Analysis of future of electric vehicles in Mumbai
Abstract:--
Pollution of the environment is currently a global concern. Toxic emission
from internal combustion engines is one of the primary air pollutants. In
order to mitigate the effects of fossil fuel emission and address
environmental concerns (ECS), electric vehicles (EVS) are being promoted
aggressively all over the world.
The Government of India has given a call for ‘only Electric Vehicles’ on
Road by 2030. This article is contemporary and examines the different
factors that affect a consumer’s adoption of an EV. The respondents of the
study are existing car owners in India. The data were analysed using
Structured Equation Modelling (SEM). Attitude (ATT) emerged as a strong
mediator, influencing the adoption of electric cars.
Review literature:-
K.W.E CHENG (Recent Development on Electric Vehicles) –
This is paper provide an overview of the recentwork of electric vehicle in the region.
The paper describesthe development and the comparison of different part
ofcomponents. The major components in battery technology,charger design, motor,
steering and braking are examined.
Anil Khurana, V. V. Ravi Kumar, Manish Sidhpuria :-
There are many studies done globally to understand consumer adoption of EVs.
Factors studied are the cost of the EV, driving distance per charge, time to recharge
the battery, availability of charging points and battery cost. Range anxiety and
incentives offered—both financial and non-financial—are the other attributes
researched in previous studies.
Matteo Muratori :-
Electric vehicles (EVs) are experiencing a rise in popularity over the past few years as the
technology has matured and costs have declined, and support for clean transportation has
promoted awareness, increased charging opportunities, and facilitated EV adoption.
Suitably, a vast body of literature has been produced exploring various facets of EVs and
their role in transportation and energy systems.
Objectives of study:-
1. To study about EVs user in Mumbai
2. Analysis of benefits of EVs
3. Analysis of disadvantages of EVs
4. To give idea about importance of having EVs in future.
Research Methodology: -
1. Type of Research: The study is analytical and descriptive in nature
2. Source of data collection: - Both primary and secondary data collection has been used.
3. Sampling technique: - Simple random questionnaire technique has been used to collect the data.
4. Sample Size: - The data was collected from 50 EV users from all over the Mumbai region.
5. Tools of Analysis: - Pie diagram and bar charts have been used to analyze the data.
Preliminary work and survey :-
1) Have you ever personally owned an electric car?
Interpretation: -
Only 6 % of the people owns a fully electric vehicle, 8% owns a hybrid one
and 90% dosen’t own any kind of EV.
2) What do you consider the main benefits or advantages of electric vehicles?
Interpretation: -
Most of the people think that pollution would be controlled & would be helpful in
betterment of environment. 32% think it would charge less in terms of money
and 30% believe its quieter than the other vehicles.
3) How likely are you to consider buying an electric vehicle in the next 2 years?
Interpretation: -
26.5 % of people are considering to buy one while most of the people don’t know and aren’t sure
about it.
Frequency Percent
Likely to buy one 20 20.4
Considering to buy 26 26.5
Unlikely to buy one 16 16.3
Don't know 36 36.7
Total 100 100
4) How quickly (hours) would it need to take to fully charge an electric vehicle for you to
consider buying one?
Interpretation: -
Almost 40% of the people want their EV to get charged in between half an hour to one
hour 20.8% want to get it charged between one hour to one and the half hour & more than
one and the half our respectively
Frequency Percent
Less than 30 18 18.8
min
30min - 1hr 39 39.6
1hr - 1hr30 min 20 20.8
1hr30 min> 20 20.8
Total 100 100
5) How far (kilometres) would you expect to be able to drive an electric vehicle on a fully
charged battery for you to consider buying one?
Interpretation:-
32.7% wants the EV to run atleast 100 km on fully charged battery, 30.6 % 100-150 km,
26.5% more than 150 km and 10.2% wants it to run up till 50 km on fully charged battery.
Frequency Percent
50 km 10 10.2
50 - 100km 32 32.7
100 - 150km 30 30.6
150km> 26 26.5
Total 100 100
6) Thinking about how far you drive, how often on average do you make each of the
following types of trips?
7) Which of the following age groups are you in?
Interpretation: -
94% of the people included in this survey were under the age of 25, 4% between 40-59
and 2% between 25-39 years.
Frequency Percent
Below 25 94 94.0
25 - 39 years 2 2.0
40 -59 years 2 2.0
60 years> 2 2.0
Total 100 100
8) When did you buy your current vehicle
Interpretation: -
51.2 % of the people have bought their vehicle before less than 2 years ago, 34.1 % have
bought it between 2-5 years ago.
Frequency Percent
Less than 2 years ago 51 51.2
2 - 5 years ago 34 34.1
5-10 years ago 12 12.2
More than 10 years ago 2 2.5
Total 100 100
9) Reason for buying your current vehicle ?
Interpretation: -
32.6 % of the people have bought the vehicle because of its features, 23.3 %
because of affordability, 7 % because of look and 32.6 % because of other
things.
Frequency Percent
Features 32 32.6
Affordability 23 23.3
Look 7 7.0
Word of mouth 2 2.2
Other 34 34.9
Total 100 100
.10) What's the cost of your vehicle (for Car users) ?
Interpretation:-
50% people’s cost of vehicle is less than 5 lakhs, 21.1% people’s cost is between 5-10
lakh, and 18.4% 10-15 lakh.
Percent
Frequency
Less than 5 lakhs 50 50.0
5 – lakhs 21 21 1
10 - 15 lakhs 18 18.4
15 - 20 lakhs 7 7.5
More than 20 lakhs 3 3.0
Total 100 100
11) What's the cost of your vehicle (for Bike users)
Interpretation:-
53.7% people’s cost of vehicle is between 50 thousand-1 lakh, 29.3 percent
between 1 lakh-1.50 lakh, 12.2% less than thousand.
Percent
Frequency
Less than 50 thousand 12 12.2
50 thousand - 1 lakh 53 53.7
1lakh - 1.50L 29 29.3
More than 1.50 lakhs 4 4.8
Total 100 100
12) According to you what should be the price of a electric car ?
Interpretation:-
45.7% people’s thinks that the price should be less than 5 lakh, 28.3% thinks the
price should be less than 10 lakh, 10.9% thinks that the price should be 10-15
lakh.
Frequency Percent
Less than 5 lakhs 45 45.7
Less than 10 lakhs 28 28.3
10L - 15L 10 10.9
15L -20L 6 6.1
More than 20 lakhs 4 4.5
Total 100 100
13) According to you what should be the price of a electric bike ?
Interpretation:-
29.2% people’s thinks that the price should be 50-75 thousand, 27.1% people’s thinks
price should be 25-50 thousand, 75-1 lakh respectively.
Frequency Percent
20-50 thousand 27 27.1
50-75 thousand 29 29.2
75 thousand - 1lakh 27 27.1
1L - 1.50L 12 12.5
More than 1.50 lakhs 4 4.1
Total 100 100
14) Age of Electric vehicle should be ?
Interpretation:-
33.3% people’s think life of electric vehicle should be 5-10 years, 29.2% thinks 10-15
year, 20.8% thinks more than 15 years, 16.7% thinks 5 years.
Frequency Percent
5years 16 16.7
5-10years 33 33.3
10-15years 29 29.2
15years> 20 20.8
Total 100 100
15) Is charging point easily available in the surroundings ?
Interpretation:-
73.5% people’s think that charging point is not easily available and 26.5% thinks
that charging point is easily available.
Frequency Percent
Yes 26 26.5
No 73 73.5
Total 100 100
16) Home Charging point setup is suitable or outside charging point is good (like petrol
pump)?
Interpretation:-
57.1% people’s thinks that home charging point is good and 42.9% people’s
thinks outside charging point is good.
Frequency Percent
Home 42 42.9
Outside 57 57.1
Total 100 100
Expected outcome :-
1. EV charging platforms to be preferably designed with solar rooftops.
2. Inspiring EV manufactures to come up with innovative and efficient designs
for EVs.
3. Suitable pricing mechanisms to be implemented to make it viable.
4. Investment in R&D for better and efficient battery design.
5. Attraction of FDIS in EV sector by appropriate government policies.
6. Expansion plan for EVs in urban and rural areas, by providing subsidies for
purchase of electric vehicles, dedicated parking and charging station, reduction
in road tax for EV users.
The progress that the electric vehicle industry has seen in recent years is not
only extremely welcomed, but highly necessary in light of the increasing global
greenhouse gas levels. As demonstrated within the economic, social, and
environmental analysis. the benefits of electric vehicles far surpass the costs.
The biggest obstacle to the widespread adoption of electric-powered
transportation is cost related, as gasoline and the vehicles that run on it are
readily available, convenient, and less costly, technological advancements and
policy changes will help ease the transition from traditional fuel-
powered vehicles.
Benefits to the society :-
Cleaner environment
No congestion charge
Lower running costs
Renewable electricity tariffs
Better driving experience
Government funding
Free parking
Reduced noise pollution
Increased resale value
Cost benefit analysis:-
1. Green environmentA sway factor for many buyers is the zero carbon emission
and reduction in air pollution with EVs. While the emission from tailpipes is
indeed nil, In effect, the carbon emission for EVs is not zero, but it is still less
than that from petrol/diesel cars.
2. Lower maintenance cost- The build of an electric car is such that you will end
up spending less on servicing and upkeep. This is because EVs have fewer
moving parts which don't need as many fresh fluids or filters. Compared to this,
in petrol or diesel variant one will easily spend Rs 7,000-10,000 a year.
3. Running cost is low- As EVS use electricity to charge batteries, the monthly
running cost is a fraction of cost for petrol or diesel. For instance, if your daily
commute in Delhi is 30 km, you will end up spending Rs 5,375 a month on petrol,
while the cost of charging an EV with battery capacity of 30.2 kWh and range of
312 km, will only be Rs 697 a month at home, even lesser at Rs 392 if you do it
at a public charging station.
4. Good driving experience - All EV batteries convert 59-62% of energy into
vehicle movement, while petrol-run vehicles only convert 17-21%, making them
more efficient. Besides, EVs are quiet and smooth as there is no exhaust system,
providing a good driving experience. They also accelerate instantly, making
them responsive with good torque.
5. Tax benefits - From assessment year 2020-21, Section 80EEB allows a
deduction of Rs 1.5 lakh for interest paid on loan taken for buying EVS. EVs are
also exempt from road tax and registration costs in some states like Delhi, while
GST has been cut from 12% to 5%.
Future Scope:
1. Capital cost has always been a major factor in the EV purchase decision, with
63% of consumers believing that an EV is beyond their budget. Average price
determined for EV's is 14.5 lakh and an average Indian purchase a car of Rs.5
lakh
2. The lack of adequate charging infrastructure in our country is a huge barrier to
increased EV penetration.
3. Battery of an EV consists of lithium which India doesn't produce as much it
needs, mostly we are dependent on China for that, last year we importer 700
million USD lithium from China.
4. They're cheaper in the long run, while batteries do run out, which means they
will need replacement after a few years, electric vehicles are still cheaper than
petrol or diesel cars. Electrical motors have much fewer parts than fuel-based
engines, which leads to less wear and tear, so they'll require less servicing and
repairs cost less.
Limitations:-
1. Small sample size
2. Survey conducted only in Mumbai region
3. Time limitations
4. Not focused on technological part.
Refrences :-
K.W.E Cheng-The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University-[Link]
ment_on_electric_vehicles
Anil Khurana [Link]@[Link], V. V. Ravi Kumar, and Manish Sidhpuria-
[Link]
Matteo Muratori,Marcus Alexander, Doug Arent,Morgan Bazilian, Pierpaolo
Cazzola, Ercan M Dede, John Farrell, Chris Gearhart, David Greene, Alan Jenn,
Matthew Keyser, Timothy Lipman, Sreekant Narumanchi, Ahmad Pesaran,
Ramteen Sioshansi, Emilia Suomalainen, Gil Tal, Kevin Walkowicz and Jacob
Ward-[Link]