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Machine Learning System Design Guide

The document provides a guide for designing scalable, production-ready machine learning systems, targeting software engineers and data scientists. It outlines the architecture of ML systems, including data ingestion, training, and inference pipelines, while discussing key design trade-offs and best practices for MLOps. Essential technologies and practices for monitoring and maintaining model performance are also highlighted.

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Raiyani Sanjay
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2 views2 pages

Machine Learning System Design Guide

The document provides a guide for designing scalable, production-ready machine learning systems, targeting software engineers and data scientists. It outlines the architecture of ML systems, including data ingestion, training, and inference pipelines, while discussing key design trade-offs and best practices for MLOps. Essential technologies and practices for monitoring and maintaining model performance are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

Raiyani Sanjay
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Document 1: Machine Learning System Design Guide

Machine Learning System Design


Architecting Scalable, Production-Ready AI Infrastructure & MLOps Pipelines

Document Metadata

 Target Audience: Software Engineers, Data Scientists, Solution Architects


 Key Topics: System Architecture, Data Ingestion, Model Serving, Latency vs Throughput, Monitoring

1. Executive Overview
Designing a production Machine Learning (ML) system requires bridging the gap between statistical
modeling and large-scale software engineering. Unlike traditional software systems, ML systems are
fundamentally non-deterministic, data-dependent, and prone to silent degradation through data
drift and concept drift.

2. End-to-End System Architecture


A resilient ML system architecture is divided into three core planes: Data Pipeline, Training Pipeline,
and Inference Pipeline.

Component Primary Function Key Technologies

Streaming & batch data extraction, Apache Kafka, Spark,


Data Ingestion
cleaning, and feature generation. Feast Feature Store

Distributed training, hyperparameter PyTorch, Ray, MLflow,


Training Engine
optimization, and tracking. Kubeflow

Low-latency model scoring via Triton Inference Server,


Inference Service
REST/gRPC endpoints. FastAPI, ONNX

MLOps & Monitoring drift, latency, data quality, Prometheus, Grafana,


Observability and model versioning. Evidently AI

3. Key Design Trade-Offs


Batch vs. Real-Time Inference: Real-time inference offers sub-100ms latency but introduces
operational complexity, scaling challenges, and higher infrastructure cost. Batch inference optimizes
resource usage and costs but lacks real-time responsiveness.
4. Best Practices for Production MLOps

1. Automate Feature Stores: Decouple feature engineering from model execution to prevent training-
serving skew.
2. Continuous Monitoring: Set automated alerts for distribution shifts in input data (Data Drift) and
model performance degradation (Concept Drift).
3. Immutable Versioning: Always bind model artifacts directly to specific git commit hashes and
training data snapshots.

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