College Physics

Eleventh Edition

Chapter 5 Lecture
Applications of Newton's Laws

Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Goals for Chapter 5
• To draw free-body diagrams, showing forces on an individual
object.
• To solve for unknown quantities using Newton's 2nd law on an
object or objects connected to one another.
• To relate the force of friction acting on an object to the normal
force exerted on an object in 2nd law problems.
• To use Hooke's law to relate the magnitude of the spring force
exerted by a spring to the distance from the equilibrium
position the spring has been stretched or compressed.
The Conditions for Equilibrium
• Necessary conditions for an object to settle into equilibrium:

 
∑F = 0 ⇒ a = 0
Or in component form:

=∑ Fx 0=
& ∑ Fy 0
• Note: an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving with a
constant velocity.
 Equilibrium in One Dimension – Figure 5.1
• Follow Example 5.1
on page 122.
• The weights of the
gymnast, rope and O-
ring are 500 N, 100 N
and 50 N, respectively =?
• What are the
magnitudes of the
tensions at both ends
of the rope?

Gymnast: ∑F =
y T1 +( −500 N)= 0 Rope: ∑F =
y T2 + ( −100 N) +( −500 N)= 0
T1 = 500 N T2 = 600 N
Two-Dimensional Equilibrium – Example 5.2
• Both x- and y-forces must be considered separately.
• Follow Example 5.2 on page 123.

Mass of chain is
considered
negligible in this
case.

=∑ Fx 0, T3 cos
= 60° + ( −T2 ) 0
∑ Fy 0,
= T3 sin 60°=
+ ( −T1 ) 0=
& T1 w
An Example Involving Two Systems –Example 5.4
Pulley is frictionless and cable has
• See the worked example
negligible mass.
on page 125.
• This example brings
nearly every topic we
have covered so far in the
course.
• This is an equilibrium
problem because the
system moves with
constant speed!

• Note: x-axis for the cart does not have to align with the horizontal
direction and is different from that for the bucket.
Let's Examine Applications of Newton's Second Law. → Non-equilibrium or
Dynamic Problems
 
∑ F = ma
=∑ Fx ma
= x & ∑ Fy may

• Although this container is

on a level surface, the
liquid surface is on a slant
because the apparatus is
being accelerated. In which
direction?
Application – Example 5.5
One

• This experiment works in your car, a bus, or even an amusement

park ride!

=∑ Fx ma
= x , T sinβ max 
 ax = g tan β
=∑ Fy 0, =
T cos β +( −mg ) 0 
Application – Example 5.6
T

• This sled ride is worked out

for you on page 128.
• Similar to Example 5.4, but
now velocity is not constant

=∑ Fx ma
= x , ( mg ) sinα max 
= sin α , n mg cosα
 ax g=
∑
= Fy 0, n + ( −mg cos
= α ) 0 
Application – Example 5.7
• This problem involves two interactive systems in a common lab
experiment.

From Glider free-body diagram: From Weight free-body diagram:

∑ Fx ma
= = x, T m1ax ∑ Fy m2ay , m=
= 2
g + ( −T ) m2ay
∑
= F y 0, n + ( −=
m1g ) 0 Here, =
ax_Glider a=y _ Weight asystem
Contact Force and Friction
• We need to re-examine
problems we formerly did as
"ideal" (frictionless).
• We need to be able to find
frictional forces given the mass
of the object and the nature of
the surfaces in contact with
each other.

• There are two regions of friction:

1. when an object is sliding with respect to a surface → kinetic-friction
force
2. when there is no relative motion → static-friction force
The Microscopic View of Friction – Figure 5.12
• A surface will always have
imperfections, your
perception of them
depends on the
magnification.
• The coefficient of friction
(μ) will reveal how much
force is involved.
No Dependence on Surface Area
• The normal force determines friction.

fs ≤ µs n → no relative movement


µs n
fs ,max = → interface "breaks loose"  µk ≤ µs

=fk µk n → sliding with friction 
Friction Changes as Forces Change – Figure 5.13
• Forces from static friction increase as force increases while
forces from kinetic friction are relatively constant.
How Much Effort to Move the Crate?
• Dynamics as in the last chapter with a new force.
• See the worked solution on page 133.
Forces Applied at an Angle
• The previous example has one new step if the force is applied at
an angle.
• Please refer to the worked example on page 134.

∑ F=x T cos30 − 0.40n= 0,


∑
= F
y T sin30 + n − 500

= N 0 
⇒ T = 188 N, n = 406 N
A Toboggan on a Steep Hill with Friction – Example 5.12
• Similar to Example 5.6, but now at constant speed.

∑ Fx 0, (mg )sin=
= α +( −fk ) (mg )sin α +
= ( − µk n ) 0 
= µ
sin α
= tan α
 k
∑ Fy 0, n +(−mg cos
= = α) 0  cos α
A box slides up an incline and then comes back down again.
There is a kinetic friction force between the box and the incline.
Compare the magnitude of the acceleration when the box is
going up the incline compared to when it is coming down the
incline.
a. The acceleration has greater magnitude when the box is going up.
b. The acceleration has greater magnitude when the box is coming down.
c. The acceleration has the same magnitude on the way up as on the way down.
Forces in Fluids – Figure 5.19
• This topic is fully developed in advanced courses.
• After initial acceleration, the object reaches an equilibrium and a fixed
terminal velocity.
• Terminal velocity is a function of mass
An adult and a teenager go skydiving. The adult weighs twice as
much as the teen, but they use identical parachutes that exert
identical drag forces. After the parachutes have opened and the
two people have reached terminal speed, how do their speeds
compare?

a. They are equal.

b. vadult = 2vteen.
c. v
adult = 2v teen .
Elastic Forces
• Springs or other elastic material will
exert force when stretched or
compressed.
• The magnitude of the spring force Fspring
is given by Hooke's Law:

Fspring = k ∆L

• Where k is spring constant [N/m] and

ΔL [m] is the distance the spring is
stretched or compressed from its
equilibrium length.
Stretch a Spring to Weigh Objects – Example 5.14
• The force settings on the spring are calibrated with mass
standards at normal earth gravity.
• The spring scales are often calibrated in force (N) and mass (k g ).
ilo ram
There are a Variety of Force Laws in Nature
• Gravitational interactions
• Electromagnetic interactions
• Strong interaction
• Weak interactions
• A "holy grail" of physics is the unified field theory. The goal will
be to find the overriding principles that give rise to each of
these very similar phenomena.