 91.5°

= 79.5860 mm

B′D′ = 50 + 53 sin 1.5° - 3 = 48.3874 mm

(B′D′)2 + (B′C′)2 - (C′D′)2
cos u =
2(B′D′)(B′C′)

48.3874 + 54.11172 - 79.58602

2
= = -0.20328
2(48.3874)(54.1117)

u = 101.73°

b = 180° - u = 78.27°

Shear Strain:
p 91.5°
(gA)xy = - pa b = - 0.0262 rad Ans.
2 180°
p p 101.73°
(gB)xy = - u = - pa b = - 0.205 rad Ans.
2 2 180°

p 78.27° p
(gC)xy = b - = pa b - = - 0.205 rad Ans.
2 180° 2

88.5° p
(gD)xy = p a b - = -0.0262 rad Ans.
180° 2

Ans:
(gA)xy = -0.0262 rad
(gB)xy = -0.205 rad
(gC)xy = -0.205 rad
(gD)xy = -0.0262 rad

110
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2–7.

The pin-connected rigid rods AB and BC are inclined at P

u = 30° when they are unloaded. When the force P is applied
u becomes 30.2°. Determine the average normal strain in B
wire AC.

u u
600 mm

Solution A C
Geometry: Referring to Fig. a, the unstretched and stretched lengths of wire AD are

LAC = 2(600 sin 30°) = 600 mm

LAC ′ = 2(600 sin 30.2°) = 603.6239 mm

Average Normal Strain:

LAC ′ - LAC 603.6239 - 600
(Pavg)AC = = = 6.04(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LAC 600

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 6.04(10 - 3) mm>mm

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*2–8.

The wire AB is unstretched when u = 45°. If a load is applied

to the bar AC, which causes u to become 47°, determine the B
normal strain in the wire. u

Solution C A
2 2 2
L = L + L′AB - 2LL′AB cos 43° L

L′AB = 2L cos 43°

L′AB - LAB
PAB =
LAB

2L cos 43° - 22L

=
22L
= 0.0343  Ans.

Ans:
PAB = 0.0343

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2–9.

If a horizontal load applied to the bar AC causes point A to

be displaced to the right by an amount ∆L, determine the B
normal strain in the wire AB. Originally, u = 45°. u

Solution C A
L′AB = 4( 22L ) + ∆L - 2 ( 22L ) (∆L) cos 135°
2 2
L

= 22L2 + ∆L2 + 2L∆L

L′AB - LAB
PAB =
LAB

22L2 + ∆L2 + 2L∆L - 22L

=
22L

∆L2 ∆L
= 1 + + - 1
C 2L2 L

Neglecting the higher - order terms,

1
∆L 2
PAB = a1 + b - 1
L

1 ∆L
= 1 + + ..... - 1 (binomial theorem)
2 L

0.5∆L
=  Ans.
L

Also,

∆L sin 45° 0.5 ∆L

PAB = =  Ans.
22L L

Ans:
0.5∆L
PAB =
L

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2–10.

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners A and B if the y

plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines. 12 mm
4 mm

3 mm 8 mm
B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
A
Solution D
400 mm
5 mm
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a, the small-angle analysis gives
7
a = c = = 0.022876 rad
306
5
b = = 0.012255 rad
408
2
u = = 0.0049383 rad
405

Shear Strain: By definition,

(gA)xy = u + c = 0.02781 rad = 27.8(10-3) rad Ans.

(gB)xy = a + b = 0.03513 rad = 35.1(10-3) rad Ans.

Ans:
(gA)xy = 27.8(10-3) rad
(gB)xy = 35.1(10-3) rad

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2–11.

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners D and C if the y

plastic distorts as shown by the dashed lines. 12 mm
4 mm

3 mm 8 mm
B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
A
Solution D
400 mm
5 mm
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a, the small-angle analysis gives
4
a = c = = 0.013201 rad
303
2
u = = 0.0049383 rad
405
5
b = = 0.012255 rad
408

Shear Strain: By definition,

(gxy)C = a + b = 0.02546 rad = 25.5(10-3) rad Ans.

(gxy)D = u + c = 0.01814 rad = 18.1(10-3) rad Ans.

Ans:
(gxy)C = 25.5(10-3) rad
(gxy)D = 18.1(10-3) rad

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*2–12.

The material distorts into the dashed position shown. y

Determine the average normal strains Px, Py and the shear
15 mm 30 mm
strain gxy at A, and the average normal strain along line BE.
C D
50 mm
B

200 mm
E
50 mm
Solution A F
x
150 mm
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a,

15 p
tan u = ;  u = (3.4336°) a rad b = 0.05993 rad
250 180°
LAC ′ = 2152 + 1502 = 262725 mm
BB′ 200 EE′ 50
= ;  BB′ = 12 mm   = ;  EE′ = 6 mm
15 250 30 250
x′ = 150 + EE′ - BB′ = 150 + 6 - 12 = 144 mm

LBE = 21502 + 1502 = 15022 mm LB ′E ′ = 21442 + 1502 = 243236 mm

Average Normal and Shear Strain: Since no deformation occurs along x axis,
(Px)A = 0 Ans.

LAC′ - LAC 262725 - 250

(Py)A = = = 1.80(10-3) mm>mm Ans.
LAC 250

By definition,
(gxy)A = u = 0.0599 rad Ans.

LB′E′ - LBE 243236 - 15022

PBE = = = -0.0198 mm>mm Ans.
LBE 15022

Ans:
(Px)A = 0
(Py)A = 1.80(10-3) mm>mm
(gxy)A = 0.0599 rad
PBE = -0.0198 mm>mm

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2–13.

The material distorts into the dashed position shown. y

Determine the average normal strains along the diagonals
15 mm 30 mm
AD and CF.
C D
50 mm
B

200 mm
E
50 mm
Solution A F
x
150 mm
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a,

LAD = LCF = 21502 + 2502 = 285000 mm

LAD′ = 2(150 + 30)2 + 2502 = 294900 mm

LC′F = 2(150 - 15)2 + 2502 = 280725 mm

Average Normal Strain:

LAD′ - LAD 294900 - 285000
PAD = = = 0.0566 mm>mm Ans.
LAD 285000
LC′F - LCF 280725 - 285000
PCF = = = - 0.0255 mm>mm Ans.
LCF 285000

Ans:
PAD = 0.0566 mm>mm
PCF = -0.0255 mm>mm

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2–14.

Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid u

member CB and a flexible cable AB. If a force is applied to
B P
the end B of the member and causes it to rotate by u = 0.5°,
determine the normal strain in the cable. Originally the
cable is unstretched.

800 mm

Solution
A C
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a, the unstretched and stretched
lengths of cable AB are

LAB = 26002 + 8002 = 1000 mm

600 mm
LAB′ = 26002 + 8002 - 2(600)(800) cos 90.5° = 1004.18 mm

Average Normal Strain:

LAB′ - LAB 1004.18 - 1000
PAB = = = 0.00418 mm>mm Ans.
LAB 1000

Ans:
PAB = 0.00418 mm>mm

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2–15.

Part of a control linkage for an airplane consists of a rigid u

member CB and a flexible cable AB. If a force is applied to
B P
the end B of the member and causes a normal strain in the
cable of 0.004 mm>mm, determine the displacement of
point B. Originally the cable is unstretched.

800 mm

Solution
A C
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a, the unstretched and stretched
lengths of cable AB are

LAB = 26002 + 8002 = 1000 mm

600 mm
LAB′ = 26002 + 8002 - 2(600)(800) cos (90° + u)

LAB′ = 21(106) - 0.960(106) cos (90° + u)

Average Normal Strain:

LAB′ - LAB 21(106) - 0.960(106) cos (90° + u) - 1000
PAB = ;  0.004 =
LAB 1000

p
u = 0.4784° a b = 0.008350 rad
180°
Thus,

∆ B = uLBC = 0.008350(800) = 6.68 mm Ans.

Ans:
∆ B = 6.68 mm

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*2–16.

The nylon cord has an original length L and is tied to a D

bolt at A and a roller at B. If a force P is applied to the C
roller, determine the normal strain in the cord when the P
roller is at C, and at D. If the cord is originally unstrained B C D
when it is at C, determine the normal strain P′D when the
roller moves to D. Show that if the displacements ∆ C and
∆ D are small, then P′D = PD − PC .
L

Solution
LC = 2L2 + ∆ 2C

2L2 + ∆ 2C - L A
PC =
L
2
L 41 + 1 ∆L 2 C
2 - L ∆ 2C
= = 1 + a b - 1
L C L2
For small ∆ C,

1 ∆ 2C 1 ∆ 2C
PC = 1 + a 2b - 1 =  Ans.
2 L 2 L2

In the same manner,

1 ∆ 2D
PD =  Ans.
2 L2
∆ 2D ∆ 2C
2L2 + ∆ 2D - 2L2 + ∆ 2C 41 + L2
- 41 + L2
PD ′ = =
2L2 + ∆ 2C 41 +
∆ 2C
L2

For small ∆ C and ∆ D,

2 2
1 ∆C 1 ∆D
11 + 2 L2 2 - 11 + 2 L2 2 1
2L2
( ∆ 2C - ∆ 2D )
PD ′ = =
11 + 1
2 L
∆ 2C
2 2
1
2L2
( 2L2 + ∆ 2C )

∆ 2C - ∆ 2D 1
PD ′ = 2
= ( ∆ 2C - ∆ 2D ) = PC - PD QED
2L - ∆ 2C 2L2
Also this problem can be solved as follows:

AC = L sec uC ;  AD = L sec uD

L sec uC - L
PC = = sec uC - 1
L

L sec uD - L
PD = = sec uD - 1
L

Expanding sec u

u2 5 u4
sec u = 1 + + ......
2! 4!

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*2–16. Continued

For small u neglect the higher order terms

u2
sec u = 1 +
2

Hence,
u C2 u C2
PC = 1 + - 1 =
2 2
u D2 u D2
PD = 1 + - 1 =
2 2
L sec uD - L sec uC sec uD
PD ′ = = - 1 = sec uD cos uC - 1
L sec uC sec uC

u2 u4
Since cos u = 1 - + ......
2! 4!
u D2 u C2
sec uD cos uC = a1 + ......ba1 - ......b
2 2
u 2C u 2D u 2C u 2D
= 1 - + -
2 2 4

Neglecting the higher order terms

u 2D u 2C
sec uD cos uC = 1 + -
2 2
u 22 u 12 u D2 u C2
PD ′ = c 1 + - d - 1 = -
2 2 2 2

= PD - PC  QED

Ans:
1 ∆ 2C
PC =
2 L2
1 ∆ 2D
PD =
2 L2

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2–17.

A thin wire, lying along the x axis, is strained such that each P
x
point on the wire is displaced ∆x = kx2 along the x axis. If k
is constant, what is the normal strain at any point P along x
the wire?

Solution
d(∆x)
P = = 2 k x Ans.
dx

Ans:
P = 2kx

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2–18.

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners A and B if the y

5 mm
plate distorts as shown by the dashed lines.
2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
Solution 3 mm
Geometry: For small angles,

2
a = c = = 0.00662252 rad
302

2
b = u = = 0.00496278 rad
403

Shear Strain:

(gB)xy = a + b

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 1 10 - 3 2 rad  Ans.

(gA)xy = u + c

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 1 10 - 3 2 rad Ans.

Ans:
(gB)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad,
(gA)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad

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2–19.

Determine the shear strain gxy at corners D and C if the y

5 mm
plate distorts as shown by the dashed lines.
2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
Solution 3 mm
Geometry: For small angles,

2
a = c = = 0.00496278 rad
403

2
b = u = = 0.00662252 rad
302

Shear Strain:

(gC)xy = a + b

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 1 10 - 3 2 rad  Ans.

(gD)xy = u + c

= 0.0116 rad = 11.6 1 10 - 3 2 rad Ans.

Ans:
(gC)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad,
(gD)xy = 11.6(10 - 3) rad

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*2–20.

Determine the average normal strain that occurs along the y

5 mm
diagonals AC and DB.
2 mm
4 mm
2 mm B
C

300 mm

2 mm x
D A
400 mm
Solution 3 mm
Geometry:

AC = DB = 24002 + 3002 = 500 mm

DB′ = 24052 + 3042 = 506.4 mm

A′C′ = 24012 + 3002 = 500.8 mm

Average Normal Strain:

A′C′ - AC 500.8 - 500

PAC = =
AC 500

= 0.00160 mm>mm = 1.60 1 10 - 3 2 mm>mm Ans.

DB′ - DB 506.4 - 500

PDB = =
DB 500

= 0.0128 mm>mm = 12.8 1 10 - 3 2 mm>mm Ans.

Ans:
PAC = 1.60 1 10 - 3 2 mm>mm
PDB = 12.8 1 10 - 3 2 mm>mm

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2–21.

The corners of the square plate are given the displacements y

indicated. Determine the average normal strains Px and Py 0.2 in.
along the x and y axes. A

10 in.

D B
x
0.3 in.
Solution 0.3 in. 10 in.

- 0.3
Px = = - 0.03 in.>in. Ans.
10
C
10 in. 10 in.
0.2 0.2 in.
Py = = 0.02 in.>in. Ans.
10

Ans:
Px = - 0.03 in.>in.
Py = 0.02 in.>in.

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2–22.

The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is y

given a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the
shear strain, gxy, at A.
45 800 mm

45
x¿ A A¿
45 5 mm

Solution 800 mm
2 2
L = 2800 + 5 - 2(800)(5) cos 135° = 803.54 mm

sin 135° sin u x

= ; u = 44.75° = 0.7810 rad
803.54 800
p p
gxy = - 2u = - 2(0.7810)
2 2
= 0.00880 rad Ans.

Ans:
gxy = 0.00880 rad

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2–23.

The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is y

given a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the
average normal strain Px along the x axis.
45 800 mm

45
x¿ A A¿
45 5 mm

Solution 800 mm
2 2
L = 2800 + 5 - 2(800)(5) cos 135° = 803.54 mm

803.54 - 800 x
Px = = 0.00443 mm>mm Ans.
800

Ans:
Px = 0.00443 mm>mm

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*2–24.

The triangular plate is fixed at its base, and its apex A is given y
a horizontal displacement of 5 mm. Determine the average
normal strain Px′ along the x′ axis.
45 800 mm

45
x¿ A A¿
45 5 mm

Solution 800 mm
L = 800 cos 45° = 565.69 mm

5 x
Px′ = = 0.00884 mm>mm Ans.
565.69

Ans:
Px′ = 0.00884 mm>mm

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2–25.

The polysulfone block is glued at its top and bottom to the y

rigid plates. If a tangential force, applied to the top plate,
causes the material to deform so that its sides are described P
B C
by the equation y = 3.56 x1 >4, determine the shear strain at
1/4
the corners A and B. y = 3.56 x
2 in.

D
A x

Solution
y = 3.56 x1>4
dy
= 0.890 x -3>4
dx

dx
= 1.123 x3>4
dy

At A, x = 0

dx
gA = = 0  Ans.
dy

At B,

2 = 3.56 x1>4

x = 0.0996 in.

dx
gB = = 1.123(0.0996)3>4 = 0.199 rad Ans.
dy

Ans:
gA = 0
gB = 0.199 rad

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2–26.

The corners of the square plate are given the displacements y

indicated. Determine the shear strain at A relative to axes
that are directed along AB and AD, and the shear strain at 12 in. 12 in. 0.3 in.
0.3 in.
B relative to axes that are directed along BC and BA. A
0.5 in.

12 in.

x
D B
Solution
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a, 12 in.

u 12.3 p
tan =   u = (93.85°) a rad b = 1.6380 rad
2 11.5 180° 0.5 in.
C
f 11.5 p
tan =   f = (86.15°) a rad b = 1.5036 rad
2 12.3 180°

Shear Strain: By definition,

p p
(gx′y′)A = - u = - 1.6380 = - 0.0672 rad Ans.
2 2
p p
(gx″y″)B = - f = - 1.5036 = 0.0672 rad Ans.
2 2

Ans:
(gx′y′)A = - 0.0672 rad
(gx″y″)B = 0.0672 rad

131
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2–27.

The corners of the square plate are given the displacements y

indicated. Determine the average normal strains along side
AB and diagonals AC and BD. 12 in. 0.3 in.
0.3 in. 12 in.
A
0.5 in.

12 in.

x
D B
Solution
Geometry: Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a, 12 in.

LAB = 2122 + 122 = 1222 in.

0.5 in.
2 2
C
LA′B′ = 212.3 + 11.5 = 2283.54 in.

LBD = 2(12) = 24 in.

LB′D′ = 2(12 + 0.3) = 24.6 in.

LAC = 2(12) = 24 in.

LA ′C ′ = 2(12 - 0.5) = 23 in.

Average Normal Strain:

LA′B′ - LAB 2283.54 - 1222

PAB = = = - 7.77(10-3) in.>in. Ans.
LAB 1222
LB′D′ - LBD 24.6 - 24
PBD = = = 0.025 in.>in. Ans.
LBD 24

LA′C′ - LAC 23 - 24
PAC = = = -0.0417 in.>in. Ans.
LAC 24

Ans:
PAB = -7.77(10-3) in.>in.
PBD = 0.025 in.>in.
PAC = -0.0417 in.>in.

132
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*2–28.

The block is deformed into the position shown by the y

dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain along 30 mm
line AB. 15 mm 70 mm
30 mm
55 mm
B¿
B

110 mm 100 mm

Solution
x
Geometry: A
70 mm
AB = 21002 + (70 - 30)2 = 107.7033 mm 30 mm

AB′ = 3(70 - 30 - 15)2 + ( 1102 - 152 ) = 111.8034 mm

Average Normal Strain:

AB′ - AB
PAB =
AB

111.8034 - 107.7033
=
107.7033

= 0.0381 mm>mm = 38.1 ( 10-3 ) mm Ans.

Ans:
PAB = 38.1 ( 10-3 ) mm

133
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2–29.

The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape shown by y

the dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain along
6 mm
diagonal AC, and the average shear strain at corner A 400 mm
relative to the x, y axes.
2 mm 2 mm
6 mm
D C

300 mm

Solution 2 mm
x
Geometry: The unstretched length of diagonal AC is A B
400 mm 3 mm
LAC = 23002 + 4002 = 500 mm

Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of diagonal AC is

LAC′ = 2(400 + 6)2 + (300 + 6)2 = 508.4014 mm

Referring to Fig. a and using small angle analysis,

2
f = = 0.006623 rad
300 + 2

2
a = = 0.004963 rad
400 + 3

Average Normal Strain: Applying Eq. 2,

LAC′ - LAC 508.4014 - 500
(Pavg)AC = = = 0.0168 mm>mm Ans.
LAC 500

Shear Strain: Referring to Fig. a,

(gA)xy = f + a = 0.006623 + 0.004963 = 0.0116 rad Ans.

Ans:
(Pavg)AC = 0.0168 mm>mm, (gA)xy = 0.0116 rad

134
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2–30.

The rectangular plate is deformed into the shape shown by y

the dashed lines. Determine the average normal strain along
6 mm
diagonal BD, and the average shear strain at corner B 400 mm
relative to the x, y axes.
2 mm 2 mm
6 mm
D C

300 mm

Solution 2 mm
x
Geometry: The unstretched length of diagonal BD is A B
400 mm 3 mm
LBD = 23002 + 4002 = 500 mm

Referring to Fig. a, the stretched length of diagonal BD is

LB′D′ = 2(300 + 2 - 2)2 + (400 + 3 - 2)2 = 500.8004 mm

Referring to Fig. a and using small angle analysis,

2
f = = 0.004963 rad
403

3
a = = 0.009868 rad
300 + 6 - 2

Average Normal Strain: Applying Eq. 2,

LB′D′ - LBD 500.8004 - 500
(Pavg)BD = = = 1.60(10 - 3) mm>mm Ans.
LBD 500

Shear Strain: Referring to Fig. a,

(gB)xy = f + a = 0.004963 + 0.009868 = 0.0148 rad Ans.

Ans:
(Pavg)BD = 1.60(10 - 3) mm>mm,
(gB)xy = 0.0148 rad

135
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2–31.

The nonuniform loading causes a normal strain in the shaft C

p A B
that can be expressed as Px = k sin a xb , where k is a
L
L L
constant. Determine the displacement of the center C and —
2
—
2
the average normal strain in the entire rod.

Solution
p
Px = k sin a xb
L
L>2 L>2

L0 L0
p
(∆x)C = Px dx = k sin a xb dx
L
L>2
L p L p
= - k a b cos a xb ` = -k a bacos - cos 0b
p L 0 p 2

kL
=  Ans.
p
L

L0
p
(∆x)B = k sin a xbdx
L
L
L p L 2kL
= - k a b cos a xb ` = - k a b(cos p - cos 0) =
p L 0 p p
(∆x)B 2k
Pavg = =  Ans.
L p

Ans:
kL
(∆x)C =
p
2k
Pavg =
p

136
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*2–32.

The rectangular plate undergoes a deformation shown by y

the dashed lines. Determine the shear strain gxy and gx′y′ at y¿ x¿
point A.

0.01 in.
5 in.

x
0.02 in. 5 in. 5 in. 0.02 in.
A
Solution
Since the right angle of an element along the x,y axes does not distort, then

gxy = 0  Ans.

5.02
tan u =
4.99

u = 45.17° = 0.7884 rad

p
gx′y′ = - 2u
2
p
= - 2(0.7884)
2

= - 0.00599 rad  Ans.

Ans:
gxy = 0
gx′y′ = -0.00599 rad

137
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2–33.

The fiber AB has a length L and orientation u. If its ends A y

and B undergo very small displacements u A and vB B¿
respectively, determine the normal strain in the fiber when vB
it is in position A′ B′. B
L
u
x
A uA A¿

Solution
Geometry:

LA′B′ = 2(L cos u - u A)2 + (L sin u + vB)2

= 2L2 + u 2A + v2B + 2L(vB sin u - u A cos u)

Average Normal Strain:

LA′B′ - L
PAB =
L

u 2A + v2B 2(vB sin u - u A cos u)

= 1 + + - 1
C L2 L

Neglecting higher terms u 2A and v2B

1
2(vB sin u - u A cos u) 2
PAB = J1 + R - 1
L

Using the binomial theorem:

1 2vB sin u 2u A cos u

PAB = 1 + a - b + c -1
2 L L
vB sin u u Acos u
= -  Ans.
L L

Ans:
vB sin u u Acos u
PAB = -
L L

138
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2–34.

If the normal strain is defined in reference to the final

length ∆s′, that is,
∆s′ - ∆s
P= = lim a b
∆s′ S 0 ∆s′
instead of in reference to the original length, Eq. 2–2, show
that the difference in these strains is represented as a
second-order term, namely, P - P= = P P′.

Solution
∆s′ - ∆s
P =
∆s

∆s′ - ∆s ∆s′ - ∆s
P - P= = -
∆s ∆s′
∆s′2 - ∆s∆s′ - ∆s′∆s + ∆s2
=
∆s∆s′

∆s′2 + ∆s2 - 2∆s′∆s

=
∆s∆s′
(∆s′ - ∆s)2 ∆s′ - ∆s ∆s′ - ∆s
= = ¢ ≤¢ ≤
∆s∆s′ ∆s ∆s′

= P P= (Q.E.D)

Ans:
N/A

139