Joshua Bougadis

ANAT 100 - Module 3: Muscle Basics

Description: Module 03 introduces different types of muscles and examines the anatomy of
skeletal muscle in detail. This module also studies the relationships between some axial muscles
of the human body.

Module: 3
CORNELL NOTES Section: 1
SHEET Topic: Types of Muscle
Date: January 20, 2024

QUESTIONS NOTES
The Muscular System:
- Muscles are contractile organs.
- Through muscle contraction, they can perform a number of
important functions of movement:
- gross physical movements of our skeleton (walking)
- intricate movements such as heart beating, breathing,
digestion, and constriction of blood vessels, all of which
move substances throughout the body
Types of Muscle:
- Skeletal muscle: help the human body move.
- Most skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons.
- Cardiac muscle: found in the heart.
- It contracts rhythmically, and is modulated by neural
activity and hormones.
- Smooth muscle: controlled by the nervous system or hormones.
- It may be either generally inactive and then respond to
stimulation, or it may be rhythmic
Characterization of Muscle:
- Muscles can be characterized based on their morphology (form)
or how they function.
Morphological Characterization of Muscle:
- Categorized morphologically as either striated or smooth.
- Striated muscle:
- Marked by both light and dark bands (striations).
- Striated muscle can be found in the heart and skeletal
muscles.
- Striated muscle is characterized by long muscle fibres
(cells) with multiple nuclei which are located peripherally
for skeletal muscle or centrally for cardiac muscle.
- Cardiac muscle also features intercalated discs*.
- Smooth muscle:
- found in blood vessels, the digestive system, and other
viscera.
- Unlike striated muscle, each smooth muscle fibre (cell)
contains a single centrally located nucleus.
- Smooth muscle has fusiform-shaped* cells without
striations
Functional Characterization of Muscle:
- categorized functionally as voluntary or involuntary
- Voluntary:
- muscle that is consciously controlled in order to perform
a specific function, such as the muscles that move the
skeleton for walking, reaching, talking, etc.
- The type of muscle that is voluntarily controlled is
skeletal muscle, for example, muscles of the upper limb.
- Involuntary:
- Involuntary muscle is not consciously controlled.
Involuntary muscle consists of smooth muscle and
cardiac muscle.
- Example of involuntary muscles are the muscles of the
intestines (smooth) and the heart (cardiac)
How do Muscles Function:
- Muscle has two basic properties:
- Excitability:
- The ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to
electrical signals from nerves/stimulation from hormones.
- Contractility:
- When a muscle cell is excited by a nerve or hormone, this
causes the muscle to shorten, resulting in contraction.
SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these
notes.
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Module: 3
CORNELL NOTES Section: 2
SHEET Topic: Skeletal Muscle
Date: January 22, 2024

QUESTIONS NOTES
- Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle tissue in the human
body, meaning that it is controlled consciously.
- Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named
muscles that account for roughly half of a person’s body weight.
- Each of these muscles is a discrete organ composed of skeletal
muscle tissue, epithelial, connective, and nervous tissue.
Functions of Skeletal Muscle:
- Skeletal muscle contracts to move parts of the body.
- Skeletal muscles are attached to two bones across a joint, when
contracted the muscle brings parts of those two bones closer.
- Skeletal muscle functions to:
- produce movement
- maintain posture and stabilize joints
- control excretion (elimination of urine and feces) and
swallowing
- produce heat
 - support and protect internal organ
Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue:
- Skeletal muscle consists of muscle tissue and connective tissue.
- The connective tissue surrounds the muscle tissue and attaches
the ends of each muscle to bone

Skeletal Muscle and Connective Tissue:

- Connective tissue in skeletal muscle is categorized into three
layers: the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
Epimysium:
- Layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle and is
continuous with the tissue that becomes the tendon

Perimysium:
- Layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres
(fascicle) within a muscle

Endomysium:
- layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle
cells (muscle fibres) within a muscle bundle.

- Within a muscle cell (myofibre), there are many myofibrils that

contain numerous myofilaments, the units of contraction for the
muscle cell
Muscle Cell:
- Muscle cells have many features:
- Sarcolemma: cell membrane surrounding a muscle cell.
 - This entity differs from the endomysium.
- Beneath the sarcolemma are the nuclei, myofibrils, and
the sarcoplasm (cellular fluid).
- Nuclei: skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated
- These nuclei are located outside the myofiber.
- Myofibrils: structural units of the muscle cell and contain the
contractile myofilaments.
- Myofilaments: contractile units of the muscle cell.
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: surrounds each myofibril and is
where the cell stores calcium, necessary for muscle contraction
- Transverse tubules (T-tubules): extensions of the sarcolemma
that surround the myofibrils and transmit nerve stimulation to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum within the cell.
Myofilaments:
- Myofilaments are organized into repeating structural units known
as sarcomeres.
- Myofilaments are organized into repeating structural units known
as sarcomeres.
- When shortened, the sarcomeres cause contraction of the muscle.
- Each unit consists of actin and myosin.
- One sarcomere spans from one Z line to the next.
Myofilaments: Actin and Myosin
- A microscopic view of one individual sarcomere, you can
observe the thin and thick myofilaments known as actin (thin)
and myosin (thick) that compose the sarcomere.
Sarcomere:
- Skeletal muscle has a striated appearance due to the arrangement
of actin and myosin into organized sarcomeres that form distinct
lines and bands
- A-Band: made up of thick and thin filaments. It appears darker
when viewed histologically.
- Z-line: composed of protein that makes a ‘zig-zag’ line marking
the beginning and end of each sarcomere.
- It lies in the middle of the I band and is where the thin
filaments attach.
- M-Line: composed of protein down the center of the sarcomere
(‘mid-line’). This is where the thick filaments attach.
- I-Band: made up of thin filaments. It appears lighter in colour
and transverses two sarcomeres
 Muscle Contraction:
- Histologically, when muscle contracts, the actin and myosin
filaments slide over each other, which shortens the sarcomere.
- This increases muscle tension, resulting in structural movement

Skeletal Muscles:
- Muscles of the body are generally organized as being either
superficial (shallow), intermediate, or deep.

SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these

notes.
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 Module: 3
CORNELL NOTES Section: 3
SHEET Topic: Axial Muscle
Date: January 22, 2024

QUESTIONS NOTES
Muscles of Facial Expression:
- Muscles of facial expression insert into the skin. Contraction of
these muscles produces facial expressions by moving the skin.
- Frontalis: muscle that covers the frontal bone and lifts the
eyebrows, causing the forehead to wrinkle
- Orbicularis oculi: muscle surrounding the eye that forcefully
closes the eye when contracted.
- It originates on the frontal and maxillary bones.
- Orbicularis oris: surrounds the mouth and enables the puckering
of lips.
- It originates on the maxillary bones or mandible and
sometimes referred as a kissing muscle.
- Zygomaticus: extends from the zygomatic arch to the corners of
the mouth.
- It draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and
posteriorly, causing one to smile
Muscles of Mastication:
- Two of the muscles involved in mastication (chewing):
- Temporalis: fan-shaped muscle that extends from the temporal
fossa of parietal bone to the coronoid process of the mandible.
- Temporalis muscle elevates and pulls the mandible
posteriorly (retract).
- Masseter: powerful muscle that extends from the zygomatic arch
to the angle of the mandible (lower jaw).
- Action is to elevate and protract (move forward) the jaw
Muscles that Move the Head:
- 3 muscles involved, grouped into anterior and posterior
- Sternocleidomastoid muscle (anterior): flexes the neck with
bilateral contraction, and rotates the head to the opposite site with
unilateral contraction
- Semispinalis Capitis (posterior): extends the neck with bilateral
contraction, and turns the face slightly to the opposite side with
unilateral contraction
- Splenius Capitis (posterior): extends the neck with bilateral
contraction, and causes flexion and lateral rotation of the neck
with unilateral contraction

Muscles of the Thorax:

- The intercostal muscles of the thorax aid in the process of
breathing.
- External intercostals: most superficial, and their fibres run
anteriorly and inferiorly between the ribs.
- They aid in inspiration.
- Internal intercostals: lie deep to the externals, and their fibres
run posteriorly and inferiorly.
- They aid in expiration.
Muscles of the Back:
- Erector spinae muscles are a group of muscles that help to keep
the spine erect.
- They run down both sides of the spinal column.
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:
- facilitate movement of the trunk, and aid in breathing
External Oblique
- The external oblique is the most superficial of the anterolateral
abdominal wall musculature.
- Its fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly.
- Functions:
- Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column and compresses the
abdominal wall. Used in forced expiration.
- Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral
column

Internal Oblique:
- The internal oblique lies deep to the external oblique, and its
fibres run anteriorly and superiorly.
- Functions:
- Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column and compresses the
abdominal wall.
 - Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral
column.

Transverse Abdominis (girdle muscle)

- The transversus abdominis runs horizontally, deep to the internal
oblique.
- Functions:
- Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column and compresses the
abdominal wall. Used in forced expiration.
- Unilateral: lateral flexion of the vertebral column

Rectus Abdominis (6-pack):

- lies on either side of the linea alba and is separated by tendinous
intersections
- Functions:
- Flexion of the trunk
- Forced expiration
SUMMARY: Write 4 or more sentences describing specific learning from these
notes.
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