ZvwiL t

cixÿv bs t- 01
cixÿ‡Yi bvg t †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †Mvjxq (DËj) Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q
KiY|
ZË¡ (Theory) t-

‡Kvb GKwU eµc„ó ev eµZj A_ev †Mvjxq Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Askwe‡kl, H †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K
eµZ‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j| G‡K ‘R’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| eµZ‡ji eµZvi e¨vmv‡a©i GKK SI
c×wZ‡Z wgUvi (m) C.G.S c×wZ‡Z †mw›UwgUvi (cm) Ges F.P.S c×wZ‡Z dyU|

Kvh©Kix m~Î (Working Formula) t

eµZvi e¨vmva©, R = +

GLv‡b, d = ‡ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZb cv‡qi ga¨eZx© Mo `~iZ¡|

Ges h = mgZj n‡Z DËj Z‡ji †K›`ªwe›`yi `~iZ¡|

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t

i) ‡ù‡ivwgUvi|
ii) mgZj KvuP †cøU|
iii) eµZj (cixÿbxq DËj Zj)|
iv) wgUvi †¯‥j BZ¨vw`|

wPÎt †ùv‡ivwgUvi
1
Kv‡Ri avivt

1. cÖ_‡g ‣iwLK †¯‥‡j ÿz`ªZg 1 fv‡Mi gvb wgwjwgUvi GK‡K Ges e„ËvKvi ev PµvKvi †¯‥‡j †gvU
fvM msL¨v †`‡L †bqv n‡qwQj|

2. Gici h‡š¿i cx‡Pi (Pitch) gvb †`‡L †bIqv nq|

3. Gici h‡š¿i cx‡Pi gvb‡K e„ËKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v w`‡q fvM K‡i h‡š¿i jwNó ¸bb
(Least count) L.C. wbY©q Kiv n‡qwQj|

4. Gici h‡š¿i hvwš¿K ÎæywU Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L †bqv nq|

5. mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci †ù‡ivwgUvi Gi wZbwU ¯vqx cv Ges PZz_© cv ¯…z Gi kxl© fvM hLb GKB
mgZ‡j Ae¯vb K‡i ZLb ‣iwLK †¯‥j Ges e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji k~b¨ eivei `vMØq ci¯úi wg‡j hvq|
G Ae¯vq h‡š¿ †Kvb cÖKvi hvwš¿K ÎæywU _v‡K bv A_v©r e = o| hw` `vMØq bv wg‡j †m‡ÿ‡Î
abvZ¥K A_ev FYvZ¥K GB `yB ai‡bi hvwš¿K ÎæywU †`Lv hvq|

6. Gici †ù‡ivwgUviwU‡K cixÿbmxq, †Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji †K›`ª eivei ¯vcb K‡i †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii
wZbwU ¯vqxcvmn PZz_© cv ¯…z‡K nvjKv fv‡e ¯úk© Kwi‡q •iwLK †¯‥j I e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji cvV †bqv
nq| Gfv‡e cici wZbevi cvV wb‡q †Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji cvV ‘x’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

7. Gici cixÿbxq †Mvjxq DËj Zj mwi‡q mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci †ù‡ivwgUvi ¯vcb K‡i c~‡e©i
gZ ‣iwLK †¯‥j I e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji cvV †bqv nq|

8. Gfv‡e cici wZbevi cvV wb‡q mgZj KvuP ‡cø‡Ui Dci cvV ‘y’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

9. GLb †Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji cvV x’ †_‡K mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui cvV ‘y’ we‡qvM K‡i eµZ‡ji D”PZv
‘h’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

10. Gici †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZbwU ¯vqx cv‡qi ga¨eZ©x Mo `~iZ¡ ‘d’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

GLb, Kvh©Kvix m~Î,

R= + ‡Z ‘d’ Ges ‘h’ Gi gvb ewm‡q cixÿbxq †Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© ‘R’
wbY©q Kiv nq|

2
ch©‡eÿY I mwbœ‡ek t-

i. ‣iwLK †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ªZg 1 fv‡Mi gvb = 1mm = 0.1 cm

ii. h‡š¿i cx‡Pi (Pitch) gvb = 1mm = 0.1 cm
iii. e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v = 100

h‡š¿i jwNó gvb t-

cxP
(Least Count), L.C. =
e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v
=
= 0.01mm
= 0.001cm

3
wnmve (Calculation) t -

Avgiv Rvwb,

eµZvi e¨vmva©,

R= +
d3 d2

d1
GLv‡b,
d = ‡ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZbwU ¯vqx cv‡qi ga¨eZx© Mo
`~iZ¡|

 d = mm
=
=

h = x – y mm

=
=

4
 ‡Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji D”PZv ‘h’ wbY©‡qi QK
cvV ch©‡eÿb ‣iwLK e„ËvKvi jwNô ‡gvU cvV Mo cvV DËj
msL¨v †¯‥j cvV †¯‥j ¸Yb T Z‡ji
L cvV L. C. T = L+NL.C D”PZv,
N h = x–y
mm mm mm mm mm
DËj Z‡ji Mo
cvV = x mm
‡Mvjxq 1
DËj 2
Z‡ji
cvV 3
x
L N L.C. mgZ‡ji cvV =
T = L+NL.C y mm
cm cm
mgZj KvuP 1
†cø‡U cvV 2 y=
y
3

djvdj t cÖ`Ë †Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva©, R = …................... mm

= …................... cm

= ….................... m
e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t-

cÖ`Ë †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii jwNó MYb (L.C) 0.01 mm A_v©r †ù‡ivwgUviwU w`‡q 1 wgwjwgUv‡ii 100 fv‡Mi
1 fvM ch©šÍ m~ÿè fv‡e ev wbf~j
© fv‡e cwigvc Kiv hv‡e| GLv‡b, mieivnK…Z DËj Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva©
R = –– mm A_ev R = – cm A_ev R = – m. cixÿvq cÖvß eµZvi e¨vmva© h_vh_fv‡e mwVK Ges
wbfyj
© | †Kbbv cÖvß gvb, cÖK…Z gv‡bi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ wQj| AZGe, j¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cÖ`Ë †Mvjxq
Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© †gvUv‡gvwUfv‡e wbf~©j Ges mwVK|

mZK©Zv t- 1. •iwLK †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ªZg fv‡Mi gvb, h‡š¿i cxP jwNó ¸Yb mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wbY©q Kiv DwPZ|
2. ‣iwLK ‡¯‥j I e„ËvKvi ‡¯‥‡ji cvV mZK©Zvi mv‡_ †bqv DwPZ|
3. j¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cvV †bIqv DwPZ|
4. wcQU ÎæywU (Back lash) Gov‡bvi Rb¨ ¯…z‡K me©`v GKB w`‡K Nyiv‡bv DwPZ|

5
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ - 1 t wK cixÿv (Experiment) K‡iQ?:

DËit †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU DËj Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q|
cÖkœ - 3 t Kvh©Kvix m~Î ev Formula wK?

DËit eµZvi e¨vmva©, R = +

cÖkœ - 4 t GLv‡b d wK? Ges h wK? Ges R wK?

DËit d n‡jv †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZb cv‡qi ga¨eZx© Mo `~iZ¡|
h n‡jv cixÿbxq eµZ‡ji MfxiZv A_ev mgZj Ges eµZ‡ji ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡|
Ges R n‡jv eµZ‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva©|
cÖkœ - 5 t †ù‡ivwUgv‡ii ÎæywU KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËit `yB cÖKvi| h_v- (1) k~Y¨ ÎæywU (2) wcQU ÎæywU|
cÖkœ - 6 t k~b¨ ÎæywU KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËit k~b¨ ÎæywU `yB cÖKvi| h_v- (1) abvZ¥K ÎæywU, (2) FYvZ¥K ÎæywU|
 wcQU ÎæywU t ¯…z-‡K Dfq w`‡K mgcwigvb Nyiv‡j hw` mib mgvb bv nq Z‡e Zv‡K wcQU ÎæywU
e‡j|
cÖkœ - 2 t †ù‡ivwgUvi ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi KqwU †¯‥j Av‡Q?
DËit †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Spherical Surface ev ‡Mvjxq Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K
†ù‡ivwgUvi e‡j|
GB h‡š¿ 2 (`yB) wU †¯‥j Av‡Q|
h_vt (1) •iwLK †¯‥j|
(2) e„ËvKvi ev PµvKvi †¯‥j|
(1) •iwLK †¯‥‡ji cÖwZ ÿz`ª 1 fv‡Mi gvb 1 wgwg (1 mm) ev 0.1 cm ev 0.001 m (wgUvi)
(2) e„ËvKvi †¯‥j ev PµvKvi †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ªZg 1 fv‡Mi gvb †bB| e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji 1 fv‡Mi ev cÖwZ fv‡Mi
mv‡_ jwNó ¸Yb w`‡q ¸b K‡i e„ËvKvi ev PµvKvi †¯‥‡ji cÖwZ fv‡Mi gvb †ei Kiv nq|

6
cÖkœ - 7 t Least Count (jwNó ¸Yb) ej‡Z wK eyS?

DËit e„ËvKvi ev Pµvevi †¯‥j‡K 1 evi Nyiv‡j •iwLK †¯‥j eivei †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K h‡š¿i
cxP e‡j| h‡š¿i cxP = 1 mm. h‡š¿i cx‡Pi gvb‡K PµvKvi ev e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v w`‡q
fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Least Count ev jwNó ¸Yb e‡j|

cxP 0.1cm
A_v©r, jwNó ¸Yb, L.C = = = 0.001 cm
e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v 100

cÖkœ - 8 t cig ÎæywU Ges Av‡cwÿK ÎæywU Kv‡K e‡j| [XvKv †evW©-2019]

DËit cig ÎæywU t †Kvb GKwU ivwki cÖK…Z gvb I cwigvcK…Z gv‡bi cv_©K¨‡K cig ÎæwU e‡j| A_v©r
cig ÎæwU = cÖK…Z gvb - cwigvcK„Z gvb| [XvKv †evW©-2019]

Av‡cwÿK ÎæywU t cig ÎæywU Ges cÖK…Z gv‡bi AbycvZ‡K Av‡cwÿK ÎæywU e‡j|

cÖK…Z gvb  cÖvß gvb

kZKvi fz‡ji nvi =  100%
cÖK…Z gvb

cÖkœ - 9 t GKwU †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii jwNó aªæe‡Ki gvb 0.01mm. GwU Øviv b~b¨Zg KZ †ea gvcv hv‡e?

DËit b~b¨Zg 0.01 mm cyiæ‡Z¡i †ea gvcv hv‡e|

cÖkœ - 10 t †ù‡ivwgUvi Gi cÖwZ ÿz`ª GK fv‡Mi gvb KZ?

DËit †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji ‡gvU ÿz`ª fvM msL¨v 100 n‡j, cÖwZ ÿz`ª fv‡Mi gvb 0.01 mm.

7
ZvwiL t

cixÿv bs t 02
cixÿ‡Yi bvg t †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †Mvjxq (AeZj) Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q
Kiv|

ZË¡ (Theory) t-
GKwU eµc„ó ev eµZj A_ev †Mvjxq Zj †h †Mvj‡Ki Ask we‡kl, H †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmva©‡K
eµZ‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© e‡j| G‡K ‘R’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| SI c×wZ‡Z eµZ‡j eµZvi
e¨vmv‡a¨i GKK wgUvi (m)|

Kvh©Kix m~Ît

eµZvi e¨vmva©, R = + GLv‡b, d = ‡ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZb cv‡qi ga¨eZx© Mo `~iZ¡

h = mgZj n‡Z AeZj c„‡ôi †K›`ªwe›`yi `~iZ¡|

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus)t
(i) ‡ù‡ivwgUvi|
(ii) mgZj KvuP †cøU|
(iii) eµZj (cixÿbxq AeZj)|
(iv) wgUvi †¯‥j BZ¨vw`|

wPÎt †ùv‡ivwgUvi

8
Kv‡Ri avivt
1. ‡ù‡ivwgUv‡ii `yBwU †¯‥j, †hgb (i) ‣iwLK †¯‥j Ges (ii) e„ËvKvi †`‡L †bqv nq|
2. ‣iwLK †¯‥‡ji ÿz`Z
ª g 1 fv‡Mi gvb wgwjwgUvi GK‡K Ges e„ËvKvi ev PµvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v †`‡L
†bqv n‡qwQj|
3. Gici h‡š¿i cx‡Pi gvb †ei Kiv nq| Gici h‡š¿i cxP‡K e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v w`‡q fv&M K‡i
h‡š¿i jwNó gvb L.C (least count) †ei Kiv nq|
4. Gici h‡š¿i hvwš¿K ÎæywU ‡`Lvi Rb¨ †ù‡ivwgUvi‡K mgZj KvuP †cø‡U ewm‡q •iwLK †¯‥‡ji Ges e„ËKvi
†¯‥‡ji ïb¨ (0) `vMØq jÿ Kiv nq| hLb ïb¨ (0) `vMØq GKB eivei _v‡K ZLb hvwš¿K ÎæywU †bB A_v©r e
= 0 | ïb¨ (0) `vMØq bv wgj‡j `yB ai‡bi hvwš¿K ÎæywU nq (i) FYvZ¥K A_ev (ii) FYvZ¥K ÎæyU †`Lv hv‡e|
5. AZtci hvwš¿K ÎæywUi gvb †`‡L †bqv nq| GimgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci †ù‡ivwgUvi Gi wZbwU ¯vqx cv Ges
PZz_© cv ¯…z Gi kxl© we›`y hLb GKB mgZ‡j Ae¯vb K‡i ZLb ‣iwLK †¯‥j Ges e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji k~b¨ eivei
`vMØq ci¯úi wg‡j hvq| G Ae¯vq h‡š¿ †Kvb cÖKvi hvwš¿K ÎæywU _v‡K bv A_v©r e = o| hw` `vMØq bv wg‡j
†m‡ÿ‡Î abvZ¥K A_ev FYvZ¥K GB `yB ai‡bi hvwš¿K ÎæywU †`Lv hvq|
6. Gici †ù‡ivwgUviwU‡K mgZj KvuP †cøU Gi Dci ¯vcb K‡i •iwLK †¯‥j I e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji cvV †bqv nq|
Gfv‡e cici wZbevi cvV wb‡q mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci Mo cvV ‘x’ wbY©q Kiv nq|
7. Gici mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci cixÿbxq AeZj c„ô ewm‡q Gi Dci †ù‡ivwgUvi ewm‡q ‣iwLK †¯‥j Ges
e„ËvKvi †¯‥j Gi cvV ‡bqv nq Gfv‡e cici wZbevi cvV wb‡q †Mvjxq AeZj c„‡ôi Mo cvV ‘y’ wbY©©q Kiv
nq|
8. Gici mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci Mo cvV x ‡_‡K †Mvjxq AeZj c„‡ôi Mo cvV y we‡qvM K‡i AeZj c„‡ói
MfxiZv ‘h’ wbY©q Kiv nq|
9. Gici †ù‡ivwgUvi Gi wZbwU ¯vqxcv‡qi Mo `~iZ¡ ‘d’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

GLb, Kvh©Kvix m~Î, R = + ‡Z ‘d’ Ges ‘h’ Gi gvb ewm‡q cixÿbxq AeZj c„‡ôi eµZvi e¨vmva©

‘R’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

9
ch©‡eÿY I mwbœ‡ek (Observation and Manipulation) t-
i. ‣iwLK †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ªZg 1 fv‡Mi gvb = 1mm = 0.1 cm
ii. h‡š¿i cx‡Pi (Pitch) gvb = 1mm = 0.1 cm
iii. e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v = 100
cxP
(Least Count), L.C. =
e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v
L. C =
= 0.01mm
= 0.001cm
= 0.0001 m
wnmve (Calculation) t -
Avgiv Rvwb,
eµZvi e¨vmva©,

R= +
d3 d2
=
= d1
GLv‡b,
d = ‡ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZbwU ¯vqx cv‡qi ga¨eZx© Mo
`~iZ¡|

d = mm
=
=

Ges MfxiZv,
h =x–y
= x – (– y )
=x+y
= ––––– mm

10
 ‡Mvjxq DËj Z‡ji D”PZv ‘h’ wbY©‡qi QK
cvV ch©‡ÿb ‣iwLK e„ËvKvi jwNô ‡gvU cvV Mo cvV AeZj c„‡ôi
msL¨v †¯‥j cvV †¯‥j ¸Yb T = L+NL.C T MfxiZv,
L cvV L. C.
mm N mm mm mm h = x–y
mgZ‡j Mo cvV mm
mgZj 1
KvuP †cø‡U
2 x=
cvV
X 3
L L.C T=L+NL.C AeZj c„‡ô Mo
N cvV
cm cm
‡Mvjxq 1
AeZj
2 y=
c„‡ô cvV
Y 3

djvdj t- cÖ`Ë †Mvjxq AeZj Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva©, R = ….. mm

= ….. cm
= …... m
e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølYt-
cÖ`Ë †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii jwNó MYb (L.C) 0.01 mm A_v©r †ù‡ivwgUviwU w`‡q 1 mm Gi 100 fv‡Mi 1
fvM ch©šÍ m~ÿèfv‡e ev wbf~j
© fv‡e cwigvc Kiv hv‡e| GLv‡b, mieivnK…Z AeZj c„‡ôi eµZvi e¨vmva© R
= –––– mm = –––– cm = –––– m. cÖvß gvb cÖK…Z gv‡bi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ nIqvq cÖ`Ë †Mvjxq
AeZ‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© cÖvq mwVK Ges wbf©~j| AZGe, j¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß gvb
†gvUv‡gvwUfv‡e wbf~j
© Ges mwVK|

mZK©Zvt 1. •iwLK †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ªZg 1 fv‡Mi gvb, h‡š¿i cxP Ges jwNó ¸Yb mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wbY©q Kiv
DwPZ|
2. ‣iwLK ‡¯‥j I e„ËvKvi ‡¯‥‡ji m~²fv‡e †`Lv DwPZ|
3. j¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cvV †bIqv DwPZ|
4. wcQU ÎæywU (Back lash) Gov‡bvi Rb¨ ¯…z‡K me©`v GKB w`‡K Nyiv‡bv DwPZ|

11
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ - 1 t wK cixÿv (Experiment) K‡iQ?

DËit †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU DËj Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q|
cÖkœ - 3 t Kvh©Kvix m~Î ev Formula wK?

DËit eµZvi e¨vmva©, R = +

cÖkœ - 4 t GLv‡b d wK? Ges h wK? Ges R wK?

DËit d n‡jv †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii wZb cv‡qi ga¨eZx© Mo `~iZ¡|
h n‡jv cixÿbxq eµZ‡ji MfxiZv A_ev mgZj Ges eµZ‡ji ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡|
Ges R n‡jv eµZ‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva©|
cÖkœ - 5 t †ù‡ivwUgv‡ii ÎæywU KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËit `yB cÖKvi| h_v- (1) k~Y¨ ÎæywU (2) wcQU ÎæywU|
cÖkœ - 6 t k~b¨ ÎæywU KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËit k~b¨ ÎæywU `yB cÖKvi| h_v- (1) abvZ¥K ÎæywU, (2) FYvZ¥K ÎæywU|
 wcQU ÎæywU t ¯…z-‡K Dfq w`‡K mgcwigvb Nyiv‡j hw` mib mgvb bv nq Z‡e Zv‡K wcQU ÎæywU
e‡j|
cÖkœ - 2 t †ù‡ivwgUvi ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi KqwU †¯‥j Av‡Q?
DËit †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Spherical Surface ev ‡Mvjxq Z‡ji eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K
†ù‡ivwgUvi e‡j|
GB h‡š¿ 2 (`yB) wU †¯‥j Av‡Q|
h_vt (1) •iwLK †¯‥j|
(2) e„ËvKvi ev PµvKvi †¯‥j|
(1) •iwLK †¯‥‡ji cÖwZ ÿz`ª 1 fv‡Mi gvb 1 wgwg (1 mm) ev 0.1 cm ev 0.001 m (wgUvi)
(2) e„ËvKvi †¯‥j ev PµvKvi †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ªZg 1 fv‡Mi gvb †bB| e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji 1 fv‡Mi ev cÖwZ fv‡Mi
mv‡_ jwNó ¸Yb w`‡q ¸b K‡i e„ËvKvi ev PµvKvi †¯‥‡ji cÖwZ fv‡Mi gvb †ei Kiv nq|

12
cÖkœ - 7 t Least Count (jwNó ¸Yb) ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËit e„ËvKvi ev Pµvevi †¯‥j‡K 1 evi Nyiv‡j •iwLK †¯‥j eivei †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K h‡š¿i
cxP e‡j| h‡š¿i cxP = 1 mm. h‡š¿i cx‡Pi gvb‡K PµvKvi ev e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v w`‡q
fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Least Count ev jwNó ¸Yb e‡j|

A_v©r, jwNó ¸Yb, L.C = cxP 0.1cm = 0.001 cm

=
e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v 100

cÖkœ - 8 t cig ÎæywU Ges Av‡cwÿK ÎæywU Kv‡K e‡j| [XvKv †evW©-2019]
DËit cig ÎæywU t †Kvb GKwU ivwki cÖK…Z gvb I cwigvcK…Z gv‡bi cv_©K¨‡K cig ÎæwU e‡j| A_v©r
cig ÎæwU = cÖK…Z gvb - cwigvcK„Z gvb| [XvKv †evW©-2019]
Av‡cwÿK ÎæywU t cig ÎæywU Ges cÖK…Z gv‡bi AbycvZ‡K Av‡cwÿK ÎæywU e‡j|

kZKvi fz‡ji nvi = cÖK…Z gvb  cÖvß gvb  100%

cÖK…Z gvb

cÖkœ - 9 t GKwU †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii jwNó aªæe‡Ki gvb 0.01mm. GwU Øviv b~b¨Zg KZ †ea gvcv hv‡e?
DËit b~b¨Zg 0.01 mm cyiæ‡Z¡i †ea gvcv hv‡e|
cÖkœ - 10 t †ù‡ivwgUvi Gi cÖwZ ÿz`ª GK fv‡Mi gvb KZ?
DËit †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji ‡gvU ÿz`ª fvM msL¨v 100 n‡j, cÖwZ ÿz`ª fv‡Mi gvb 0.01 mm.

13
ZvwiL t

cixÿv bs t 03

cixÿ‡Yi bvg t wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ †`vjb c×wZ‡Z e¯‘i fi wbY©q Kiv|

ZË¡ (Theory) t †Kvb e¯‧i g‡a¨ c`v‡_©i †gvU cwigvb †K e¯‧i fi (mass) e‡j| G‡K ‘w’ Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq 1st GK‡K f‡ii GKK wK‡jvMÖvg (kg) C.G.S c×wZ‡Z f‡ii
GKK MÖvg Ges F.P.S c×wZ‡Z f‡ii GKK cvDÛ|

g‡b Kwi, gy³ †`vjvqgvb wbw³‡Z m~uPK KvUvi w¯wZwe›`yi Ae¯vb P| Gfvi evgcvjøvq cixÿbxq e¯Íy (ÿz`ª
wmwjÛvi ev e¯‧) †i‡L Wvb cvjøvq ‘w’ MÖvg e¯‧ ivLvq m~uPK KvUvi w¯wZwe›`y Q Ges AviI AwZwi³ 10
MÖvg fi hy³ Kivq m~PK KvuUvi w¯wZwe›`y R n‡jv| AZGe 10 mg, cwiewZ©Z f‡ii Rb¨ w¯wZwe›`yi
cwiewZ©Z Ae¯vb = Q – R

AZGe, m~PKwU (Q – R) Ni `~iZ¡ hvq hLb 10 mg fi hy³ nq|

 m~PKwU 1 Ni `~iZ¡ hvq hLb mg fi hy³ nq|

m~PKwU (Q – R) Ni `~iZ¡ hvq hLb mg fi hy³ nq|

= mg

Kvh©Kix m~Î (Working Formula)t

e¯‧i fi = w + { } gm

hš¿cvwZi (Apparatus) t
i) GKwU m~uPK wbw³|
ii) fi gvcvi ev·|
iii) GKwU ÿz`ª e¯‧ (wmwjÛvi) BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ t Zzjv hš¿

14
Kv‡Ri avivt

1. w¯úwiU †j‡fj Øviv wbw³i Avbyf~wgK Ae¯^v †`‡L †bqv nq| Avbyf~wgK Ae¯vq bv _vK‡j wbw³ bx‡P ¯…z
Nywi‡q Avbyf~wgK Kiv nq|

2. Gici nvZj Gi mvnv‡h¨ wbw³ Dc‡i DwV‡q gy³ Kiv nq| gy³ Ae¯vq m~uPK KvuUv †¯‥‡ji Dci
†`vj‡Z _v‡K| m~PuK KvuUv †¯‥‡ji evg I Wvb Ae¯v‡b †`vjvwqZ n‡j †`vjvwqZ Ae¯vq cici wZbwU
†`vj‡bi Rb¨ evg I Wvb cv‡ki cvV †bqv nq| Gici evg I Wvb cv‡ki cv‡Vi Mo gvb †ei Kwi|
Gici G `yÕ‡Uvi Mo gvb‡K Avevi Mo Kiv nj| G Mo gvb‡K ïb¨ (0) Ae¯vq m~uP‡Ki w¯wZwe›`yi
cvV e‡j| G‡K ‘p’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nj|

3. Gici wbw³i evg cvjøvq cixÿbx e¯‧ (wmwjÛvi RvZxq †QvU e¯‧) †i‡L Wvb cvjøvq ax‡i ax‡i
Ggbfv‡e evULviv ivLv nj hv‡Z m~uPK KvuUvi w¯wZwe›`y ïb¨ (0) eivei Av‡m (`vM KvuUv †¯‥‡ji gvS
eivei) G Ae¯vq evg I Wvb w`‡Ki cvV (†¯‥‡ji `vM msL¨v) †bqv nq| Gfv‡e cici wZbevi cvV
wb‡q evg I Wvb w`‡Ki Mo cvV †ei Kiv nq| GB `yB Mo cvV‡K cybivq Mo K‡i w¯wZwe›`y Q Gi
gvb †ei Kiv nq|

4. Gici Wvb cvjøvq AwZwi³ 10 wgwjMÖvg fi gy³ K‡i cvjøv‡K gy³fv‡e †`vj‡Z w`B| G Ae¯vq evg
I Wvb w`‡Ki w¯wZwe›`y Rvbvi Rb¨ cvV jB| Gici evg I Wvb w`‡Ki Mo cvV wb‡q cybivq Mo cvV
†ei Kiv nq| GB Mo gvbB w¯wZwe›`y ‘R’ Gi gvb|

5. m‡e©‡k‡l Kvh©Kix m~Î, mgxKib bs (1) e¯‧ fi = W + { } gm Gi g‡a¨ W, P, Q, R

Gi gvb ewm‡q cixÿbxq e¯‧i fi wbY©q Kiv nq|

6. Gici †ù‡ivwgUviwU‡K mgZj KvuP †cøU Gi Dci ¯vcb K‡i •iwLK †¯‥j I e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji cvV
†bqv nq| Gfv‡e cici wZbevi cvV wb‡q mgZj KvuP †cø‡Ui Dci Mo cvV ‘x’ wbY©q Kiv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t

Avgiv Rvwb,

e¯‧i fi = W + { } gm

15
 m~PK KvUvi w¯’wZwe›`yi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi QK
ch©‡eÿY evg cvjøvq Wvb w`K cwieZ©b K‡i m~uPK KvuUvi w¯i we›`y m~uPK KvuUvi
msL¨v ¯vwcZ fvi cvjøvq evg w`‡Ki evgw`‡Ki Wvb w`‡Ki Wvb w`‡Ki w¯wZ we›`yi
Load evULvov †¯‥‡ji cvV¸‡jvi †¯‥‡ji cvV cvV¸‡jvi Mo Ae¯vb
(cixÿbxq cvV Mo cvV `vM msL¨v M –
=
e¯‧ `vM msL¨v N
i) i)

1 0 0 ii) ii)
iii) iii)

i) i)

2 e¯‧ W= ii) ii)

iii) iii)

i) i)
w + 10 ii) ii)
3 e¯‧
wgwj MÖvg
iii) iii)

djvdjt cÖ`Ë cixÿbxq e¯‧i fi = .......... MÖvg

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølYt-

cÖ`Ë cixÿvq mieivnK…Z e¯‧i fi = ––––– MÖvg hv e¯‧wUi cÖK…Z f‡ii KvQvKvwQ| cixÿbwU m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z wbw³wU‡K fvimvg¨ Ki‡Z GKwU mgm¨v n‡qwQj| †Kbbv, wbw³i nvZj aywi‡q hLb wbw³wU‡K Dc‡i
DVv‡bv nq ZLb evZv‡mi Rb¨ wbw³i m~uPK KvuUv evg Ges Wv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq cv‡Ui †P‡q GKUz †ekx †`vj
w`‡Z _v‡K| ZvQvov wgwjMÖv‡gi fMœvsk evULvov cvIq hvqwb| GZme mgm¨v _vKv m‡Ë¡I j¤^bÎæywU Ges
e¨w³MZ ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß e¯‧wUi fi †gvUv‡gvwU wbf~j
© Ges mwVK n‡q‡Q|

mZK©Zv I Av‡jvPbv t

1. cixÿvi ïiæ‡Z wbw³wU‡K Avbyf~wgK Kiv DwPZ|

2. evULvov Kg-‡ewk Kivi c~‡e© wbw³‡K w¯i Kiv DwPZ|
3. evg I Wvb w`‡Ki m~uPK KvuUvi Ae¯vb m~²fv‡e cvV †bqv DwPZ|
4. ÿz`ª evULvov 20 wgwjMÖvg Gi cwie‡Z© 10 wgwjMÖvg wb‡qI cixÿv Kiv hv|
5. b¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cvV †bqv DwPZ|

16
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ - 1 t wK cixÿv (Experiment) K‡iQ?:

DËit wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ †`vjb c×wZ‡Z †Kvb e¯‧i fi wbY©q|
cÖkœ - 2 t e¯‧i fi I IR‡bi g‡a¨ cv_¨K© wK?
DËit fi n‡”Q e¯‧‡Z c`v‡_©i †gvU cwigvb Ges IRb n‡”Q c`v‡_©i Dci c„w_exi Uvb ev AvKl©Y|
‡Kvb e¯‧i fi m n‡j IRb, W = mg n‡e|
cÖkœ - 3 t Kvh©Kix ev Working Formula wK?

DËit e¯‧i fi W = W1 + { } gm Gi g‡a¨ W, P, Q, R m~uPK KvuUvi w¯wZwe›`y

Ges W1 = AvcvZ fi|

cÖkœ - 4 t D`&w¯wZ wbw³ Ges mvaviY wbw³i cv_©K¨ wK?
DËit D`&w¯wZ wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ Zi‡j wbgw¾Z †Kvb e¯‧i fi †bIqvi e¨e¯v _v‡K Avi mvavib wbw³i
mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‧i fi evZv‡m wbY©q Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ - 5 t D`&w¯wZ wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ me©wb¤œ KZ ch©šÍ fi wbY©q Kiv hvq?
DËit ––– 10 mg ch©šÍ|
cÖkœ - 6 t 1 gm mgvb KZ wgwjMÖvg?
DËit 1gm = 1000 mg.
cÖkœ - 7 t e¯‧i fvi Ges fi wK GKB wRwbm?
DËit bv| e¯‧i fvi Ges fi GKB wRwbm bq| e¯‧i fi‡K AwfKl©R Z¡ib Øviv ¸b K‡i fvi cvIqv
hv‡e|
cÖkœ - 8 t cÖK…Z IRb ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËit e¯‧i Dci AwfKl©R ej Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb ej wµqv bv Ki‡j e¯‧i †h IRb nq, Zv‡K cÖK…Z IRb
e‡j|
cÖkœ - 9 t fi cwigv‡ci GKK wK wK?
DËit C.G.S c×wZ‡Z MÖvg (gm)
F.P.S c×wZ‡Z cvDÛ (lb)
M.K.S c×wZ‡Z wK‡jvMÖvg (kg)
cÖkœ - 10 t ‡KvbwU ‡ewk fvix 1kg †jvnv bv 1 kg Zzjv?

17
DËit evqyc~b© ¯v‡b Df‡qi fi/IRb mgvb| wKš‧ evqyk~b¨ ¯v‡b Zzjvi IRb †ewk n‡e|
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 04
cixÿ‡Yi bvg t N~Y©b A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ GKwU d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK wbY©q|

ZË¡ (Theory) t
RoZvi åvgK t ‡Kvb e¯‧, †Kvb we›`y ev Aÿ‡K †K›`ª K‡i e„ËvKvi c‡_ Nyi‡Z _vK‡j e¯‧KYvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi
fi (m) Ges N~b©b Aÿ †_‡K wbR wbR `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i ¸bd‡ji mgwó‡K N~Y©b Aÿ mv‡c‡ÿ e¯‧wUi
RoZvi åvgK e‡j| RoZvi åvgK‡K ‘I’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges Gi GKK kg–m2.
GKwU N~Y©bvqgvb PvKvi Abyf~wgK Aÿ`‡Û GKwU k³ iwki GK cÖvšÍ AvUwK‡q Ges Aci cÖv‡šÍ m f‡ii
GKwU e¯‧i mv‡_ hy³ Kwi| GLb m f‡ii e¯‧wU‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e wb‡P co‡Z w`‡j-
m f‡ii w¯wZkw³ n«vm cv‡e = m f‡ii MwZkw³ e„w×
+ PvKvi N~Y©b MwZkw³ e„w×
+ Nl©‡bi weiæ‡× KvR
mgh = mv2 + I2 + n1w [W = cÖwZ N~Y©‡b Kv‡Ri cwigvb] –––––– (1)
m fiwU (evULvov) N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z wew”Qbœ nIqvi ci PvKvwU n2 msL¨K N~Y©‡b K…ZKvR,
Wn2 = I2

W= I2–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (2)
mgxKiY (1) Ges (2) nB‡Z cvB,
mgh = mv2 + I2 + n1(  )

mgh = mv2 + I2  (1 + )

mgh = m2r2 + I2  ( ) [ v =   r]

2mgh = m2r2 + I2  ( )

I2 ( ) = 2mgh – m2r2


I=
 ( )


( ) 
I= 
[GLv‡b,  = = PvKvi m‡ev©”P †K․wbK †eM]
( )

18
 

= 



=

=

 I= ( ) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (3)


GLv‡b, I = d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK|

m = iwk‡Z Syjv‡bv fi (kg GK‡K)|
n1 = m fiwU h D”PZvq †b‡g Avm‡Z PvKvi N~Y©b msL¨v
n2 = iwkwU Aÿ n‡Z wew”Qbœ nevi ci PvKvi N~Y©b msL¨v|
g = AwfKl©R Z¡ib|
h = f~wg n‡Z m fiwUi D”PZv
t = n2 NyY©b †gvU mgq|
r = Aÿ`‡Ûi e¨vmva©|
= 3.141

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus)t
i) d¬vB ûBj (N~Y©bgvb PvKv) hvnv f~wg †_‡K wbw`©ó D”PZvq GKwU avi‡Ki mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K|
ii) iwk
iii) evULvov (kg cv_i)
iv) ÷c IqvP
v) ¯øvBW K¨vwjcvm©
vi) wgUvi †¯‥j BZ¨vw`|

19
Kvh©c×wZt
1. cÖ_‡g ¯øvBW K¨vwjcv‡m©I mvnv‡h¨ Aÿ`‡Ûi e¨vm †ei K‡i Zv‡K 2 Øviv fvM K‡i e¨vmva© r wbY©q Kiv
nq|
2. Gici m f‡ii e¯‧wU wbw`©ó D”PZv h ch©šÍ DVv‡Z
n‡e|
3. Gici Aÿ`‡Ûi N~Y©b msL¨v MYbvi Rb¨ KvD›Uv‡ii
msL¨v ïb¨ (0) eivei Kiv nq|
4. Gici h D”PZvq DVv‡bv m f‡ii e¯‧wU‡K wb‡P co‡Z
†`qv nj Ges N~Y©b Aÿ †_‡K iwk Ly‡j hvevi mv‡_
mv‡_ Stop Watch Pvjy (ON) Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKB
mv‡_ KvD›Uvi †_‡K (n1) N~Y©b msL¨v †`L‡Z n‡e|
5. iwkwU N~Y©b Aÿ †_‡K Ly‡j hvevi ciI wKQz mgq d¬vB
ûBjwU Nyi‡Z _vK‡e| Gici hLb d¬vB ûBjwU †_‡g
hv‡e mv‡_ mv‡_ Stop Watch wU‡KI (Stop) _vgv‡Z
n‡e |
6. GLb Stop Watch †_‡K †gvU mgq t wbY©q Kiv nq Ges Counter †_‡K t mg‡q †gvU N~Y©b msL¨v
n2 †ei Kiv nq|
7. fi m cwieZ©b K‡i Dc‡ii avc¸‡jv Abymib K‡i cici wZbevi cvV †bqv nq Ges cÖ‡Z¨Kevi m,
n1, n2, g, h, t, r Ges Gi gvb mgxKib (3) G ewm‡q RoZvi åvgK I wbY©q Kiv nq|
8. Gici Mo RoZvi åvgK †ei Kiv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb,
RoZvi åvgK = I = ( )

1g cvV, I1 =
=
2q cvV, I2 =
=
3q cvV, I3 =
=
Mo cvV, I =
= .................. kg. m2

20
 =
QK bs - 1 t Aÿ`‡Ûi e¨vmva© r wbY©q
ch©‡eÿb cÖavb fvwb©qvi fvwb©qvi †gvU cvV Mo hvwš¿K cÖK…Z cvV e¨vmv_© e¨vmva©
msL¨v †¯‥j †¯‥j cvV aªæe d = cvV ÎæywU d = d-(±e) r= r
cvV N V.C. M+Nv.c d ±e m
M cm cm cm cm cm cm
cm
1
2
3

QK bs - 2 t D”PZv h PvKvi N~Y©b msL¨v n1, n2 Ges mgq t wbY©q

ch©‡eÿb D”PZv e¯‧i fi m f‡ii e¯‧wU N~Y©b Aÿ n2 N~Y©‡b AwfKl©R d¬vB ûB‡ji Mo gvb
msL¨v h m N©Y©j Aÿ †_‡K iwk ‡gvU Z¡ib RoZvi I
(m) kg †_‡K wew”Qbœ wew”Qbœ nevi mgq ‘g’ åvgK Kg. m2
2
wgUvi nevi g~n~‡Z© ci PvKvi t m/sec I
PvKvi N~Y© N~Y©b msL¨v sec. Kg. m2
msL¨v n1 evi n2 evi
1 9.81
2 9.81
3 9.81

djvdjt N~Y©qgvb PvKvi RoZvi åvgK = .......... Kg. m2

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølYt-
cixÿvq, mieivnK…Z ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK I = ……….. Kg. m2 A_v©r, N~Y©b Aÿ †_‡K ûBjwUi
cÖ‡Z¨KwU KYvi j¤^ `~~i‡Z¡ eM© Ges d¬vB ûBjwUi f‡ii ¸bd‡ji mgwó...| N~Y©b A‡ÿi e¨vmva© ¯øvBW
K¨vwjcv‡m©i mvnv‡h¨ wbf~j
© fv‡e wbY©q Kiv nq| PvKvwU‡K Nl©b wenxb Kivi Rb¨ Aÿ `‡Û †Zj, A_ev
MÖxR BZ¨vw` gvLv‡bv nq| AZtci evULvovwU (m kg) f~wg ev †g‡S ¯úk© Kivi ci ûBjwU (PvKvwU)
Kgc‡ÿ 100 evi A_v©r PvKvi N~Y©b msL¨v n2 Gi gvb Kgc‡ÿ 100 evi nq| Stop Watch Gi
gv‡a¨‡g n2 N~Y©‡bi mwVK mgq wbY©q Kiv nq| AZGe j¤^bÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvßgvb cÖvq mwVK
Ges wbfyj
© |

mZK©Zv t
1. iwkwU h_vm¤¢e miæ ev wPKb nIqv DwPZ|
2. PvKvi Nl©b Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ PvKvq •Zj ev MÖxR e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. N~Y©b msL¨v Ges mgq mwVK fv‡e cwigvc Kiv DwPZ|
21
4. N~Y©b Aÿ`‡Ûi e¨vmva© mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv DwPZ|
5. D”PZv ‘h’ mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv DwPZ|
g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ - 1 t wK (Experiment) K‡iQ?:

DËit GKwU d¬vB ûB‡ji RoZvi åvgK wbY©q|
cÖkœ - 2 t RoZvi åvgK wK? RoZvi åvg‡Ki GKK wK? Gi gvÎv wK?
DËit GKwU KYvi fi I N~Y©b Aÿ n‡Z Gi `~i‡Z¡i e‡M©i ¸bdj‡K D³ KYvi RoZvi åvgK e‡j|
RoZvi åvg‡Ki MvwYwZK ivwkgvjv, I = ∑ RoZvi åvg‡Ki GKK t gm – cm2 or, kg. m2.
RoZvi åvg‡Ki gvÎv t [ML2]
cÖkœ - 3 t ‡K․wbK †eM Kv‡K e‡j? Gi GKK I gvÎv wK?
DËit mg‡qi e¨eavb k~‡b¨i KvQvKvwQ n‡j, mg‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb e¯‧i †K․wYK mi‡bi nvi‡K †K․wbK †eM
e‡j|
GKK t [Link]–1 or, rad/sec
gvÎv t [T–1]
cÖkœ - 4 t ‡K․wbK fi‡eM Kv‡K e‡j? Gi MvwYwZK iwkgvjv wK?
DËit ‡Kvb we›`y ev Aÿ‡K †K›`ª K‡i N~Yv©qgvb †Kvb Kbvi e¨vmva© †f±i Ges fi‡e‡Mi †f±i ¸bdj‡K
H we›`y ev A‡ÿi mv‡c‡ÿ KbvwUi †K․wbK fi‡eM e‡j|

‡K․wbK fi‡eM Gi MvwYwZK ivwkgvjv ⃗ =  ⃗

†K․wbK fi‡e‡Mi GKK t Kgm2s–1.
cÖkœ - 5 t m¤úK© ej t (i) †K․wbK fi‡eM I †K․wbK †eM
(ii) ‡K․wbK †eM I ‣iwLK †eM|
DËit (i) Gi DËi t L = I, I = RoZvi åvgK,  ‡K․wbK †eM, L = †K․wbK fi‡eM
(ii) Gi ci t V = r, r = e¨vmva©,  †K․wbK †eM, v = ‣iwLK †eM|

22
ZvwiL t

cixÿv bs t 05
cixÿ‡Yi bvg t GKwU w¯úªs Gi wefe kw³ wbY©q Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t- ‡Kv‡bv w¯úªs RvZxq e¯‧‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯vb ev AvK…wZi cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb
Ae¯vb ev AvK…wZ‡Z cwiewZ©Z Ki‡j G‡Z wKQz cwigvb kw³ mwÂZ nq| GB mwÂZ kw³‡K w¯wZkw³ ev
wefekw³ ev potential Energy e‡j| GK ‘U’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK Joule (Ryj) ev
wbDUb wgUvi (N-m)|
‡Kvb GKwU w¯úªs Dci ej cÖ‡qv‡M msKzwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ Ki‡j w¯úªswUI H e‡ji weiæ‡× mgvb I
wecixZg~Lx ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GB ej w¯úªswU wefekw³ †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K|
w¯úªs Gi Dci Av‡ivwcZ ej F Gi Rb¨ w¯úªs Gi mib x n‡j,
F–x ‘–’wPý wecixZ w`K eySvq
k = w¯úªs ej aªæeK Ges
F = – kx
– kx †K cÖZ¨qbx ej e‡j
k=–

k= ………………………… (1)
w¯úªs Gi wefekw³,

U = Kx2 …………………………….. (2)

GLv‡b, U = w¯úªs Gi wefekw³|

K = w¯úªs Gi ej aªæeK|
x = w¯úªs Gi cÖmviY|

hš¿cvwZ t
(i) cixÿbxq w¯úªs (Spiral Spring)
(ii) wewfbœ f‡ii evULvov
(iii) wgUvi †¯‥j BZ¨vw`

23
Kv‡Ri aviv t
1. w¯úªs hš¿wU mwVKfv‡e w¯i K‡i cixÿvaxb w¯úªswU‡K `„p Aej¤^‡b Ave× †i‡L w¯úªswU‡K gy³fv‡e
ûKmn Szwj‡q †`qv nq|
2. Gici GKwU wgUvi †¯‥j Gi mvnv‡h¨ w¯úªs Gi Avw` ‣`N¨© ‘x1’ wgUvi wbY©q Kiv nq|
3. Gici wewfbœ gv‡bi †hgb, 0.05kg, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 BZ¨vw`) fvi û‡K Pvwc‡q w¯úªs Gi
•`N¨© x2 wgUvi G cÖmvwiZ Kiv nq|
4. Gici w¯úªs Gi e„w× ev m¤úªmviY, x = x2 – x1 wgUvi wbY©q Kiv nq|
5. me‡k‡l mgxKiY bs (1) Ges (2) Gi mvnv‡h¨ cÖ`Ë w¯úªs Gi wefekw³ U Joule ev N–m wbY©q
Kiv nq|

wPÎ - 01 t ÷¨vÛmn w¯úªs I †¯‥jmn w¯úªs

24
wPÎ- 02 t fi ebvg •`N¨© e„w× (M – x) †jLwPÎ|

25
wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb,

w¯úªs Gi ej aªæeK, k = = w¯úªs Gi ej aªæeK, u = kx2

1g cvV, k1 = 1g cvV, u1 =
= =
2q cvV, k2 = 2q cvV, u2 =
= =
3q cvV, k3 = 3q cvV, u3 =
= =
4_© cvV, k4 = 4_© cvV, u4 =
= =
5g cvV, k5 = 5g cvV, u5 =
= =

Mo cvV, u =
=
=

26
 QK bs - 01 t w¯úªs Gi ej aªæeK (k) Ges wefe kw³ (U) wbY©q|
ch©‡eÿb w¯úªs Gi û‡K fvimn w¯úªs Gi cÖmviY w¯úªs Gi ej w¯úªs Gi Mo
msL¨v cÖv_wgK Szjv‡bv w¯úªs cÖmviY ev ev e„w× aªæeK wefekw³ wefekw³
•`N¨© fvi Gi e„w× Gi k= U = kx2 U
x1 m •`N¨© x = x2 –x1 eM©
Joule ev
x2 x2 Nm–1 Joule
m kg m (m)2
m
01 0.05
02 0.10
03 0.15
04 0.20
05 0.25

djvdjt cÖ`Ë w¯úªs Gi wefekw³ = .......... Joule

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølYt-

cixÿvq, mieivnK…Z mieivnK…Z w¯úªswUi wefekw³, u = ––––– Joule ev N.m A_v©r w¯úªswU‡K
msKzwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z u = ––––– Joule ev N.m ej ev kw³ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| e¨w³MZ Ges
j¤^bÎæywU cwinvi K‡i mZ©KZvi mv‡_ w¯úªs‡qi cÖmvib ev e„w× wbY©q K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß jä wefekw³ ev
w¯wZkw³ u = ––––– Joule ev N.m cÖvq mwVK Ges wbfzj
© | AZtci wb‡Pi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv nq|

mZK©Zv I Av‡jvPbv t
(i) w¯úªswU‡K GKwU ÷¨v‡Ûi Dc‡i `„p fv‡e AvUwK‡q Amn fv‡ii A‡a©‡Ki †ekx fvi w¯úªswU‡Z
Pvcv‡bv DwPZ n‡e bv|
(ii) w¯úªswU hv‡Z bv †`v‡j †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv DwPZ|
(iii) w¯úªs Gi cÖmvib mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv DwPZ|

27
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ - 1 t wK (Experiment) K‡iQ?:

DËit GKwU w¯úªs Gi wefe kw³ wbY©q|
cÖkœ - 2 t wefekw³ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? wefekw³i GKK wK?
DËit wefekw³ ev w¯wZkw³ wZb cÖKvi| h_v-
(i) AwfKlx©q wefekw³|
(ii) w¯wZ¯vcK wefekw³|
(iii) Zwor wefe kw³|
wefe kw³i GKK t Joule (J) ev N–m.
cÖkœ - 3 t w¯úªs Gi wefe kw³ ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËit GKwU w¯úªs‡K Gi ¯^vfvweK Ae¯vb ev AvK…wZi cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ †Kvb Ae¯vb ev AvK…wZ‡Z
cwieZ©b Ki‡j w¯úªs g‡a¨ wKQz cwigvb kw³ mwÂZ nq| GB mwÂZ kw³‡K w¯úªs Gi wefe kw³ ev
potential energy e‡j| G‡K u ev Ep Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK Ryj ev wbDUb wgUvi|
cÖkœ - 4 t wefe kw³ wbY©‡qi m~Î wK? kw³, I KvR ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËit m~Ît wefe kw³, Ep = kx2 GLv‡b k = w¯úªs aªæeK = Ges x = w¯úªs Gi cÖmvib ev
msKyPb|
kw³ t †Kvb e¯‧i KvR Kivi mvg_¨©‡K kw³ e‡j|
KvR t ej I e‡ji w`‡K mi‡bi Dcvs‡ki ¸bdj‡K KvR e‡j| KvR, w = ⃗ . ⃗
cÖkœ - 5 t MwZkw³ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËit ‡Kvb MwZkxj e¯‧ MwZkxj _vKvi Rb¨ KvR Kivi †h mvg_©¨ A_v©r kw³ AR©b K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K
MwZkw³ e‡j| MwZkw³, Ek = mv2 GLv‡b, m = e¯‧i fi
v = MwZ‡eM|
cÖkœ - 6 t kw³ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËit mvaviYZ kw³‡K 9 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
(i) hvwš¿K kw³ (v) ‡P․¤^K kw³
(ii) Zvc kw³ (vi) we`y¨r kw³
(iii) kã kw³ (vii) ivmvqwbK kw³
(iv) Av‡jvK kw³ (viii) wbDwK¬q kw³
(ix) ‡m․i kw³
cÖkœ - 7 t 1kwh = KZ Ryj?
DËi t 1kwh = 3.6  106J.

28
29
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 06
cixÿ‡bi bvg t GKwU w¯úªs‡qi w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©q Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t w¯úªs aªæeK (Spring Constant) t

GKwU w¯úªs‡qi gy³ cÖv‡šÍi GKK miY NUv‡j w¯úªswU mi‡Yi wecixZ w`‡K †h cÖZ¨vqbx ej
(Restoring Force) cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv‡K w¯úªs aªæeK (Spring Constant) e‡j| Gi GKK Nm–1.
GKwU w¯úªs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ †Kvb `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K Szwj‡q Gi gy³ (SzjšÍ) cÖv‡šÍ m f‡ii e¯‧
(evULvov) Szwj‡q w`‡j GwU cÖmvwiZ n‡e| GLb fiwU (e¯‧wU) wb‡Pi w`‡K mvgvb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j
w¯úªs‡qi †`vjb m„wó n‡e|
w¯úª‡qi †`vjb Kvj T n‡j,

T=2 √

ev, =4

ev, K = –––––––– (i), GLv‡b, m = w¯úª‡qi gy³ (SzjšÍ) cÖv‡šÍ cÖhy³ fi (Kg)
†gvU mgq t
T = ‡`vjbKvj = =
‡`vjb msL¨v N
= 3.1414
K = w¯úªs aªæeK (Nm–1)
Dc‡iv³ (i) bs mgxKi‡b e¯‧i fi (m), †`vjb Kvj (T) Gi gvb ewm‡q cÖ`Ë w¯úªs‡qi aªæeK (K) Gi
gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(1) mgfv‡e c¨vuPv‡bv GKwU w¯úªs (Spiral Spring)
(2) GKwU _vgv Nwo (Stop Watch)
(3) GKwU K¬v¤úhy³ ÷¨vÛ
(4) GKwU fiaviK (A_ev ûKhy³ w¯úªs)
(5) K‡qKwU wQ`ªhy³ evULvov (Slotted Scale) BZ¨vw`|
30
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
(i) cÖ_‡g w¯úªswU‡K K¬v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨
cv‡k^© wP‡Îi b¨vq gy³fv‡e Szwj‡q
†`Iqv nj|
(ii) Gici w¯úªs Gi wb‡Pi (gy³) cÖv‡šÍ
m (1g fi) Szwj‡q w¯úªswU w¯i K‡i
mvgvb¨ wb‡Pi w`‡K †U‡b †Q‡o †`Iqv
nj Gi d‡j GwU mij MwZ‡Z
wPÎ bs- 01
¯úw›`iZ n‡Z _vK‡e|
(iii) GKwU Stop Watch Gi mvnv‡h¨ m1 (1g e¯‧i fi) f‡ii e¯‧wUi 10 A_ev 20wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi

Rb¨ †gvU mgq ‘t’ wbY©q K‡i T1 = A_ev T1 = m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i †`vj‡bi ‘T1’ wbY©q Kiv
nj|

(iv) Gici, K = m~‡Î m = m1 Ges T = T1 Gi gvb ewm‡q w¯úªs‡qi aªæeK k1 cvIqv hv‡e|

(v) Gfv‡e K‡qKwU wfbœ wfbœ fi †hgb, m2, m3, m4, m5 Ges m6 G‡`i cÖwZwUi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri aviv
(i), (ii), (iii) Ges (iv) bs c×wZ Abymib K‡i h_vµ‡g, k2, k3, k4, k5 Ges k6 cvIqv hv‡e|

(vi) me‡k‡l Mo cvV, k = Nm–1

m~Îvbymv‡i Mo w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©q Kiv nq|

‡jLwPÎ A¼b t c~Y©c„ôv QK KvMR wb‡q X Aÿ Ges Y Aÿ Ges g~jwe›`y (O) w¯i Kiv nj| Gici X-
Aÿ eivei, fi (m) kg. Ges Y Aÿ eivei, T2(sec2) gvb ewm‡q g~jwe›`yMvgx GKwU †jLwPÎ cvIqv
hv‡e|

‡jLwPÎ †_‡K w¯úªs aªæeK K =

31
 ¯úªxs aªæeK wbY©‡qi MÖvd

wPÎ bs- 02 t •`N¨© e„w× ebvg fi (x – m) †jLwPÎ AsKb

32
ch©‡eÿb (Observation) t
(i) _vgv Nwoi (Stop Watch) ÿz`ªZg 1 Ni = 0.1 sec.

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb,

w¯úªs aªæeK k =

1g cvV, k1 =

2q cvV, k2 =

3q cvV, k3 =

4_© cvV, k4 =

5g cvV, k5 =

6ô cvV, k6 =

Mo w¯úªs aªæeK, k = Nm–1

= ............................... Nm–1

33
 w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©‡q DcvË msM‡ni QK
ch©‡eÿb gy³ cÖv‡šÍ ¯ú›`b msL¨v 10wU c~Y© ch©vqKvj ev mg‡qi eM© w¯úªs aªæeK Mo cvV
msL¨v Szjv‡bv fi N †`vj‡b †gvU †`vjb Kvj T2 Sec2 k= k Nm–1
(m) kg mgq T = sec Nm–1
t sec
01 0.10 10
02 0.15 10
03 0.20 10
04 0.25 10
05 0.30 10
06 0.35 10

djvdj t cÖ`Ë w¯úªs‡qi w¯úªs aªæe‡Ki gvb = ................................ Nm–1

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t
cixÿvq cÖvß w¯úªs‡qi aªæe‡Ki gvb .............. Nm–1 A_v©r cÖwZ wgUv‡i cÖ`Ë w¯úªs‡qi cÖZ¨vqbx ej = .........
N cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †ek Amyweavi m‡¤§vwLb n‡Z nq| †hgb, w¯úªs‡qi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ m fi cÖhy³ K‡i mvgvb¨
wb‡Pi w`‡K †U‡b †Q‡o ‡`Iqv nq| Gici 10wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi †gvU mgq Stop Watch †_‡K wbY©q Ki‡Z nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ f‡ii †ÿ‡Î w¯úªs‡qi mvgvb¨ cÖmvib Ges Stop Watch †_‡K cÖvß †`vjbKvj Gi cvV m¤ú~Y©
ÎæywU gy³ nqwb|

AZGe w¯úªs‡qi wb‡Pi w`‡K mvgvb¨ cÖvmvi‡bi mxgve×Zv Ges Stop Watch ‡_‡K †gvU mgq wbY©©q
AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wb‡q KvR Ki‡j cÖ`Ë w¯úªs‡qi w¯úªs aªæeK cÖvq wbfyj
© n‡e| Gid‡j cixÿvq cÖvß
djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Q‡K ev DcvË †_‡K cÖvß w¯úªs aªæe‡Ki gvb Ges ÔMÖvdÕ †_‡K cÖvß w¯úªs
aªæe‡Ki gvb cÖvq mgvb| GZme Amyweav m‡Ë¡I j¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß w¯úªs aªæe‡Ki gvb
cÖvq mwVK Ges wbfyj
© | AZtci wb‡Pi mZ©K©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv nq|

mZK©Zv I Av‡jvPbvt
(i) w¯úªswU‡K Szjb we›`y‡Z k³fv‡e AvUKv‡bv DwPZ|
(ii) fihy³ Kivi ci w¯úªswU‡K w¯i K‡i Djø¤^ •`N¨© eivei mvgvb¨ wb‡Pi w`‡K †U‡b Av‡¯Í K‡i †Q‡o
†`Iqv DwPZ|
(iii) Stop Watch Gi mvnv‡h¨ 10 wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi mgq (t) m~ÿèfv‡e †`Lv DwPZ|
(iv) fi Pvcv‡bvi mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z w¯wZ¯vcK mxgv AwZµg bv K‡i|
(v) cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z h_vm¤¢e e¨w³MZ ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i wbf~j
© fv‡e cvV †`Lv DwPZ|

34
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv
cÖkœ-1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?
DËit GKwU w¯úªs Gi w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©q|
cÖkœ-2 t w¯úªs aªæeK Kv‡K e‡j? Gi GKK wK?
DËit †Kvb w¯úªs‡qi gy³ cÖv‡šÍi GKK miY NUv‡j w¯úªswU mi‡Yi wecixZw`‡K †h ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv‡K
H w¯úªs‡qi w¯úªs aªæeK e‡j| A_ev †Kvb w¯úªs Gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍi •`N¨© GKK cwigvb e„w× †h cwigvb
cÖZ¨vqbx e‡ji D™¢e nq Zv‡K w¯úªs aªæeK ev ej aªæeK e‡j|
w¯úªs aªæe‡Ki GKK n‡jv t Nm–1.
cÖkœ- 3 t ch©vqKvj ev †`vjbKvj Kv‡K e‡j? Gi GKK wK?
DËit GKwU c~Y© †`vjb m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K chv©qKvj ev †`vjbKvj e‡j| †`vjbKvj

T= = †gvU mgq
‡`vjb msL¨v
‡`vjbKv‡ji GKK n‡jv t †m‡KÛ (s).
cÖkœ- 4 t K¤úv¼ t (Frequency) Kv‡K e‡j? †`vjbKv‡ji mv‡_ K¤úv‡¼i m¤úK© ej|
DËi t K¤úv¼ t (Frequency)t
GKwU K¤úgvb e¯‧ GKK mg‡q hZ¸‡jv c~Y©K¤úb m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K Zvi K¤úv¼ e‡j|
A_v©r hw` †Kvb K¤úgvb Kbv t mg‡q N msL¨K K¤úb m¤úbœ Ki Z‡e Zvi K¤úv¼, f = cs–1 ev Hz
cÖkœ- 5 t we¯Ívi Kv‡K e‡j, A_ev ¯ú›`‡Ki m‡ev©”P mib‡K Gi mvB‡Ki/sec we¯Ívi e‡j?
DËit ¯ú›`bkxj KYv mvg¨ve¯v †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GK w`‡K mev©waK †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K we¯Ívi
e‡j| GK A ev a Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
cÖkœ- 6 t w¯úªs aªæeK wbY©‡q Kvh©Kvix m~Î Kx?
DËit Kvh©Kvix m~Ît
Avgiv Rvwb,

T=2 √

k=
cÖkœ- 7 t m Kbv T2 ‡jLwP‡Îi cÖK…wZ †Kgb n‡e?
DËit gyjwe›`yMwgx mij‡iLv n‡e|

35
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 07
cixÿ‡bi bvg t w¯úªs‡qi mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU e¯‘i f‡ii Zzjbv Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t
e¯‧i g‡a¨ c`v‡_©i †gvU cwigvb‡K e¯‧i fi e‡j| Gi GKK MÖvg, A_ev cvDÛ A_ev wK‡jvMÖvg|
GKwU mgfv‡e †cuPv‡bv w¯úªs‡qi GK cÖvšÍ †Kvb `„p Aej¤^b †_‡K Szwj‡q Gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ m fi cÖhy³
Ki‡j w¯úªswU cÖmvwiZ n‡e| GLb fiwU wb‡Pi w`‡K mvgb¨ †U‡b †Q‡o w`‡j w¯úªs‡q †`vjb m„wó n‡e|

w¯úªs‡qi †`vjbKvj T n‡j, T = 2 √ ........................................................ (1)

GLb k w¯úªs aªæeK|

GLb m1 fi Szjv‡j hw` †`vjbKv‡j T1 Ges m2 fi Szjv‡j hw` †`vjbKvj T2 nq,

Z‡e, T1 = 2 √ ev T12 = ........................................... (2)

Ges, T2 2 √ ev T22 = ........................................... (3)

mgxKib (2) bs †K (3) bs Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,

ev, = ....................................................................................... (4)

cixÿvq †`vjbKvj T1 Ges T2 Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i mgxKiY (4) Gi mvnv‡h¨ m1: m2 A_v©r `yBwU f‡ii
Zzjbv Kiv hvq|

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(1) mgfv‡e c¨vuPv‡bv GKwU w¯úªs (Spiral Spring)
(2) cixÿbxq f‡ii evULvov
(3) Stop Watch
(4) wgUvi †¯‥j hy&³ ÷¨vÛ| BZ¨vw`|

36
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
(i) cÖ_‡g w¯úªswU GK cÖvšÍ GKwU `„p Aej¤^‡b k³fv‡e AvUwK‡q Aci cÖvšÍ gy³fv‡e Szwj‡q †`Iqv
nj|
(ii) Gici (cÖ_g e¯‧) m1 f‡ii e¯‧‡K gy³ cÖv‡šÍ Szwj‡q mvgvb¨ wb‡Pi w`‡K mvg¨ve¯vb †_‡K (5cm – 6cm)
cÖmvwiZ K‡i †U‡b †Q‡o †`Iqv nq| d‡j w¯úªs‡q †`vjb m„wó n‡e|

(iii) Gici, Stop Watch w`‡q 20wU c~Y© †`vj‡bi †gvU mgq (t) wbY©q Kiv nq| Gici T1 =
m~Îv‡bvmv‡i †`vjbKvj ev ch©vqKvj wbY©q Kiv nq|
(iv) GKB fv‡e m1 f‡ii Rb¨ wZbevi cixÿvwU ch©‡eÿb K‡i h_vµ‡g T1, T1 Ges T1 wbY©q K‡i

Mo (T1m = ) ‡`vjbKvj wbY©q Kiv nq|

(v) Gici m1 e¯‧wU w¯úªs‡qi jyK †_‡K Ly‡j m2 f‡ii e¯‧wU mshy³ K‡i (3) Ges (4) c×wZ Abymib
K‡i Mo (T2) †`vjbKvj wbYq Kiv nq|
(vi) cÖ_g e¯‧i f‡ii Rb¨ Mo T1 Ges wØZxq e¯‧i f‡ii Rb¨ Mo T2 wbY©q K‡i (4) bs mgxKiY T1 I
T2 Gi gvb ewm‡q m1 I m2 f‡ii AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|

wPÎ bs- 07 t ÷¨vÛmn w¯úªs Ges w¯‥jmn w¯úªs

37
ch©‡eÿb I mwbœ‡ek (Obsrvation and Manipulation) t
Stop Watch Gi ÿz`ªZg 1 Ni = 0.1sec

wnmve (Calculation) t
cÖ_g e¯‧i fi m1 (kg) Gi Rb¨

(i) T1 = = .................. sec

(ii) T1 = = .................. sec

(iii) T1 = = .................. sec

 Mo †`vjbKvj T1 = = ................ sec

wØZxq e¯‧i fi m2 (kg) Gi Rb¨

(i) T2 = = .................. sec

(ii) T2 = = .................. sec

(iii) T2 = = .................. sec

 Mo †`vjbKvj T2 = = ................ sec

cÖ`Ë f‡ii Zzjbv,

= =

ev, m1 : m2 = T12 : T22 = :1

38
 QK t f‡ii Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨
ch©‡eÿb w¯úªs‡qi 20wU c~Y© †`vjb Kvj Mo †`vjb ‡`vjbKv‡ji f‡ii Zzjbv
msL¨v gy³ cÖv‡šÍ Szjv‡bv †`vj‡bi mgq T= Kvj eM©
=
fi t sec sec T sec T2 Sec2
kg
01
02 m1 T1 = T12 =
03
01
05 m2 T2 = T22 =
06

djvdj t cÖ`Ë f‡ii Zzjbv = m1 : m2 = ––––– : ––––

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cÖ`Ë w¯úªs‡qi mvnv‡h¨ f‡ii Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ MvwYwZK mgxKiY m1 : m2 = T12 : T22 m~Î e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| A_v©r `yBwU f‡ii AbycvZ †`vjbKv‡ji e‡M©i Abycv‡Zi cÖvq mgvb| w¯úªswU‡K my`„p Aej¤^b
†_‡K Szwj‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq fi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ Pvwc‡q Avbv Nwo (Stop Watch) Gi mvnv‡h¨ AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi
mvnv‡h¨ †`vjbKv‡jj gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡j f‡ii Zzjbv m1 : m2 Gi gvb mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|
h_vm¤¢e e¨w³MZ ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i Ges wb¤œ wjwLZ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß m1 : m2 Gi
cÖvq mwVK I wbfzj
© n‡q‡Q|

mZK©Zv t
(i) w¯úªswU gy³fv‡e Szjv‡Z n‡e|
(ii) gy³ cÖv‡šÍ jvMv‡bv m~uPKwU †hb †¯‥j ¯úk© bv K‡i †mw`‡K mZK© _vKv DwPZ|
(iii) ‡`vj‡bi we¯Ívi hv‡Z Lye †ekx bv nq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv DwPZ|
(iv) gy³ cÖv‡šÍ †h IRb Pvcv‡bv n‡e †mwU †hb w¯úªs‡qi w¯wZ¯vcK mxgv AwZµg K‡i bv hvq|
(v) ‡`vjbKvj Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ wbY©q Kiv DwPZ|

39
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ-1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?

DËit w¯úªs Gi mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU e¯‧i f‡ii Zzjbv Kib?
cÖkœ- 2 t fi Kv‡K e‡j? f‡ii GKK wK wK?
DËit e¯‧i g‡a¨ †gvU c`v‡_©i cwigvb‡K fi (m) e‡j|
f‡ii GKK t-
(i) C.G.S c×wZ‡Z  MÖvg (gm)
(ii) F.P.S c×wZ‡Z  cvDÛ (lb)
(iii) M.K.S c×wZ‡Z  wK‡jvMÖvg (kg)
cÖkœ- 3 t ‡m‡KÛ †`vj‡Kii †`vjbKvj KZ?
DËit ‡m‡KÛ ‡`vj‡Ki ‡`vjbKvj 2 sec.
cÖkœ- 4 t mij †`vj‡K m~Î KqwU I wK wK?
DËi t mij †`vj‡Ki m~Î PviwU|
h_vt
(i) cÖ_g m~Î t (mgKvj m~Î)|
(ii) wØZxq m~Î - •`‡N¨©i m~Î|
(iii) Z„Zxq m~Î - Z¡i‡bi m~Î|
(iv) PZz_© m~Î - f‡ii m~Î|
cÖkœ- 5 t w¯úªs Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kb fi wbY©q Ki‡e?

DËit ch©vqKvj, T = 2 √ GLv‡b, m = e¯‧i fi

k = ej aªæeK
T = †`vjbKvj ev ch©vqKvj
cÖkœ- 6 t w¯úªs Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kb fi wbY©q Ki‡e?
DËit w¯úªs GKwU mij †`vjb MwZ m¤úbœ GKwU hš¿|
AZGe mij †`vjb MwZ e¨envi K‡i e¯‧i fi m~ÿfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq|

40
cÖkœ- 7 t mij †`vjb MwZi we¯Ívi m‡ev©”P KZ wWMÖx?
DËit we¯Ívi m‡ev©”P 4 Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb e¯‧‡K †`vj‡Z w`‡j Zv hw` Wv‡b ev‡g ¯^vaxbfv‡e †`vj‡Z cv‡i
Z‡e Zv mij †`vjb MwZ n‡e|
cÖkœ- 8 t †`vjbKvj I AwfKl©R Z¡i‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK?

DËi t T = 2 √ GLv‡b, T = ‡`vjbKvj

L = Kvh©Kix (myZvi) •`N©¨

g = AwfKl©R Z¡ib
= 3.1416

41
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 08
cixÿ‡bi bvg t cošÍ e¯‘i M¨vwjwjIi m~Î hvPvB KiY|

ZË¡ (Theory) t cošÍ e¯‘i m~Îvejx t

cÖ_g m~Ît- k~b¨¯v‡b mKj e¯‧B mgvb `ªæZZvq wb‡P bv‡g| A_v©r GKB D”PZvq w¯i Ae¯vb †_‡K webv
evavq wewfbœ AvKv‡ii mKj cošÍ e¯‧ mgvb mg‡q mgvb `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i|

wØZxq m~Î t w¯i Ae¯vb n‡Z webv evavq, cošÍ †Kv‡bv e¯‧i wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖv߇eM H mg‡qi mgvbycvwZK|
†Kv‡bv cošÍ e¯‧ t mg‡q v †eMg cÖvß n‡j †jLv hvq, v  t

 = aªæeK|

hw` hvÎv ïiæi ci †Kv‡bv cošÍ e¯‧ t1, t2, t3, t4 Ges t5 mg‡q v1, v2, v3, v4 Ges v5 BZ¨vw` †eM cÖvß
nq, Z‡e-
m~Îvbymv‡i, = = = = = aªæeK (Constant)

Z…Zxq m~Ît w¯i Ae¯vb n‡Z webv evavq cošÍ †Kv‡bv e¯‧i wbw`©ó mg‡q AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ H mg‡qi e‡M©i
mgvbycvwZK|
‡Kv‡bv cošÍ e¯‧ t mg‡q h D”PZv AwZµg Ki‡j †jLv hvq t
h  t2

 = aªæeK (Constant).

hw` hvÎv ïiæi ci †Kv‡bv cošÍ e¯‧ t1, t2, t3, t4 Ges t5 BZ¨vw` mg‡q h_vµ‡g h1, h2, h3, h4 Ges h5
BZ¨vw` `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Z‡e m~Îvbymv‡i,

= = = = aªæeK (Constant)

AvbZ Zj w`‡q Mwo‡q cov e¯‧i AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ ‘s’ H mg‡q AwZµvšÍ Dj¤^ D”PZv h Gi mgvbycvwZK|
A_v©r s  h

AZGe, = = = = = aªæeK (Constant)

42
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. GKwU AvbZ gm„Y Zj
2. GKwU wgUvi †¯‥j
3. GKwU Stop Watch
4. wewfbœ AvKv‡ii K‡qKwU gv‡e©j BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ bs- 01 t AvbZ Zj

43
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
(1) Kv‡Vi cvUvZbwUi GK cÖvšÍ mgZ‡j w¯i †i‡L Ab¨ cÖvšÍ (40–60) cm DuPz K‡i GKwU A¨vs‡Mj
(Angle) •Zix Kiv nj|
(2) cÖvq 200 cm †_‡K 250 cm `xN© cvUvZ‡bi DuPz cÖv‡šÍ wewfbœ AvK…wZi gv‡e©j †Q‡o 1g gv‡e©j, 2q
gv‡e©j, 3q gv‡e©j cici †Q‡o QK b¤^i-1 Gi Rb¨ Stop Watch mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvjy Kiv nq|
AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ch©‡eÿb Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, m¤úY© cvUvZbwU AwZKg Ki‡Z wewfbœ
AvK…wZi gv‡e©j wZbwUi cÖvq GKB mgq †j‡M‡Q| AZGe cošÍ e¯‧i M¨vwjwjIi cÖ_g m~Î cÖgvbxZ
nj|
(3) wØZxq m~Î cÖgvbt
(i) Kv‡Vi cvUvZ‡bi DuPz cÖvšÍ †_‡K 40 cm `~iZ¡ w¯i Kiv nj| GLb DuPz cÖvšÍ n‡Z GKwU
gv‡e©j‡K †Q‡o w`evi mv‡_ mv‡_ Stop Watch Pvjy K‡i mZK©Zvi mv‡_ mgq wbY©q Kiv
nj| Gfv‡e s1 = 50 `~i‡Z¡i Rb¨ wZb (03) evi ch©‡eÿb Kiv nj Ges QK bs-02 Gi
01 bs ch©‡eÿ‡b gvb¸‡jv †j‡L Mo mgq wbY©q Kiv nj| Gici gv‡e©‡ji `ªæwZ V1 =

wbY©q Kiv nj| AZ:ci cÖ_g AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv nj Ges AbycvZ cms–1 Kjv‡g

†jLv nj|
(ii) Dc‡iv³ c×wZwU Abymib K‡i, s2 = 80cm `~i‡Z¡i Rb¨ cici wZbevi mgq †ei K‡i
Mo t2 wbY©q K‡i v2 = †ei K‡i AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv nq| GKB fv‡e, s3 = 120

cm `~i‡Z¡i Rb¨ cici wbZevi mgq †ei K‡i Mo t3 wbY©q K‡i v3 = †ei K‡i

AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv nq|

GKBfv‡e s4 = 160cm `~i‡Z¡i Rb¨ cici wZbevi mgq wbY©q K‡i Mo mgq t4 ‡ei K‡i
v4 = wbY©q K‡i AbycvZ †ei Kiv nq|

GKBfv‡e s5 = 185cm `~i‡Z¡i Rb¨ cici wZbevi mgq wbY©q K‡i Mo mgq t5 †ei K‡i
v5 = wbY©q K‡i AbycvZ †ei Kiv hw` = = = = cÖvq GKB gvb

(aªæegvb) cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j cošÍ e¯‧i M¨vwjwjIi wØZxq m~Î cÖgvbxZ nq|

44
‡jLwPÎ t †eM ebvg mgq (v – t) †jLwPÎ t
QK KvM‡R X Aÿ Y Aÿ Ges g~jwe›`y ‘O’ w¯i Kiv nj 1 GLb x A‡ÿi w`‡K ÿz`ª `yB eM©Ni = 0.1
sec A_v©r 2 Ni 0.1 sec Ges Y A‡ÿi w`‡K ÿz`ª 1 eM©Ni 2cms–1 A_v©r 1 Ni 2cms–1 a‡i QK b
(2) †_‡K Mo mgq (t) Ges †eM v Gi gvb¸‡jv QK KvM‡R ewm‡q †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡j Zv g~jwe›`yMvgx
mij‡iLv cvIqv hvq| AZGe cošÍ e¯‧i M¨vwjwjIi 2q m~Î cÖgvbxZ nj|

(4) Z…_xq m~Î cÖgvb t (QK bs - 03) t

QK bs (02) nB‡Z AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ (s) Ges AwZµvšÍ Mo mgq (t) Gi gvb QK bs (03) G ¯vcb K‡i
cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î mg‡qi eM©‡ei Kiv nj| GLb cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡‡K (s) AwZµvšÍ mg‡qi eM© w`‡q fvM
Ki‡j cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î Gi AbycvZ cÖvqB GKB cvIqv hvq|

A_v©r, = = = = = cÖvq GKB gvb (aªæegvb) cvIqv hvq| AZGe cošÍ e¯‧i

M¨vwjwjIi Z…Zxq m~Î cÖgvbxZ nj|

‡jLwPÎ A¼b t `~iZ¡ ebvg mg‡qi eM© (s – t2) †bjwPÎ t

QK KvM‡R, X Aÿ Y Ges g~jwe›`y ‘O’ w¯i Kiv nj| Gici X A‡ÿi w`‡K cÖwZ ÿz`ª eM©Ni = 0.1
sec2 A_v©r 1 Ni = 0.1 sec2 ev 10 Ni 5cm Ges Y A‡ÿi w`‡K cÖwZ ÿz`ª eM© = 5 cm A_v©r 1 Ni
= 5cm ev 10 Ni 50 cm a‡i (03) bs Q‡Ki AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ Ges mg‡qi eM~ gvb¸‡jv ewm‡q †jLwPÎ
A¼b Ki‡j Zv g~jwe›`yMvgx GKwU mij‡iLv cvIqv hvq| AZGe cošÍ e¯‧i M¨vwjwjIi Z…Zxq m~Î
cÖgvbxZ nj|

45
wPÎ bs - 02

46
wPÎ bs - 03

47
ch©‡eÿb I mwbœ‡ek (Obsrvation and Manipulation) t
(1) Stop Watch Gi ÿz`ªZg 1 Ni = 0.1sec
(2) Lvov ¯Í‡¤^i D”PZv = ....... cm

wnmve (Calculation) t
cÖ_g m~‡Îi Rb¨ t (i) cÖ_g gv‡e©j cZ‡bi mgq, t1 = ........ sec.
(ii) wØZxq gv‡e©j cZ‡bi mgq, t1 = ......... sec.
(iii) Z…Zxq gv‡e©j cZ‡bi mgq, t1 = ......... sec.
QK bs- 02 t wØZxq m~Î hvPvB‡qi Rb¨
(i) 1g cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(ii) 2q cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(iii) 3q cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(iv) 4_© cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(v) 5g cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

QK bs- 03 t Z…Zxq m~Î hvPvB‡qi Rb¨

(i) 1g cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(ii) 2q cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(iii) 3q cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(iv) 4_© cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

(v) 5g cv‡Vi AbycvZ = = .................. cms–2

48
cixÿvjã DcvË t-
QK bs - 01 t cÖ_g m~Î hvPvB‡qi QK t
wewfbœ AvK…wZi gv‡e©j GKB `~iZ¡ (s) cm gv‡e©j Mwo‡q covi mgq (t) cm
cÖ_g gv‡e©j t1 =
wØZxq gv‡e©j t2 =
Z…Zxq gv‡e©j t3 =

QK bs- 02 t wØZxq m~Î hvPvB‡qi QK t

cvV AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ AwZµvšÍ mgq Mo mgq gv‡e©‡ji `ªæZx AbycvZ
msL¨v s cm t sec t sec v = sec cms–2

01 s1 = 40

02
s2 = 80

03
s3 = 120

01 s4 = 160

05
s5 = 185

QK bs- 03 t Z…Zxq m~Î hvPvB‡qi QKt

cvV AwZµvšÍ `~iZ¡ AwZµvšÍ mgq Mo mgq eM© AbycvZ
msL¨v s cm t sec (Mo mgq) (t2) sec2 cms–2
01 s1 = 40 t1 = t12 =
02 s2 = 80 t2 = t22 =
03 s3 = 120 t3 = t32 =
04 s4 = 160 t4 = t42 =
05 s5 = 185 t5 = t52 =

49
djvdj t QK bs- 01 n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, wewfbœ AvK…wZi wZbwU gv‡e©j .............. •`‡N¨©i Kv‡Vi
cvUvZb‡K cÖvq GKB mg‡q AwZµg K‡i A_v©r gv‡e©j wZbwU mgvb mg‡q mgvb `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i|
myZivs cošÍ e¯‧i cÖ_g m~Î cÖgvwbZ n‡jv|
QK bs- 02 n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZ †ÿ‡Î v Ges t AbycvZ aªæeK (cÖvq)| A_v©r v  t nq Ges †h‡nZz

†eM ebvg mgq (v – t) Gi †jLwPÎ g~jwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLv nq| myZivs cošÍ e¯‧i wØZxq m~Î cÖgvwYZ
n‡jv|
Ges QK bs- 03 n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î s Ges t2 Gi AbycvZ aªæeK (cÖvq) A_v©r s  t2 nq

Ges †h‡nZz `~iZ¡ ebvg mg‡q eM© (s – t2) Gi †jLwPÎ g~jwe›`yMvgx mij‡iLv nq| myZivs cošÍ e¯‧i
Z…Zxq m~Î cÖgvwbZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿbwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cÖ_‡gB †njv‡bv Z‡ji A_v©r Kv‡Vi cvUvZ‡bi •`N©¨ mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| Gici †njv‡bv Zj †hb gm„b nq Ges Dj¤^ fv‡e fvov LvuR KvUv ¯Í‡¤¢i Dci mwVKfv‡e emv‡bv
_v‡K †m w`‡K Aek¨B jÿ¨ ivLv nq| GQvov AvbZ Z‡ji Nl©b RwbZ evavi Kvi‡b cixÿv jä djvd‡j
mvgvb¨ ÎæwU _vK‡Z cv‡i| AZtci e¨w³MZ ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i Ges Stop Watch Gi gvb m~ÿèfv‡e
wbY©q K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß djvd‡j cÖZxqgvb nq †h, cošÍ e¯‧i M¨vwjwjIi m~Îvejxi h_v_© fv‡eB cÖgvbwZ
n‡q‡Q| me‡k‡l wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡jv|

mZK©Zv t
(i) Kv‡Vi cvUvZ‡bi P¨v‡bj fvjfv‡e gm„b _vK‡Z n‡e|
(ii) Stop Watch Pvjv‡bv Ges eÜ Kivi mgq we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|
(iii) Avj‡Zvfv‡e gv‡e©j Qvov DwPZ|
(iv) Stop Watch Aek¨B my‡e`x nIqv DwPZ|
(v) cÖwZwU gv‡e©j Z‡jj kx‡l© GKB we›`y n‡Z Qvov‡Z n‡e|
(vi) cixÿbxq ¯v‡b evZv‡mi evav hv‡Z gv‡e©j cZ‡bi evavi m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z
n‡e|

50
51
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ-1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?

DËit cošÍ e¯‧i M¨vwjwjIi m~Îejx hvPvB Kib|
cÖkœ- 2 t M¨vwjwjIi cošÍ e¯‧i m~Î KqwU I wK wK?
DËit cošÍ e¯‧i m~Î wZbwU t-
(i) k~b¨¯v‡b mKj e¯‧B mgvb `ªæZZvq wb‡Pi w`‡K bv‡g|
(ii) ‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q e¯‧ †h †eM jvf K‡i Zv H mg‡qi mgvbycvwZK nq|
(iii) ‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q e¯‧ †h `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv H mg‡qi e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK|
cÖkœ- 3 t M¨vwjwjIi m~θ‡jv †Kvb †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨?
DËit GB m~θ‡jv †Kej gvÎ w¯i Ae¯vb †_‡K webv evavq cošÍ e¯‧i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
cÖkœ- 4 t gnvKl© wK?
DËi t gnvwe‡k^i †h †Kv‡bv `ywU e¯‧i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úvwiK AvKl©b ej‡K gnvKl© e‡j|
cÖkœ- 5 t gnvKlx©q aªæeK I AwfKl©R Z¡i‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wjL|

DËit m¤úK© t g = G = gnvKlx©q aªæeK

M = c„w_exi fi
R = c„w_exi e¨vmva©|

cÖkœ- 6 t AwfKl©R Z¡ib Kv‡K e‡j?

DËit AwfKl© e‡ji cÖfv‡e f~-c„‡ô gy³fv‡e cošÍ †Kv‡bv e¯‧i †eM e„w×i nvi‡K AwfKl©R Z¡ib e‡j|
cÖkœ- 7 t e¯‧i fi I IR‡bi g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK?
DËit w = mg GLv‡b w = e¯‧i IRb, m = e¯‧i fi g AwfKl©R Z¡ib = 9.8 ms–2.

52
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs- 09
cixÿ‡bi bvg t fvwb©qvi c×wZ‡Z GKwU Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Bqs Gi ¸bv¼ wbY©q|

ZË¡ (Theory) t
w¯wZ¯vcK mxgvi g‡a¨ †Kvb e¯‧i •`N©¨ cxob Ges ‣`N©¨ weK…wZi AbycvZ GKwU aªæe msL¨v| GB aªæe
msL¨v‡K Bqs Gi ¸bv¼ e‡j| Bqs Gi ¸bv‡¼i GKK N.m–2 Ges cÖZxK ‘Y’|

aiv hvK, GKwU cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Avw` •`N¨© L Ges e¨vmva© r| ZviwU‡K GKwU `„p Aej¤^b n‡Z Szwj‡q
Gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ m fi cÖ‡qvM Kivi d‡j ‘l’ cwigvb •`N¨© e„w× †cj| GLv‡b AwfKl©R Z¡ib ‘g’ Zv‡ii
gy³ cÖv‡šÍ cÖhy³ ej; F = mg Ges Zv‡ii cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i †ÿ‡Îdj A = r2.
AZGe Avgiv cvB,

‣`N¨© cxob =

‣`N¨© weK…wZ =

 Bqs Gi ¸bv¼ = •`N¨© cxob

‣`N¨© weK…wZ
ev, Y =

Kvh©Kix m~Î t Y = Nm–2

53
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(i) fvwb©qvi hš¿

(ii) evULvov ev fvi ( kg IR‡bi cv_i)

(iii) ¯…z-MR
(iv) wgUvi †¯‥j BZ¨vw`|

Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t

(1) cixÿbxq Zv‡i •`N¨© ‘L’ wbY©q t cv‡k^© wPÎ nB‡Z cixÿbxq
Zv‡ii •`N¨© AC Gi A we›`y †_‡K C we›`y ch©šÍ GKwU wgUvi
†¯‥‡ji mvnv‡h¨ gvcv n‡j GwU Zv‡ii Avw` •`N¨© ‘L’ cm|
(2) cixÿbxq Zv‡ii cÖ¯’‡”Q‡`i e¨vmva© ‘r’ wbY©q t GKwU ¯…z-M‡Ri
mvnv‡h¨ AC cixÿbxq Zv‡ii wewfbœ ¯v‡b e¨vm †g‡c Mo e¨vm
wbY©q Kiv nq| Gici Mo e¨vm‡K 2 Øviv fvM K‡i Zv‡ii
e¨vmva© ‘r’ GK‡K wbY©q Kiv nq|
(3) Amnvfvi wbY©qt
cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Dcv`vb †R‡b wb‡q D³ Zv‡ii Amncxob‡K
Zv‡ii cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj r2 w`‡q ¸b K‡i cixÿbxq Zv‡ii
Amnf‡i wbY©q Kiv nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h cixÿ‡b Amnfv‡ii wPÎ bs-01
A‡a©K ch©šÍ fvi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| fvwb©qvi †¯‥jmn fvwb©qvi
hš¿
(4) Zv‡ii •`N¨© e„w× ‘l’ wbY©q t
fvwb©qvi h‡š¿i bx‡P û‡K g„Z IRb (Dead Load) Szwj‡q cÖavb †¯‥j w`‡q fvwb©qvi †¯‥‡ji mgš^q
Kiv nq| wgUvi †¯‥j w`‡q Zv‡ii Avw` ‣`N¨© ‘L’ Ges ¯…z-MR w`‡q cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i e¨vmva© ‘r’ wbY©q Kiv
nj| Gici AC Zv‡ii (fvwb©qvi ‡¯‥‡ji) wb¤œcÖv‡šÍ fvi Avav‡i †Kvb IRb bv Szwj‡q cÖavb †¯‥j

(S) Ges fvwb©qvi †¯‥j cvV (N) †bqv nq| Gici fvi Avav‡i kg fi Pvwc‡q Avevi cÖavb †¯‥j

(S) Ges fvwb©qvi †¯‥j cvV (N) †bqv nq|

54
 GLb, l1 = S + N  V.C – (±e) m~Î e¨envi K‡i cÖwZevi kg fvi ch©vqµ‡g evwo‡q wfbœ wfbœ

fv‡ii Rb¨ cÖmvib l1 wbY©q Kiv nq| Avevi fvi Kgv‡bvi mgq Abyiƒ‡c Zv‡ii ms‡KvPb l2 wbY©q

K‡i Zv‡ii Mo cÖmvib •`N¨© l = wbY©q Kiv nq|

(5) GKwU QK KvM‡R X Aÿ Y Aÿ Ges g~jwe›`y w¯i K‡i X A‡ÿi w`‡K fvi m (gm) Ges Y
A‡ÿi w`‡K •`N¨© e„w× l (cm) wb‡q †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡j g~jwe›`yMvgx GKwU mij‡iLv n‡e|

wPÎ bs- 02

55
DcvË I mwbœ‡ek t
(i) jwNó ¸bb wbY©q t
‣iwLK †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ª 1 fv‡Mi gvb = [Link] = 0.1 cm
e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v, N = 100
h‡š¿i cxP (Pitch) = 0.1 cm

 jwNó ¸bb, L.C. = cxP

e„ËvKvi †¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v
= cm
= 0.001 cm
(ii) fvwb©qvi aªæe wbY©q t
cÖavb †¯‥‡ji ÿz`ª 1 fv‡Mi gvb, S = 1 mm = 0.1 cm
fvwb©qvi ‡¯‥‡ji †gvU fvM msL¨v, N = 10
 fvwb©qvi aªæe, V.C =

=
= 0.01 cm

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
MÖvd †_‡K,
Bqs Gi ¸bv¼, Y =
fi m = ...... gm
= ...................... dyne/cm2 ‣`N¨© e„w×, l = ...... cm
= ...................... N/m2 Zv‡ii Avw` •`N¨©, L = ..... cm
Zv‡ii e¨vmva©, r = ...... cm
AwfKl©R Z¡ib, g = 980 m/sec2
= 3.1416
we know,
1N/m2 = 10 dyne/cm2

cªK…Z gvb  cÖvß gvb

kZKvi fz‡ji nvi =  100%
cªK…Z gvb

[wet `ªt- B¯úvZ, †jvnv Ges wb‡Kj, c`v_©¸‡jvi Bqs Gi ¸bv¼ GKB| Zv nj, Y = 2  1011 Nm–2.
= cÖK…Z gvb]

56
 QK bs - 01 t cixÿbxq Zv‡ii e¨vmva© r wbY©q
ch©‡eÿb ‣iwLK e„ËvKvi jwNô AvcvZZ Mo e¨vm hvwš¿K cÖK…Z e¨vmva©
msL¨v †¯‥j cvV †¯‥j cvV ¸bb †gvU e¨vm, D cm ÎæywU e¨vm r=
L N L.C D = ±e D = D- cm
cm L+NL.C cm (±e)
cm cm
1 0.001
2 0.001
3 0.001

QK bs- 02 t cixÿbxq Zv‡ii •`N¨© ‘l’ wbY©qt

ch©‡eÿb fvi fvi evov‡bvi mgq cvV fvi Kgv‡bvi mgq cvV ‣`N¨©
msL¨v Avav‡i cÖavb fvwb©qvi fvwb©qv ‡gvU cÖavb fvwb©qvi fvwbqvi e„w×
Szjv‡bv ‡¯‥j †¯‥j i aªæe cvV †¯‥j †¯‥j aªæe

‡gvU cvV = M + N  v.c-(±e)

ms‡KvP‡bi mgq cvV l2 cm

fi cvV cvV cvV cvV l=
M+Nv.c-(±e)

cÖmvib l1 cm

m M N v.c v.c
N
kg cm M
cm cm cm
cm
cm cm

1 0
2 0.5
3 1.0
4 1.5
5 2.0
6 2.5
7 3.0

djvdj t cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Bqs Gi ¸bv¼, Y = ...... N/m2

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq cÖvß Bqs Gi ¸bv¼, Y = ...... N/m2 wKš‧ ZviwUi Dcv`v‡bi Bqs Gi ¸bv¼, Y = 2  1011 Nm–2
A_v©r cixÿvq cÖvß gvb cÖK…Z gv‡bi kZKiv .... % ÎæwUhy³| Gi cÖavb Kvib¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kÿ ZvcgvÎv,
ZviwU m¤ú~Y© mg-e¨vmva© wKbv Ges QK KvM‡R e‡M©i evû¸‡jv mgvbfv‡e wQj bv hvi d‡j MÖvd †_‡K †h cvV †bqv
n‡q‡Q Zv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e ÎæywUgy³ wQj bv| GZme mgm¨v m‡Ë¡I j¤^b ÎæywU cwinvi K‡i cixÿvq †h gvb cvIqv †M‡Q
Zv †gvUv‡gvwUfv‡e wbfz©j Ges mwVK|

57
mZK©Zv t
(i) Zvi `ywU GKB Dcv`v‡bi nIqv DwPZ|
(ii) e¨vmva© wbY©q Kivi mgq cixÿbxq Zv‡i ci¯úi jw¤^Kfv‡e cvV †bqv DwPZ|
(iii) cixÿbxq Zvi‡K w¯wZ¯vcK mxgvi g‡a¨ ivLv DwPZ|
(iv) Zv‡ii Amnfvi †ei Kiv ev Rvbv DwPZ|
(v) cixÿvi mgq Kÿ ZvcgvÎv GKB _vKv DwPZ|

g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv

fvBfv

cÖkœ-1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?

DËit fvwb©qvi c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ii Dc`v‡bi Bqs Gi ¸Yv¼ wbY©q Kib|
cÖkœ- 2 t Working formula wK?
DËit Y = N/m2
cÖkœ- 3 t û‡Ki m~Î wK?
DËit w¯wZ¯vcK mxgvi g‡a¨ cxob Ges weK…wZ ci¯úi mgvbycvwZK|
cÖkœ- 4 t w¯wZ¯vcK ¸Yv¼ KZ cÖKvi Ges wK wK?
DËi t w¯wZ¯vcK ¸Yv¼ Pvi cÖKvi, h_v-
i) Bqs ¸Yv¼, Y= ‣`N¨© cxob
‣`N¨© weK…wZ
ii) AvqZb ¸Yv¼, k= AvqZb cxob
AvqZb weK…wZ
iii) K…šbÍ ¸Yv¼, n= K…šbÍ cxob
K…šbÍ weK…wZ
iv) cqm‡bi AbycvZ, = cvk^© weK…wZ
‣`N¨© weK…wZ

cÖkœ- 5 t Amnfvi ej‡Z wK eyS?

DËit ‡h mev©waK fv‡i Zvi wQ‡o hvq, Zv‡K Amnfvi e‡j|

58
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 10
cixÿ‡bi bvg t e‡q‡ji h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ e‡q‡ji m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv cÖgvY|

ZË¡ (Theory) t e‡q‡ji m~Î t ZvcgvÎv w¯i _vK‡j †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb Gi Dci cÖhy³
Pv‡ci e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK| A_v©r ZvcgvÎv w¯i _vK‡j wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb Ges Pv‡ci ¸bdj GKwU
aªæe msL¨v|
wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kv‡bv M¨v‡mi AvqZb hw` v Ges Pvc p nq, Zvn‡j e‡q‡ji m~Îvbymv‡i,-

V

ev, P  V = K. ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (1)

GLv‡b, k GKwU mvgbycvwZK aªæeK k Gi gvb M¨v‡mi fi, ZvcgvÎv I GK‡Ki c×wZi Dci
wbf©i K‡i|
GB cixÿ‡b M¨v‡mi AvqZb Ges Pvc mivmwi gvc‡Z cviv hvq bv wKš‧ G‡`i mgvbycvwZK ivwk gvcv
hvq|
‡hgb Pvc wbf©i K‡i cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv Ges Pvcgvb (Barometre) h‡š¿i D”PZvi Dci, A_v©r p  h
Ges AvqZb (v) wbf©i K‡i Ave× b‡ji wfZ‡i k~b¨ RvqMvi •`‡N¨©i Dci, A_v©r v  l.
myZivs
mgxKiY (1) bs nB‡Z cvB,
P V = h  l = k
h  l = k –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (2)
GLb, e‡q‡ji hš¿ e¨envi K‡i †gvU Pvc h Ges AvqZb (l) wbY©q K‡i (2) bs mgxKi‡b ewm‡q e‡q‡ji
m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv cÖgvb Kiv hvq|

59
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(1) e‡q‡ji hš¿
(2) Pvcgvb hš¿ (Barometre)
(3) cvi`
(4) ‡j‡fwjs †¯‥j
(5) wgUvi †¯‥j BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ bs - 01

60
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
cixÿvwU wZbwU av‡c m¤úbœ Kiv nq, h_v-
A. evqygÛjxq Pv‡c
B. evqygÛjxq Pvc A‡cÿv AwaK Pv‡c
C. evqygÛjxq Pvc A‡cÿv Kg Pv‡c|
(A) evqygÛjxq Pv‡ct
(i) cixÿvi ïiæ‡ZB e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ evqygÛjxq Pvc p wbY©q Kiv nq|
(ii) Gici CD bj‡K (‡Lvjv bj) DVv-bvgv Kwi‡q Ggb D”PZvq Avbv nq †hb Dfq b‡ji cvi`
¯Í‡¤¢i D”PZv GKB _v‡K| G Ae¯vq AB b‡ji Ave× evqyiPvc evqygÛjxq Pv‡ci mgvb n‡e|
A_v©r AB b‡ji cvi` Z‡j cvV y cm Ges CD b‡ji cvi` Z‡ji cvV z cm mgvb n‡e| 
`yB b‡ji cvi` Z‡ji cv‡Vi e¨eavb = z – y cm.
(iii) wgUvi‡¯‥j n‡Z AB b‡ji DcwiZ‡ji cvV (x cm) Ges AB b‡ji cvi` Z‡ji cvV (y cm)
†bIqv nq| D³ `yB cv‡Vi cv_©K¨ (x – y) cm n‡Z Ave× evqy¯‡Í ¤¢i •`N¨© l cm (AvqZb vcm3)
wbY©q Kiv nq|
GLb AB b‡ji Ave× evqyi †gvU Pvc h = p + (z – y) cm Ges evqy¯Í‡¤¢i •`N¨© l = (x – y) cm †ei
K‡i h  l Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|

B. evqygÛ‡ji Pvc A‡cÿv AwaK Pv‡ci Rb¨t

G Ae¯vq CD (‡Lvjv bj) bj‡K Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Dc‡i †Zvjv nq| CD b‡ji (‡Lvjv bj) cvi`
¯Í¤¢ AB b‡ji ¯Í¤¢ n‡Z DuPz‡Z _vK‡e Ges AB b‡ji (Ave× bj) Ave× evqyi Pvc evqygÛ‡ji Pvc
A‡cÿv †ewk n‡e| Dfq b‡ji cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i cvV †bqv nq| Ges Zv‡`i cv_©K¨ z – y cm wbY©q Kiv nq|
GLb AB b‡ji (Ave× b‡ji) †gvU evqyiPvc h = p + (z – y) cm Ges AB b‡ji (Ave× b‡ji)
Ave× evqyi •`N¨© l = x – y cm GLb, h  l wbY©q Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e CD bj (‡Lvjv bj) µgvMZ Dc‡i DwV‡q AviI `yBevi (A_ev 5/6 evi) cvV †bIqv nq Ges
cÖwZev‡iB Ave× evqyi †gvU Pvc Ges Ave× evqy¯‡Í ¤¢i (h  l) ¸bdj †ei Kiv nq|

61
(C) evqygÛ‡ji Pvc A‡cÿv Kg Pv‡ct
GLb CD bj‡K (‡Lvjv bj) wb‡P bvgv‡bv nq GKgb RvqMvq ivLv nq hv‡Z AB (Ave×) b‡ji cvi`
¯Í¤¢ CD (‡Lvjv) b‡ji cvi` ¯Í¤¢ n‡Z DuPz‡Z _v‡K| GB Ae¯vq AB (Ave×) b‡ji Ave× evqyiPvc,
evqygÛ‡ji Pvc A‡cÿv Kg n‡e|
Dfq b‡jj cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i cvV †bIqi nq Ges Zv‡`i cv_©K¨ (z – y) cm †ei Kiv nq| GLb
AB (Ave×) b‡ji Ave× evqyi †gvU Pvc h = p + (z – y) Ges Ave× evqy¯Í‡¤¢i ‣`N¨© l = x – y cm
wbb©q K‡i h  l wbY©q Kiv nq|
GLv‡b cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i cv_©K¨ = z – y gvb FYvZ¥K n‡e Ges Zv evqygÛjxq Pvc †_‡K we‡qvM n‡e|
GKB fv‡e CD (‡Lvjv) bj‡K µgvMZ wb‡P bvwg‡q AviI `yBevi (A_ev 5/6 evi) cvV †bIqv
nq Ges cÖwZeviB h  l Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|

MÖvd t P ebvg V †jLwPÎ (AvqZvi cive„Ë n‡e) t

QK KvM‡R X Aÿ, Y Aÿ Ges g„j we›`y ‘O’ w¯i Kiv nq| X Aÿ eivei AvqZb V Ave× evqy¯Í‡¤¢i
•`N¨© l Ges Y Aÿ eivei †gvU Pvc h Z_v p wb‡q †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡j Zv GKwU AvqZKvi cive„Ë
n‡e| AZGe e‡q‡ji m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv cÖgvbxZ nj|

62
wPÎ bs - 02

63
wnmve (Calculation) t
(i) evqygÛjxq Pv‡ci †ÿ‡Î, GLv‡b, p = evqygÛjxq Pvc
p  v = h  l = ......  ...... = h = me©‡gvU Pvc

(ii) evqygÛjxq Pvc A‡c‡ÿv AwaK Pv‡ci †ÿ‡Î, (h > p)

1g cvV, h1  l1 = ......  ...... =
2q cvV, h2  l2 = ......  ...... =
3q cvV, h3  l3 = ......  ...... =
(iii) evqygÛjxq Pvc A‡c‡ÿv Kg Pv‡ci †ÿ‡Î, (h < p)
1g cvV, h1  l1 = ......  ...... =
2q cvV, h2  l2 = ......  ...... =
3q cvV, h3  l3 = ......  ...... =

64
ch©‡eÿb ev mwbœ‡ek (observation and Manupulation) t-
(i) cixÿvK‡j Kÿ ZvcgvÎv, tC = ... C
(ii) evqygÛjxq Pvc, p = ..... cm (Barometer †_‡K wb‡Z n‡e)
(iii) AB (e× ev Ave× bj) Gi DcwiZ‡jj cvV, x = ..... cm

e‡q‡ji m~Î hvPvB‡qi QK t

Pv‡ci ch©‡eÿb (AB bj) (CD bj) `yB cvi` me©‡gvU AvqZb aªæeK gšÍe¨
ch©vq msL¨v eÜ/Ave× †Lvjv b‡ji Z‡ji cv‡Vi Pvc v
b‡ji cvi‡`i cvi‡`i cv_©K¨ ev A_ev Ave× k=
DcwiZ‡ji DcwiZ‡ji e¨eavb evqy¯Í‡¤¢i hl
cvV cvV z–y h=p+ •`N¨©
y z cm cm (z–y) l=x–y
cm cm cm
evqygÛjxq cÖwZ †ÿ‡Î
Pv‡ci k Gi gvb
01.
†ÿ‡Î cÖvq GKB
AZGe
evqygÛjxq e‡q‡ji m~Î
Pvc 01. hvPvB nj|
A‡cÿv
AwaK 02.
Pv‡ci
†ÿ‡Î 03.
(h>p)
evqygÛjxq
Pvc 01.
A‡cÿv
Kg Pv‡ci
02.
†ÿ‡Î
(h<p) 03.

djvdj t ‡h‡nZz cÖwZ ch©v‡q h  l = k Gi gvb cÖvq GKB cvIqv hvq; AZGe e‡q‡ji m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv
cÖgvbxZ nj| Avevi p ebvg v A_v©r h ebvg l †jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i †`Lv hvq †h, Zv GKwU AvqZKvi
cive„Ë cvIqv hvq Ges cÖgvb K‡i p  v = k (aªæeK)| AZGe e‡q‡ji m~Î cÖgvwbZ n‡j|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq cÖvß †gvU Pvc Ges AvqZb wbY©q K‡i p  v = h  l = k (aªæeK) Gi gvb¸‡jv cÖvq GKB
cvIqv hvq| Avevi p ebvg v †jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i GKwU AvqZKvi cive„Ë cvIqv hvq hvnv e‡q‡ji m~Î
cÖgv‡bi †ÿ‡Î h‡_ó| GZm‡Ë¡I wb‡¤œ wjwLZ mZK©Zv ¸‡jv †Lqvj †i‡L cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡j e‡q‡ji
m~Î cÖgvb cÖvq ÎæywUgy&KZ n‡e|
65
mZK©Zv t
(i) Kÿ ZvcgvÎv Aek¨B w¯i ivLv DwPZ|
(ii) bj `yBwU cy‡ivcywi Lvov ivLv DwPZ|
(iii) `„wóåg Gwo‡q cvV †bIqv DwPZ|
(iv) CD bj (‡Lvjv bj) †K ax‡i ax‡i DVv-bvgv Kiv DwPZ|
(v) cÖwZevi cvV †bIqvi ci wKQz mgq A‡cÿv Kiv DwPZ|
(vi) bj `yBwU mgvb AvKv‡ii nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|

g‡Wj ‡g․wLK cixÿv

fvBfv

cÖk-œ 01 t wK cixÿv (Experiment) K‡iQ?

DËit e‡q‡ji m~‡Îi h_v_©Zv cÖgvb|
cÖk-œ 02 t e‡q‡ji m~Î ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t ZvcgvÎv w¯i _vK‡j †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb Gi Dci cÖhy³ Pv‡ci
e¨¯ÍvbycvwZK|
cÖk-œ 03 t Pvc wK? cÖgvb evqygÛ‡ji Pvc Kj‡Z wK eyS?

DËi t Pvct †Kv‡bv e¯‧i GKK ‡ÿÎd‡ji Dci cÖhy³ ej‡K Pvc e‡j| A_v©r Pvc, P =

cÖgvb Pvc t 45 Aÿvs‡k mgy`ª mgZ‡j 0C ZvcgvÎvq 76 cm D”P cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i Pvc‡K
evqygÛ‡ji Pvc e‡j|
cÖk-œ 04 t GK evqygÛjxq Pvc ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t GK evqygÛj Pvc ej‡Z 76 cm D”PZv Ges 1cm2 †ÿÎdj wewkó GKwU cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i
IR‡bi mgvb Pvc eySvq|
cÖk-œ 05 t ZvcgvÎv evo‡j Pv‡ci †Kvb cwieZ©b N‡UwK?
DËi t ZvcgvÎv evo‡j Pvc ev‡o|
cÖk-œ 06 t Nb‡Z¡i Dc‡i Pv‡ci cÖfve wK?

66
DËi t Pvc evo‡j NbZ¡ ev‡o|
cÖk-œ 07 t Pvj©‡mi m~Î wK?
DËi t w¯i Pv‡c GKwU wbw`©ó cwigvb M¨v‡mi AvqZb cÖwZ wWMÖx †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi

Rb¨ 0C ZvcgvÎvq Zvi AvqZ‡bi Ask cwiewZ©Z nq|

cÖk-œ 08 t Av`k© M¨vm Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡h me M¨vm e‡qj I Pvj©‡mi m~Î cyivcywi †g‡b P‡j Zv‡K Av`k© M¨vm e‡j|
cÖk-œ 09 t ‡Lvjv bjwU ax‡i ax‣i DVv-bvgv Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi t cvi` I evqyi ZvcgvÎv w¯i ivLvi Rb¨| †Kbbv bjwU †Rv‡o DVv-bvgv Ki‡j cvi`-evqy
Ges cvi`-KvP Nl©bRwbZ evavi d‡j ZvcgvÎv cwiewZ©Z n‡e| d‡j e‡q‡ji m~Î n‡e bv|
cÖk-œ 10 t evqyexq c`v‡_©i cÖmvib wZbwU m~Î Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq †Kb?
DËi t evqyexq c`v‡_©i wZbwU Pjivwk h_v- Pvc, AvqZb I ZvcgvÎv, †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU w¯i _vK‡j
Ab¨ `ywU cwiewZ©Z nIqvi mgq wbw`©ó m~Î †g‡b P‡j| ZvB evqexq c`v‡_©i cÖmvib wZbwU m~Î †g‡b
P‡j|
cÖk-œ 11 t m‡gvò cwieZ©b wK?
DËi t ZvcgvÎv ev DòZv w¯i †i‡L hw` †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó f‡ii M¨v‡mi AvqZb, Pvc BZ¨vw` cwieZ©b
nq, †mB cwieZ©b‡K m‡gvò cwieZ©b e‡j|

67
ZvwiL t

cixÿv bs - 11
cixÿ‡bi bvg t kxZjxKiY c×wZ‡Z Zij c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK Zvc wbY©q|

ZË¡ (Theory) t ‡Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i GKK f‡ii ZvcgvÎv GK wWMÖx (1) n«vm ev e„wׇZ †h cwigvY Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb
nq, Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK Zvc e‡j| G‡K s Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK cal–gm–1–c–1

ev Jkg–1k–1.

wbDU‡bi kxZjxKi‡bi m~Îvbymv‡i - †Kvb c`v‡_©i Zvc nviv‡bvi nvi D³ c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv Ges Gi
cvwicvwk^©K ZvcgvÎvi cv_©‡K¨i mgvbycvwZK|

g‡b Kwi, m1 f‡ii cvwb Ges m2 f‡ii ‡Kv‡bv Zij c`v_©‡K M f‡ii K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii g‡a¨
‡i‡L Q1 ZvcgvÎv †_‡K Q2 ZvcgvÎvq kxZj Kiv nj| G‡Z cvwb kxZj n‡Z t1 mgq Ges Zij c`v_©
kxZj n‡Z t2 mgq jvMj| hw` cvwbi Av‡cwÿK Zvc s1 Zij c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK Zvc s2 Ges
K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK Zvc s nq| Zvn‡j kxjZjxKi‡bi m~Îvbyhvqx|

ev, =

ev, (m1s1 + MS)t2 = m2s2t1 + Mst1

ev, m2s2t1 = (m1s1 + MS)t2 – Mst1

ev, s2 = – ---------------------- (1)

mgxKi‡bi (1) Gi Wvbc‡ÿi cÖZxK¸‡jvi gvb cixÿv K‡i emv‡j Zij c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK Zwc Rvbv
hv‡e|

68
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t

(1) Zvgvi K¨vjwiwgUvi

(2) cvwb Mig Kivi Rb¨ ÷x‡jj cvÎ (wnUvihy³)
(3) my‡e`x _v‡g©vwgUvi
(4) cvwbZ
(5) cixÿbxq Zij c`v_© (‡hgb, †K‡ivwmb ev wMømvwib)
(6) wbw³ Ges IRb ev·
(7) Stop Watch (_vgv Nwo)
(8) wZb cv wewkó ÷¨vÛ BZ¨vw`|

wPÎ bs - 02
wPÎ bs - 01

69
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t

(1) cÖ_‡g `yBwU bvovwbmn Zvgvi K¨vjwiwgUvi fvjfv‡e cwi¯‥vi K‡i fi wbY©q Kiv nq| GKB Dcv`v‡b
Ges GKB AvKvi AvK…wZ nIqvq G‡`i fi GKB n‡e Ges GK ‘M Qvov Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
(2) Gici GKwU K¨vjwiwgUv‡i cvwb Ges Aci K¨vjwiwgUv‡i cixÿbxq Zij c`v_© (‡hgb- †K‡ivwmb
†Zj) fi wbY©q K‡i|
(3) cvwbmn K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii fi †_‡K Lvwj K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii fi we‡qvM K‡i cvwbi fi m1 Ges Zijmn
K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii fi †_‡K Lvwj K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii fi we‡qvM K‡i Zi‡ji fi m2 wbY©q Kiv nq|
(4) Gici (m1 fi wewkó)cvwbi K¨vjwiwgUvi Ges (m2 fi wewkó) cixÿbxq Zij (‡K‡ivwmb) wewkó
K¨vjwiwgUvi `yBwU, `yB wQ`ªwewkó Mig cvwb wewkó cv‡Î XvKbvmn †i‡L †`Iqv nj|
(5) Gici `yB K¨vjwigUv‡ii g‡a¨ `yBwUc (02) _v‡g©vwgUvi ivLv nq|
(6) _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii ZvcgvÎv hLb (60 †_‡K 70)C (GKB †j‡fj †`Lvq) A_v©r `yBwU _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii
ZvcgvÎv hLb 70C ch©šÍ D‡V ZLb XvKbvmn K¨vjwiwgUvi `yBwU GKwU wZb cvqv ÷¨v‡Û ewm‡q
†`Iqv nj Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU Stop Watch Pvjy K‡i †`Iqv nj| cÖwZ GK wgwbU cici
cvwbi I Zi‡ji (‡K‡ivwm‡bi) ZvcgvÎv Q‡K wj‡L ivLv nj| Gfv‡e c‡bi (15) wgwbU ch©šÍ cvV
†bIqv nj|
(7) Gici GKwU c~Y© c„ôv MÖvd ev †jL KvM‡R X A‡ÿi w`‡K mgq (wgwbU) Ges Y A‡ÿi w`‡K
ZvcgvÎv (QC) wb‡q cvwb Ges †K‡ivwm‡bi `yBwU †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiv nj| GLb †jL †_‡K cvwb
Ges †K‡ivwm‡bi ZvcgvÎv Q1C ‡_‡K Q2C G bvg‡Z wK cwigvb mgq jvMj Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨
Q1 I Q2 w`‡q X A‡ÿi w`‡K `yBwU †iLv Uvbv nj|
(8) †jL †_‡K t1 Ges t2 Gi gvb †R‡b Z‡Ë¡i 1 bs mgxKi‡bi mvnv‡h¨ †K‡ivwm‡bi Av‡cwÿK Zvc
wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|

70
ch©‡eÿb (Obsrvation and Manipulation) t

K) bvovwbmn Lvwj K¨vjwigUv‡ii fi, M = ...... gm = ...... kg.

Zvcgvi K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK Zvc S =[Link]–1.C = 0.092  4.2 103

= 386.4 Jkg–1k–1.|

(1calgm–1C–1 = 4.2  103Jkg–1k–1)

L) bvovwbmn K¨vjwiwgUv‡i I cvwbi fi m1 = ..... gm = ...... kg.

 cvwbi fi m1 = m1 – M = ....... gm = ......... kg.

cvwbi Av‡cwÿK _vc, s1 = 1calgm–1C–1 = 4200 Jkg–1k–1.

M) bvovwbmn K¨vjwiwgUvi I †K‡ivwm‡bi (Zij) fi, m2 = .... gm = ...... kg.

 †K‡ivwm‡bi (Zi‡ji) fi, m2 = m2 – M = .... gm = ..... kg.

‡K‡ivwm‡bi (Zi‡ji) Av‡cwÿK Zvc, s2 = .... ? .... Jkg–1k–1.

N) _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii ÿz`ªZg 1 N‡ii gvb = 1C

wnmve (Calculation) t

‡jLwPÎ n‡Z Q1 ZvcgvÎv †_‡K Q2 ZvcgvÎvq cvwb kxZj n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq, t1 = ........ sec.

Ges †jLwPÎ n‡Z Q1 ZvcgvÎv †_‡K Q2 ZvcgvÎvq †K‡ivwmb kxZj n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq, t1 = ......... sec.

Avgiv Rvwb,

s2 = – Jkg–1k–1

71
 QK bs -01 t cÖ_g m~Î hvPvB‡qi QKt
mgq  wgwb‡U (t)  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
cvwbi ZvcgvÎv Q1 
‡K‡ivwm‡bi (Zij)
ZvcgvÎv Q2 

djvdj t cixÿbxq (Zi‡ji) †K‡ivwm‡bi Av‡cwÿK Zvc = –––––– Jkg–1k–1.

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq cÖvß †K‡ivwm‡bi (Zi‡ji) Av‡cwÿK Zvc = –––– Jkg–1k–1 hvnv cÖK…Z gvb 2688 Jkg–1k–1
Gi KvQvKvwQ| GLv‡b kZKiv fz‡ji nvi = ––––– % GLv‡b cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z GKUz Amyweavi m„wó
nq| Gi Kvib n‡jv wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ fi wbY©‡q mvgvb¨ ÎæywU _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi K¨vjwiwgUvi `yBwU‡Z
`yBwU _v‡g©vwgUvi †i‡L bvovwbi mvnv‡h¨ AbeiZ bvov‡ZI AZ¨šÍ mveavbZv Aej¤^b bv Ki‡j GKB
ZvcgvÎvq cvV DVv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e bv| Gici Zij (‡K‡ivwmb) Ges cvwbi ZvcgvÎv hLb cwi‡e‡ki
ZvcgvÎvq VvÛv n‡Z _v‡K ZLb Stop Watch Gi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZ GK wgwbU cici cvV wb‡ZI mZK©
_vK‡Z nq|

me‡k‡l Zij (†K‡ivwmb) Ges cvwb Df‡ii †ÿ‡Î QK †_‡K cÖvß gvb e¨envi K‡i †jLwPÎwU
h_vh_ fv‡e A¼b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq D³ cixÿvwU h_v_© fv‡e m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

mZK©Zv t

(i) K¨vjwiwgUvi cwi¯‥vi I ï¯‥ nIqv DwPZ|

(ii) cvwb I Zij (‡K‡ivwmb) Gi AvqZb mgvb nIqv DwPZ|
(iii) fi wbfyj
© nIqv DwPZ|
(iv) ZvcgvÎv mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv DwPZ|
(v) mg‡qi cvV wbfzj
© nIqv DwPZ|

72
wPÎ bs- 03

73
 g‡Wj ‡g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖkœ-1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?

DËit kxZjxKib c×wZ‡Z †Kv‡bv Zij (†K‡ivwm‡bi) c`v‡_©i Av‡cwÿK Zvc wbY©q|
cÖkœ- 2 t Av‡cwÿK Zvc ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËit ‡Kv‡bv e¯‧i GKK f‡ii ZvcgvÎv 1 e„w× ev n«vm Ki‡Z †h cwigvb Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv‡K H
e¯‧i Av‡cwÿK Zvc e‡j|
cÖkœ- 3 t Av‡cwÿK Zv‡ci GKK wK?
DËit Av‡cwÿK Zv‡ci C.G.S. GKK calgm–1C–1.
Ges Av‡cwÿK Zv‡ci S.I GKK Jkg–1k–1.
cÖkœ- 4 t Av‡cwÿK Zv‡ci C.G.S Ges calgm–1C–1 GK‡Ki m¤úK© ej|
DËi t 1calgm–1C–1 = 4.2  103Jkg–1k–1.
cÖkœ- 5 t wbDU‡bi kxZjxKib m~Î wK|
DËit †Kvb c`v‡_©i Zvc nviv‡bvi D³ c`v‡_©i ZvcgvÎv Ges Gi cvwicvwk^K
© ZvcgvÎv cv_©‡K¨i
mgvbycvwZK|
cÖkœ- 6 t Av‡cwÿK Zvc wK‡mi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
DËit ‡Kv‡bv e¯‧i Av‡cwÿK Zvc Zvi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
cÖkœ- 7 t K¨vjwiwgUvi †_‡K †Kvb cÖwµqvq Zvc nvivq?
DËit wewKib cÖwµqvq|
cÖkœ- 8 t †jLwPÎ †_‡K Avgiv wK wbY©q Kwi?
DËit GKB ZvcgvÎv n«v‡mi Rb¨ cvwb I Zvij (‡K‡ivwmb) c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRbxq mgq wbY©q Kwi|
cÖkœ- 9 t e¯‧i Zvc n«v‡mi nvi e¯‧i Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i wK?
DËit bv|
cÖkœ- 10 t †h †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq wbDU‡bi kxZjxKib m~Î cÖ‡hvR¨ nq wK?
DËit bv|
cÖkœ- 11 t K¨vjwi Kv‡K e‡j?
DËit GK MÖvg weï× cvwbi ZvcgvÎv 1C e„w× Ki‡Z †h cwigvb Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K K¨vjwi e‡j|

74
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 12
cixÿ‡bi bvg t ‡gjwWi cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ wbY©q Kib (Avo K¤úb
c×wZ)|

ZË¡ (Theory) t-
K¤úv¼t GKwU K¤úbkxj e¯‧ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h KqwU c~Y© K¤úb m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K Zvi K¤úv¼
(frequence) e‡j| G‡K ‘f’ ev ‘n’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges Gi GKK nvR (Hertz)|
Avo K¤úbt hLb †Kvb myikjvKvi K¤úb Zv‡ii ev myZvi (Transverse wave) •`‡N¨©i j¤^ A_v©r
•`‡N¨©i mg‡Kv‡b nq ZLb Zv‡i ev myZvq Avo Zi½ (Transverse wve) Drcbœ nq|

wPÎ t Avo Zi½ (Transeverse wave)

GKwU myZv ev miæZv‡ii GK cÖvšÍ‡K myikjvKvi GK evû‡Z †eu‡a Aci cÖvšÍ‡K GKwU KwcK‡ji Dci
w`‡q †Kvb IRb (Mg) Pvcv‡j ZviwU Uvb Uvb Ae¯vq _vK‡e|
GLb myikjvKvi ivevi c¨vW ev B‡jKwUªK fvB‡eªU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ K¤úb m„wó Kiv n‡j wP‡Îi b¨vq
Avo Zi½ Drcbœ n‡e| GB Ae¯vq myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ (n) myZv ev Zv‡ii K¤úv¼ (f) Gi mgvb nq|

A_v©r, n = f Ges f = √

myZivs myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ n = √ .................... (1)

GLv‡b, T = myZvi Uvb = Mg cvjøvq Pvcv‡bv IRb

M = cvjøvq Pvcv‡bv fi
g = AwfKl©R Z¡iY = 980 cms–2 = 9.8ms–2
m = myZvi ev Zv‡ii GKK •`‡N¨©i fi
= Zi½ •`N¨©
f = myZvi ev Zv‡ii K¤úv¼|
n = myikjvKvi K¤úv¼|

75
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(1) ‡gjwWi hš¿
(2) myZv I miæ Zvi
(3) wbw³
(4) IRb ev·
(5) wgUvi †¯‥j
(6) KwcKj
(7) cvjøv
(8) wcbmn `ywU ÷¨vÛ|
(9) ivevi c¨vW, e¨vUvix †ivaev·, cøvM Pvwe BZ¨vw`|

76
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
(1) wP‡Îi b¨vq †gjwWi hš¿ mvRv‡Z n‡e|
(2) Gici 2 †_‡K 3 wgUvi •`‡N¨©i myZv ev miæ Zvi wb‡q wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ †gvU fi †ei K‡i myZv ev
miæ Zv‡ii GKK •`‡N¨©i fi (m) wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
 M = myZvi †gvU fi
m=
L = myZvi †gvU •`N©¨
(3) Gici cvjøvi fi (M) wbY©q Kiv nq| Gici myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii GKcÖvšÍ myikjvKvi GK evû‡Z
†eu‡a Aci cÖvšÍ KwcK‡ji Dci w`‡q cvjøvUv †eu‡a Szwj‡q wewfbœ fvi (‡hgb 50gm, 100gm,
150gm) Gi Kg-‡ewk Pvwc‡q Avo Zi‡½i †ÿ‡Î wP‡Î b¨vq mvRv‡bv nj| GLv‡b myZivi Uvb T
= Mg †hLv‡b M = (M + M) gm
(4) Gici iev‡ii nvZzwo A_ev B‡jKwUªK fvB‡eªU‡ii mvn‡h¨ myikjvKvwU‡K Kw¤úZ Ki‡j myZv ev miæ
Zv‡i jyc (Loop) •Zix n‡e| hw` k msL¨K jy‡ci •`N¨© l nq Zvn‡j cici `ywU wb¯ú›` we›`yi
ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡,
GLv‡b, l = myZvi ‣`N¨©

= k = jyc msL¨v
= Zi½ •`N¨©
=

(5) GLv‡b myZvi •`N¨© L wbY©q Ki‡Z `ywU wcb ÷¨vÛ‡K `ywU wb¯ú›` we›`yi wVK bx‡P emv‡bv nq| wgUvi
†¯‥j w`‡q wcb `ywUi ga¨eZx© •`N¨© l cm Ges Gi ga¨eZx© jyc (Loop) msL¨v k wbY©q K‡i Zi½

‣`N¨© = wbY©q Kiv nq|

(6) GLb (1) bs mgxKi‡b, Zi½ •`N¨© ( ) myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii Uvb (T) Ges myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii GKK
•`‡N¨©i fi (m) Gi gvb ewm‡q cixÿvq cÖ`Ë myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ (n) wbY©q Kiv hvq|

77
DcvË ev mwbœ‡ek t
(i) myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii fi, M = ..... gm = ..... kg
(ii) myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii †gvU •`N¨©, L = ... cm = ... (m)

 myZv ev Z‡ii GKK •`‡N¨©i fi, m = = ..... kgm–1

(iii) AwfKl©R Z¡ib, g = 9.8 ms–2

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb,

n= √

GLv‡b,
ev, n= √ ––– (1)
M = †gvU fi = (M + M)gm
1g cvV, n1 = √ = ...... kg
m = myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii GKK •`‡N¨©i fi m = ..... (m) kg
= ........... Hz
= = Zi½ •`N¨© = cm = ... (m)

g = 9.8ms–2.

2q cvV, n2 = √

= ...... Hz

3q cvV, n3 = √

= ...... Hz

 Mo K¤úv¼, n =

= ........ Hz

78
 QK t Avo K¤úv¼ (n) wbY©q
ch©‡eÿb cvjøvi cvjøvq ‡gvU fi myZv ev jyc jyc¸‡jvi Zi½ K¤úv¼ Mo
msL¨v wbR¯^ ¯’vwcZ Zv‡ii msL¨v ga¨eZx© •`N¨© f=n K¤úv¼
fvi fi M = M + M
Uvb, `~iZ¡ = n= √ n
gm T = Mg
M M gm k l cm
cm
gm dyne cm Hz
1
2
3

djvdj t cÖ`Ë myikjvKvi K¤úv¼, n = ....... Hz

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq cÖvß myikjvKvi K¤úv¼, n = ....... Hz cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z GKUz Amyweav n‡q‡Q| Kvib
myikjKvi K¤úv¼, Zi¼ •`N¨© ( ), myZv ev Zv‡ii Uvb (T) Ges GKK •`‡N¨©i fi (m) Gi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| Avevi Z¡i½ wbY©q Ki‡Z jy‡ci msL¨v Ges wcb ÷¨vÛ؇qi ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i Dci wbf©i K‡i|
myZv ev Zv‡ii Uvb (T) wbY©q Ki‡Z cvjøvi wbR¯^ fi Ges cvjøvq Pvcv‡bv fi mv‡_ †hvM K‡i †gvU fi
†ei K‡i Zvi mv‡_ AwfKl©R Z¡ib g w`‡q ¸b K‡i Uvb T wbY©q Kiv nq| Avevi Zv‡ii †gvU fi‡K †gvU
•`N¨© w`‡q fvM K‡i Zv‡ii GKK •`‡N¨©i fi (m) wbY©q Kiv nq| e¨w³MZ ÎæwU Ges j¤^b ÎæywU h_vmva¨
cwinvi K‡i mwVKfv‡e hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß myikjvKvi K¤úv‡¼i gvb †gvUvgywUfv‡e mwVK
Ges cÖvq wbfz©j|

mZK©Zv t
(i) myikjvKv‡K n¨vgv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU gvÎ AvNv‡Zi K¤úb m„wó Kiv DwPZ|
(ii) cvjøvq Lye †ewk fi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
(iii) wcb ÷¨vÛ wVK wb¯ú›` we›`y‡Z emv‡Z n‡e|
(iv) miæ myZv ev Zvi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
(v) jy‡ci msL¨v mwVKfv‡e MYbv Kiv DwPZ|

79
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖk-œ 1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?

DËit ‡gjwWi cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ (Avo K¤úb) wbY©q|
cÖk-œ 2 t Avo K¤úb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t gva¨‡gi KYvmg~‡ni K¤úb hw` Zi½ cÖev‡ni mg‡Kv‡b m¤úbœ nq, Z‡e H K¤úb‡K Avo
K¤úb e‡j|
cÖk-œ 3 t Uvbv Zv‡i Avo K¤ú‡bi K¤úv¼ wK wK wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i?
DËi t i) Zv‡ii •`N¨©
ii) Zv‡ii fi
iii) cÖhy³ Uvb
cÖk-œ 4 t Zvi ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv c`v‡_©i GKwU mylg bgbxq Ask hvi •`N¨© cÖ‡¯i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk, A_ev cÖ¯,
•`‡N¨©i Zzjbvq AwZ bMb¨ Zv‡K Zvi e‡j|
cÖk-œ 5 t Uvbv Zv‡i Avo K¤ú‡bi KqwU m~Î?
DËi t wZbwU m~Î t - i) ‣`‡N¨©i m~Î
ii) Uv‡bi m~Î
iii) f‡ii m~Î|

80
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 13
cixÿ‡bi bvg t ‡gjwWi cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ wbY©q KiY|
(jw¤^K K¤úb c×wZ) t

ZË¡ (Theory) t
GKwU K¤úgvb e¯‧ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û †h KqwU c~Y© K¤úb m¤§bœ K‡i Zv‡K Zvi K¤úv¼ (frequence) e‡j|
GK ‘f’ ev ‘n’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges Gi GKK nvR© (Hartz)|

jvw¤^K K¤úb (Longitudinal wave) t

hLb myikjvKvi K¤úb Zv‡ii •`‡N¨©i mgvšÍivj eivei nq ZLb Zv‡i jw¤^K Zi½ Drcbœ nq| GB Ae¯vq
myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ (n) Zv‡i K¤úv‡¼i (f) wظb nq|

A_v©r n = 2f Avevi, f = √

 myikjvKvi K¤úv¼, n = √ ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (1)

GLv‡b, T = Mg myZvi Uvb|

M = cvjøvq Pvcv‡bv †gvU fi = cvjøvi wbR¯^ fi Ges cvjøvq Pvcv‡bv AwZwi³ fi|
g = AwfKl©R Z¡ib =
m = myZvi ev miæ Zv‡`i GKK •`‡N©¨i fi|
= Zi½ ‣`N¨©
f = myZv ev Zv‡ii K¤úv¼|
n = myikjvKvi K¤úv¼|

81
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(i) ‡gjwWi hš¿
(ii) myZv ev miæ Zvi
(iii) wbw³
(iv) IRb ev·
(v) wgUvi †¯‥j
(vi) KwcKj
(vii) cvjøv
(viii) wcbmn `ywU ÷¨vÛ
(ix) ivevi c¨vW/n¨vgvi A_ev e¨vUvix, †ivaev·, cøvM Pvwe BZ¨vw`|

wPÎt jw¤^K Zi½ (Longitudinal wave)

82
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
(i) wP‡Îi b¨vq †gjwWi hš¿ mvRv‡Z ev •Zix Ki‡Z n‡e|
(ii) Gici `yB †_‡K wZb wgUvi •`‡N¨©i myZv ev miæ Zvi wb‡q wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ †gvU fi †ei K‡i myZv ev

myiæ Zv‡ii GKK •`‡N©¨i fi (m) wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e| m~Ît GLv‡b M myZvi †gvU fi, L =
myZvi †gvU •`N¨©G
(iii) Gici cvjøvi fi (M) wbY©q Kiv nq| Gici myZvi GKcÖvšÍ myikjvKvi GK evû‡Z †eu‡a Aci
cÖvšÍ KwcK‡ii Dci w`‡q cvjøvUv †eu‡a Szwj‡q wewfbœ fvi (†hgb 50 gm, 100 gm Ges 150
gm) Gi Kg-†ewk (fvi) Pvwc‡q jw¤^K Zi‡½i †ÿ‡Î wP‡Îi b¨vq mvRv‡bv nj) GLv‡b myZvi Uvb,
T = Mg, GLv‡b, M = †gvU fi (M + M) gm Ges g = AwfKl©R Z¡ib|
(iv) Gici iev‡ii nvZzwo A_ev B‡jKwUªK fvB‡eªU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ myjkjvKwU‡K Kw¤úZ Ki‡j myZvq jyc
(Loop) •Zix n‡e| hw` k msL¨K jy‡ci •`N¨© l nq Zvn‡j cici `yBwU wb¯ú›` we›`yi ga¨eZ©x

`~iZ¡ =

= GLv‡b, = myZvi Zi½ •`N¨©

l = myZvi •`N¨©
k = jyc msL¨v
(v) GLv‡b myZvi •`N©¨ (L) wbY©q Ki‡Z `ywU wcb ÷¨vÛ‡K `ywU wb¯ú›` we›`yi wVK bx‡P emv‡bv nq|
wgUvi †¯‥j w`‡q wcb `ywUi ga¨eZx© ‣`N¨© L cm Ges Gi ga¨eZx© jyc (Loop) msL¨v k wbY©q K‡i
Zi½ •`N¨© (n) wbY©q Kiv nq|
(vi) me‡k‡l (1) bs mgxKi‡b Zi½ •`N¨© ( ) myZvi Uvb (T) Ges myZvi GKK •`‡N¨©i fi (m) Gi
gvb ewm‡q cixÿvq cÖ`Ë myikjvKvi K¤úv¼ (n) wbY©q Kiv hvq|

83
DcvË ev mwbœ‡ek t
(i) myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii fi M = ....... gm = ........ kg
(ii) myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii ‡gvU •`N¨© , L = ..... (cm) = ....... (m)

 myZvi GKK •`‡N¨©i fi, m = = ...... kgm–1

(iii) AwfKl©R Z¡ib, g = 980 cms–2 = 9.8 ms–2.

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
M = ‡gvU fi = (M + M)
myikjvKvi K¤úv¼, n = √
= ...... kg
ev, n = √ –––––– (1) m = myZvi GKK ‣`‡N¨©i fi = ..... kg

= Zi½ •`N¨© =
1g cvV, n1 = √
= ...... (m)
= ............ Hz g = 9.8 sm–2

2q cvV, n2 = √

= ............ Hz

3q cvV, n3 = √

= ............ Hz
Mo K¤úv¼, n =

= ........ Hz

84
 QK bs - 01 t jw¤^K K¤úv¼ (n) wbY©q|
ch©‡eÿb cvjøvi cvjøvq ‡gvU fi, myZv ev jyc jyc¸‡jvi Z¡i½ K¤úv¼ Mo
msL¨v wbR¯^ ¯vwcZ Zv‡ii Uvb msL¨v ga¨eZx© •`N¨© n= √
K¤úv¼
fi fi M= T = Mg `~iZ¡ =
M+M n
M l
M gm gm dyne K cm cm Hz Hz
gm
1
2
3

djvdj t cixÿvq cÖ`Ë myikjvKvi K¤úv¼, n = ....... Hz

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvwU‡Z cig ÎæywU cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cixÿvq cÖvß myikjvKvi K¤úv¼, myikjvKvi cÖK…Z
K¤úi‡¼i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †`Lv †M‡Q| Gi KviY¸‡jv wb¤œiƒct
(i) Zi½ •`N¨© ( ) (ii) myZv ev miæ Zv‡ii Uvb (T) Ges (iii) myZvi GKK •`‡N¨©i fi (m) Avevi
Zi½ •`N¨© wbY©q Ki‡Z jy‡ci msL¨v k Ges wcb ÷¨vÛ؇qi ga¨eZx© `~i‡Z¡i (l) Gi Dci wbf©i
K‡i|
Avevi,
myZvi Uvb (T) Ges myZvi GKK •`‡N¨©i fi wbY©q Ki‡Z j¤^b ÎæywU _vK‡Z cv‡i|
AZGe e¨w³MZ ÎæywU Ges j¤^b ÎæywU h_vmva¨ cwinvi K‡i mwVKfv‡e hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß
myikjvKvi K¤úv‡¼i gvb †gvU‡gvwUfv‡e mwVK Ges cÖvq wbfzj
© |

mZK©Zv t
(i) myikjvKv‡K n¨vgv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ GKwU gvÎ AvNv‡Z K¤úb A_ev B‡jKwUªK cÖwµqvq fvB‡eª‡Ui
mvnv‡h¨ K¤úb m„wó Kiv DwPZ|
(ii) cvjøvq Lye †ewk fi e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|
(iii) wcb ÷¨vÛ¸‡jv wVK wb¯ú›` we›`y‡Z emv‡bv DwPZ|
(iv) miæ myZv ev Zvi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ|
(v) jy‡ci msL¨v Ges mwVKfv‡e MYbv Kiv DwPZ|

85
 g‡Wj †g․wLK cixÿv
fvBfv

cÖk-œ 1 t wK Experiment Ki‡Q?

DËit ‡gjwWi h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ myikjvKvi K¤ú¼ wbY©q|
cÖk-œ 2 t jw¤^K K¤úb Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t hLb myikjvKvi K¤úb Zv‡ii •`‡N¨©i mgvšÍivj eivei nq ZLb Zv‡i jw¤^K Zi½ Drcbœ
nq|
cÖk-œ 3 t Working Formula wK?
GLv‡b, = Zi½ •`N¨©
DËi t n = √
T = myZvi Uvb = Mg
m = myZvi GKK •`‡N¨©i fi|

cÖk-œ 4 t myZv Ges wUDwbs K‡K© Abybv` N‡U‡Q Zv wKiƒ‡c †evSv hvq?
DËi t K¤ú‡bi mgq my¯ú›` we›`y‡Z myZvi mev©waK we¯Ívi cwijwÿZ n‡j †evSv hvq †h Abybv`
N‡U‡Q|
cÖk-œ 5 t Zv‡ii Abybv`x •`N¨© ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t Zv‡ii †h •`N¨© Abybv` N‡U Zv‡K Abybv`x •`N¨© e‡j|

86
ZvwiL t
cixÿY bs - 01
cixÿ‡bi bvg t c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU Zwor †Kv‡li Zvwo”PvjK e‡ji ev kw³i
(e.m.f) Gi Zzjbv|

ZË¡ (Theory) t
Electromotive Force (e.m.f) Zwo”PvjK ej ev kw³ t- GKK abvZ¥K PvR©‡K †Kvl m‡gZ ‡Kv‡bv
eZ©bxi GK we›`y †_‡K m¤ú~Y© eZ©bx Nywi‡q Avevi H we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h KvR m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K H †Kv‡li
Zwo”PvjK ej ev kw³ e‡j| A_ev, gy³ eZ©bx‡Z Zwor †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨‡K H †Kv‡li
Zwo”PvjK ej ev kw³ e‡j| Zwo”PvjK e‡ji GKK †fvë ev volt.
aiv hvK,
E1 = cÖ_g Zwor †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK ej|
E2 = wØZxq Zwor ‡Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK ej|
l1 = 1g ‡Kv‡li Rb¨ c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii A we›`y n‡Z wbw¯…q we›`y C ch©šÍ Zv‡ii •`N¨©|
l2 = 2q †Kv‡li Rb¨ c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii A we›`y n‡Z wbw¯…q we›`y D ch©šÍ Zv‡ii •`N¨©|
 = c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii Zv‡ii GKK •`‡N¨©i †iva|
i = c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii Zv‡ii Zwor cÖevn|
GLb, In‡gi m~Îvbymv‡i,
1g †Kv‡li Rb¨, E1 = Zv‡ii l1 •`‡N¨©i wefe cZb
= l1 •`‡N¨©i †iva x Zwor cÖevn
li –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (1)
2q ‡Kv‡li Rb¨, Abyiƒcfv‡e, E2 = l2  i –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (2)

mgxKiY (1)  (2) nB‡Z cvB, =


= –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (3)

cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ii ‣`N¨© l1 Ges l2 wbY©q K‡i (3) bs mgxKi‡b ewm‡q Zwor †Kvl؇qi Zwo”PvjK
e‡ji g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡e|

87
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. c‡UbwkIwgUvi
2. e¨vUvwi (B)
3. M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi (G)
4. w¯igv‡bi †iva ev· (R)
5. cwieZ©bkxj †iva (Rh)
6. `yBwU cixÿvaxb Zwor ‡Kvl (E1 Ges E2)
7. wØg~Lx Pvwe (K1 Ges K2)
8. RwK (J)
9. ms‡hvM Zvi
10. wkixl KvMR BZ¨vw`|

eZ©bx ms‡hvM (Connection of Electric Circuit) t-

wPÎ t c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii eZ©bx

Dc‡ii wPÎ Abyhvqx e¨vUvwi (B) Ges cixÿbxq Zwor †Kvl E1 Ges E2 Gi abvZ¥K (Positive) cÖvšÍ
c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii A cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| e¨vUvwi (B) Gi FYvZ¥K (Negative) cÖvšÍ cwieZ©bkxj
†iva (Rh) Ges Pvwe k Gi mv‡_ †kÖYx mgev‡q c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii (B) cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq|
cixÿbxq Zwor †Kvl E1 Ges E2 Gi FYvZ¥K (Negative) cÖvšÍ wØg~Lx Pvwe K1 Ges K2 mv‡_ hy³ Kiv
nq|
wØg~Lx Pvwei mvaviY (gvSLv‡bi) cÖvšÍ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii abvZ¥K (+ve) cÖvšÍ mv‡_ Ges
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii (G) FYvZ¥K (–ve) cÖvšÍ †iva ev· (B) Gi GK cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ Ges †iva (R) Gi
Aci cÖvšÍ RwK (J) Gi †kÖYx mgev‡q hy&³ Kiv nq|

88
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
(1) cÖ_‡g ms‡hvMKvix cwievnx Zvimg~‡ni cÖvšÍØq wkixl KvMR w`‡q fvj K‡i N‡l cwi¯‥vi K‡i †bIqv
nq|
(2) M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii eZ©bx‡Z †iva ev· (R) ‡_‡K 2000 ohm ev Gi †P‡q †ekx †iva wb‡q wØg~Lx
Pvwe (k1) Gi ms‡hvM K‡i cÖ_g Zwor †Kvl (E1) ms‡hvM Kiv nj|
(3) e¨vUvwi Pvwe (k) eÜ K‡i/¯vcb K‡i we`y¨r cÖevn Pvjbv Kiv nq| RwK (J) c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii cÖ_g I
†kl Zv‡i ¯úk© K‡i M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc jÿ¨ Kiv nq| we‡ÿc (Deflection) wecixZg~Lx
n‡j ms‡hvM wVK (ok) n‡q‡Q e‡j aiv nq|
(4) w¯igv‡bi †iva ev· (R) Ges cwieZxbkxj †iva (Rh) Gi gvb Kwg‡q ev evwo‡q RwK (J) †K
c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii Zv‡i ¯úk©/wbqš¿Y Kiv nq †hb M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc bv _v‡K| GwUB cÖ_g
†Kvl (E1) Gi wbw¯…q we›`y (Null point) C.|
(5) c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii A cÖvšÍ n‡Z wbw¯…q we›`y C ch©šÍ Zv‡ii •`N¨© †¯‥j n‡Z †bIqv nq| GwUB cÖ_g
†Kvl E1 Gi Rb¨ Zv‡ii fvimvg¨ •`N¨© l1 GKB w¯i †iva R Ges cwieZ©bkxj †iva Gi wZbwU
Ae¯v‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU •`N¨© wbY©q K‡i Mo ‣`N¨© l1 wbY©q Kiv nq|
(6) GLb wØg~Lx Pvwe k1 †Lv‡j 2q Zwor‡Kvl E2 ms‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ wØg~Lx Pvwe k2 eÜ/¯vcb Kiv nj|
w¯igv‡bi †iva R Ges cwieZ©bkxj †iva Rh Gi Ae¯vb wVK †i‡L RwK (J) †K Ggbfv‡e wbqš¿b
Kiv nq †hb M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc bv _v‡K| GwUB wØZxq †Kvl E2 Gi wbw¯…q we›`y D|
(7) c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii A cÖvšÍ n‡Z wbw¯…q we›`y D ch©šÍ Zv‡ii •`N¨© †¯‥j n‡Z ‡bIqv nq| GwUB E2
†Kv‡li Rb¨ Zv‡ii fvimvg¨ •`N¨© l2| GKB †iv‡a Ges cwieZ©bkxj †iva Rh c~‡e©i wZbwU Ae¯v‡bi
Rb¨ Mo •`N¨© l2 wbY©q Kiv nq|
(8) eZ©bx‡Z wewfbœ †iva Ges wewfbœ Ae¯v‡b cwieZ©bkxj †iva Rh wb‡q K‡qKevi l1 Ges l2 wbY©q Kiv
nq| cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î l1 †K l2 Øviv fvM K‡i E1 Ges E2 Gi AbycvZ wbY©q K‡i G‡`i Mo †ei K‡i cªK…Z
AbycvZ wbY©q Kiv nq|

89
wnmve (Calculation) t
E1 †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î t E2 †Kv‡li †ÿ‡Î t
(01) E1 ‡Kv‡li R1 Ae¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Ît (01) E2 †Kv‡li R1 Ae¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Î t
l1 = l1 =
l2 = l2 =
l3 = l3 =

Mo l1 = Mo l2 =

(02) E1 ‡Kv‡li R2 Ae¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Î t (02) E2 †Kv‡li R2 Ae¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Î t

l1 = l1 =
l2 = l2 =
l3 = l3 =

Mo l1 = Mo l2 =

(03) E1 ‡Kv‡li R3 Ae¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Î t (02) E2 †Kv‡li R3 Ae¯v‡bi †ÿ‡Î t

l1 = l1 =
l2 = l2 =
l3 = l3 =

Mo l1 = Mo l2 =

P~ovšÍ wnmve t

(i) 1g cvV, = =

(ii) 2q cvV, = =

(iii) 3q cvV, = =

1g cvV + 2q cvV + 3q cvV

Mo, =
3
=
=

90
 `yBwU †Kv‡li Zwor PvjK kw³i Zzjbv QK t
cvV ‡iva ev‡· cwieZ©bkxj 1g †Kvl E1 Mo 2q †Kvl E2 Mo Mo
=
msL¨v †iva ‡iva Gi Rb¨ •`N¨© Gi Rb¨ wbw¯…q •`N¨©
R Rh wbw¯…q we›`yi l1 we›`yi `~iZ¡ l2
ohm Gi Ae¯vb `~iZ¡ l1 cm l2 cm cm

1g Ae¯vb
01 R1 = 2q Ae¯vb
3q Ae¯vb
1g Ae¯vb
02 R2 = 2q Ae¯vb
3q Ae¯vb
1g Ae¯vb
03 R3 = 2q Ae¯vb
3q Ae¯vb

djvdj t cÖ`Ë †Kvl؇qi Zwo”PvjK kw³i Zzjbv E1 t E2 = ––– t 1.

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t -
cixÿvq cÖvß cÖ`Ë †Kvl؇qi Zwo”PvjK Zzjbv, E1 t E2 = ––– t 1. hvnv cªK…Z Abycv‡Zi cÖvq
KvQvKvwQ| cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ cvV †bIqvi ciI hš¿cvwZi wKQz mgm¨vi Rb¨
evievi eZ©bx ms‡hvM †PK Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii Zv‡ii Dci w`‡q RwK Pvjbv K‡i
Zv‡ii ‣`N¨© wbY©‡qi wKQz mgm¨v n‡q‡Q|
hš¿cvwZi e¨envi I eZ©bx ms‡hvM I Ab¨ mKj Kvh©µg (Kv‡Ri aviv Abyhvqx) mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
cvi‡j Zwor †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³i AbycvZ mwVK cvIqv m¤¢e| Gici wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv
nq|

mZK©Zv t
1. ms‡hvMKvix cwievnx Zv‡ii cÖvšÍØq wkixl KvMR w`‡q fvjfv‡e cwi¯‥vi Kiv DwPZ|
2. mKj ms‡hvM `„pfv‡e †`Iqv nq|
3. cøvM Pvwe Lye `„pfv‡e jvMv‡bv DwPZ|
4. e¨vUvwii Zwo”PvjK kw³ cixÿbxq †Kvl؇qi Zwo”PvjK kw³ †_‡K †ewk n‡Z n‡e|
5. wbw¯…q we›`y mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv DwPZ|

91
92
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
fvBfv

cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimetn K‡iQ?

DËi t c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU Zwor †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³i Zzjbv KiY|
cÖkœ bs-02 t c‡UbwkIwgUvi Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ wefe cZb c×wZ‡Z wefe cv_©K¨ Ges Zwo”PvjK kw³ cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K
c‡UbwkIwgUvi e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-03 t Zwor †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ivmvqwbK wµqvi mvnv‡h¨ †h hš¿ †_‡K wbiwew”Qbœ we`y¨r cÖevn Drcbœ Kiv hvq Zv‡K Zwor †Kvl
e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-04 t e¨vUvwi Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †g․wjK ev †M․b †Kv‡li mgevq‡K e¨vUvwi e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-05 t Zwo”PvjK kw³ ev ej Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t gy³ Ae¯vq †Kv‡bv Zwor †Kv‡li `yB (cÖvšÍ) †giæi wefe cv_©K¨ ‡K H †Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK kw³ ev
ej e‡j|
A_ev, GKK ab PvR©‡K †Kvl m‡gZ GK we›`y †_‡K m¤ú~Y© eZ©bx Nywi‡q Avevi H we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h
cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K Zwo”PvjK kw³ ev ej e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-06 t ‣e`y¨wZK wefe wK?
DËi t Amxg `~iZ¡ †_‡K GKK ab PvR©‡K •e`y¨wZK †ÿ‡Îi †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h cwigvY KvR Ki‡Z
nq Zv‡K H we›`yi •e`y¨wZK ev Zwor wefe e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-07 t M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi eZ©bx‡Z D”P‡iva e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi t M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi‡K aŸs‡mi nvZ n‡Z iÿv Kivi Rb¨ D³ eZ©bx‡Z D”P‡iva e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ bs-08 t †M․b †Kvl/mÂqx †Kvl eZ©bx‡Z cwieZx© (Rheostat cwieZ©bkxj †iva) †iva e¨envi Kiv
nq ‡Kb?
DËi t wefe cZb Øviv wefvebx h‡š¿i (potentiometer) myMÖvnxZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ Rheostat
(cwieZ©bkxj †iva) e¨envi Kiv nq|

93
cÖkœ bs-09 t M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx‡Z we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Dcw¯wZ ev Aw¯ÍZ eyS‡Z cviv hvq Zv‡K M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi
e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-10 t Rheostat ev cwieZ©bkxj †iva ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †iva cwieZ©b K‡i we`y¨r cÖevn wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Rheostat ev
cwieZ©bkxj †iva e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-11 t aªæe †Kvl Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t †h †Kv‡l we`y¨r ev Zwo”PvjK ej me©`v mgvb _v‡K, Zv‡K aªæe †Kvl e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-12 t ‡Kv‡li Af¨šÍixb †iva Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t †Kvb †Kv‡li Af¨šÍi¯ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i †iva‡K †Kv‡li Af¨šÍixb †iva e‡j|

94
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs t 02
cixÿ‡Yi bvg t Ry‡ji K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv wbY©q KiY|

ZË¡ (Theory) t
GKK Zvc Drcbœ Ki‡Z †h cwigvb KvR Ki‡Z nq ev GKK Zvc Øviv †h cwigvb KvR Kiv hvq, Zv‡K
Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv e‡j| G‡K ‘J’ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi GKK Joule/cal ev Jcal–1.
hw` †Kv‡bv cwievnxi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ v †fvë nq Ges Gi wfZi w`‡q I A¨vw¤úqvi Zwor cÖevn t
†m‡KÛ a‡i P‡j Z‡e e¨wqZ kw³ Øviv K…ZKvR,
W = VIt ………………........………… (i)
hw` GB KvR m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zvckw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q H K¨vjwi Zvc Drcbœ K‡i Z‡e kw³i wbZ¨Zv
m~Îvbyhvqx,
W = JH Ryj ............................................ (ii)
GLv‡b, J n‡jv Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv|
mgxKib bs (i) Ges (ii) nB‡Z cvB,
JH = VIt

ev, J = Joule/cal …………………………...........…………… (iii)

Avevi aiv hvK,
we`y¨r cÖevn gvÎv = I amp.
we`y¨r cÖevnKvj = t sec.
KzÛjxi `yB cÖv‡šÍi wefe cv_©K¨ = V volt.
K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii fi = m1 gm
Zi‡ji fi = m2 gm
K¨vjwiwgUvi I Zi‡ji cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv = Q1oC
K¨vjwiwgUvi I Zi‡ji P~ovšÍ ZvcgvÎv = Q2oC
K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK Zvc = s1 calgm–1oc–1.
Zi‡ji Av‡cwÿK Zvc = s2 cal gm–1oc–1.

95
AZGe,
K¨vjwiwgUvi KZ©„K M„nxZ Zvc, H1 = m1s1 (Q2 – Q1) cal.
Zi‡ji KZ©„K M„nxZ Zvc H2 = m2s2 (Q2 – Q1) cal.
‡gvU M„nxZ Zvc, H = H1 + H2
mgxKiY bs (iii) nB‡Z cvB,

J=

 J= Joule/cal. ––––– (iv)

GLb, cixÿvi gva¨‡g V, I, t, m1, m2, Q1 Ges Q2 Gi gvb †R‡b wb‡q Ges s1 I s2 Gi gvb Dc‡ii
mgxKi‡b ewm‡q Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv (J) Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv hv‡e|

96
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
(i) Ry‡ji K¨vjwiwgUvi|
(ii) A¨vwgUvi (A).
(iii) ‡fvëwgUvi (V).
(iv) _v‡g©vwgUvi (T).
(v) bvovbx (s).
(vi) wiI֬vU (Rh).
(vii) cøvM Pvwe (K).
(viii) e¨vUvwi (E).
(ix) ÷c IqvP.
(x) Zij c`v_© (Zviwcb †Zj/‡K‡ivwmb)
(xi) ms‡hvMKvix cwievnx Zvi
(xii) wkixl KvMR|
(xiii) wbw³
(xiv) evULvovmn BZ¨vw`|

eZ©bx ms‡hvM (Connection of Electric Circuit) t

GKwU Ry‡ji K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii †iva R Gi mv‡_
GKwU e¨vUvwi (B), Pvwe (K) A¨vwgUvi (A)
Ges cwieZ©bkxj †ivaK (Rh) †kÖwbe×fv‡e
hy³ Kwi| †fvëwgUvi (V) †K, †iva R-Gi
mv‡_ mgvšÍivjfv‡e hw³ Kwi|

wPÎt Ry‡ji K¨vjwiwgUvi

97
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process)t
1. cÖ_‡g K¨vjwiwgUvi‡K fvj K‡i cwi¯‥vi K‡i bvovbxmn wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ fi (m1) wbY©q Kiv nq|
K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii Av‡cwÿK Zvc s1 I ‡iKW© Kiv nq|
2. Gici K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii g‡a¨ wKQz cwigvb (cÖvq A‡a©K) cvwb A_ev Zviwcb †Zj A_ev †K‡ivwmb wb‡q
cybivq fi wbY©q Kiv nj| Gici wØZxq fi †_‡K cÖ_g fi we‡qvM K‡i Zi‡ji fi (‡hgb cvwb,
A_ev Zviwcb †Zj A_ev †K‡ivwmb) A_v©r Zi‡ji fi m2 = m1 – m1 wbY©q Kiv nq|
Ges Zi‡ji Av‡cwÿK Zvc s2 I †iKW© Kiv nq|
3. Gici K¨vjwiwgUvi‡K GKwU Kz-cwievnx ev‡· †i‡L Gi g‡a¨ †iva KzÛjx R Gi mv‡_ Dc‡ii wP‡Îi
b¨vq eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
4. Gici K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii XvKbvi wQ‡`ªi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU _v‡g©vwgUvi (T) Ggbfv‡e cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq
hv‡Z GwU Kv‡iv Mv‡q bv ‡j‡M Zi‡j wbgw¾Z _v‡K| GLb Zij I K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv
Q1oC †iKW© Kiv nq|
5. Gici cøvM Pvwe k eÜ K‡i eZ©bx‡Z †iI÷¨vU mgš^q K‡i 1A A_ev 2A we`y¨r cÖevn Pvjbv Kiv nq
Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Stop Watch Pvjy Kiv nq|
6. GLb bvovbx ev bvob KvwV (s) w`‡q Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í AbeiZ Zij c`v_©‡K bvwo‡q †`Iqv nq|
7. ZvcgvÎv e„w× 8oC n‡Z 10oC Ges mgq 6 wgwbU n‡Z 10 wgwbU wewKibRwbZ Zvc ÿq Kg n‡e|
Gevi eZ©bxi cÖevn eÜ K‡i †`Iqv nq Ges Stop Watch Pvjy ivLv nq| †Kbbv cÖevn eÜ _vK‡jI
_v‡gv©wgUv‡ii cvV wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ e„w× ‡c‡Z _v‡K| aiv hvK 11 wgwbU mg‡q A_ev 12 wgwbU
mg‡qi ci _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii m‡e©v”P ZvcgvÎv Q2oC †iKW© nj|
8. eZ©bxi cÖevn eÜ Kivi ci A¨vwgUvi (A) Ges †fvëwgUvi (v) Gi ‡gvU cvV †iKW© Kiv nq|
9. Dc‡ii †iKW© Kiv mg¯Í WvUv A_v©r V, I, t, m1, s1, m2, s2 Q1oC Ges Q2oC (iv) bs mgxKi‡b
ewm‡q Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv (J) Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|

98
ch©‡eÿY I mwbœ‡ek (Observation and Manipulition) t-
i. bvovwbmn K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii fi, m1 = ––– gm.
ii. bvovwbmn K¨vjwiwgUvi I Zi‡ji fi, m1 = ––– gm.
iii. Zi‡ji fi, ––––––––––––– m2 = (m1 – m1)gm = ––– gm.
iv. K¨vjwiwgUv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK Zvc, s1 = 0.092. calgm–1oc–1.
v. Zi‡ji (hw` †K‡ivwmb nq) Avt Zvc, s2 = 0.64 calgm–1oc–1.
vi. K¨vjwiwgUvi I Zi‡ji cÖv_wgK ZvcgvÎv, Q1 = –––– oc
vii. K¨vjwiwgUvi I Zi‡ji †kl ZvcgvÎv, Q2 = –––– oc
viii. we`y¨r cÖevnKvj A_v©r †gvU mgq, t = ––– min = ––– sec.
ix. A¨vwgUv‡i †ÿ‡Î t
30 N‡ii gvb = 3A

 1 N‡ii gvb = = 0.1 A

x. ‡fvëwgUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î t
30 N‡ii gvb = 15 volt

 1 N‡ii gvb = volt

= 0.5 volt.

wnmve (Calculation) t -
Avgiv Rvwb,

J = Joule/cal.

= Joule/cal.
= ––––––– Joule/cal.

cÖK…Z gvb  cÖvß gvb

kZKiv fz‡ji nvi =  100%
cÖK…Z gvb
=
=

99
 Ry‡ji K¨vjwiwgUvi ‡_‡K cÖvß cvV wbY©‡qi QK t
ch©‡eÿb ‡gvU mgq A¨vwgUv‡ii cvV ‡fvëwgUv‡ii cvV ZvcgvÎv
msL¨v (t) I amp V volt cÖv_wgK ‡kl
wgwbU ZvcgvÎv ZvcgvÎv
Q1oc Q2oc
01 0 0 0
02 t= I= v=

djvdj t cÖ`Ë cixÿvq Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv J = ––––– J/cal.

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t-

cixÿvq cÖvß gvb J = ––– J/cal. hvnv cÖK…Z gvb 4.2 J/cal Gi KvQvKvwQ| cixÿvwU‡Z kZKiv fz‡ji
nvi = ––– %| GLv‡b ¯úóZB eyS‡Z cviv hvq †h, wbw³i mvnv‡h¨ fi wbY©q Ges cieZx©‡Z eZ©bx
ms‡hvM K‡i Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Ges Stop Watch cwiPvjbv K‡i mgq wbY©q me wKQzB j¤^b ÎæywU
cwinvi K‡i †bIqv n‡q‡Q| AZtci bvovwbi mvnv‡h¨ mg¯Í Zij c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ Zvc mg-fv‡e cwiPvjbv
Kiv nq| AZGe, cixÿvwU h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gici wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv nj|

mZK©Zv t
1. _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii evj¦ hv‡Z KzÛjx‡K ¯úk© bv K‡i †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivLv DwPZ|
2. Zij‡K AbeiZ bvov DwPZ|
3. cÖevn (I) Ges wef‡ii gvb (V) mwVKfv‡e †bIqv DwPZ|
4. mKj cvV j¤^b ÎæwU cwinvi K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hv‡Mi mgq Zvi¸‡jv wkixl KvMR Øviv N‡l wb‡Z nq|
6. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e Gu‡U ‡`Iqv DwPZ|
7. wewKib ms‡kvab Kiv nq|

100
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
fvBfv

cÖkœ - 1 t wK cixÿv (Experiment) K‡iQ?:

DËit Ry‡ji K¨vjwiwgUvi Gi mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv wbY©q|
cÖkœ - 2 t Working Formula wK?

DËit Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv, J = == Joule/cal.

cÖkœ - 3 t J wK? ev J Kv‡K e‡j?

DËit Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv‡K J Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A_v©r; GKK Zvc Drcbœ Ki‡Z †h cwigvb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq A_ev GKK Zvc Øviv †h
cwigvb KvR Kiv nq Zv‡K Zv‡ci hvwš¿K mgZv e‡j| Gi GKK Joule/cal.
cÖkœ - 4 t ZvcMwZwe`¨vi 1g m~Î wee„Z Ki|
DËit hLb †Kv‡bv KvR †K Zv‡c A_ev Zvc‡K Kv‡R iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq, ZLb KvR I Drcbœ Zvc
ci¯ú‡ii mgvbycvwZK nq| A_v©r W  H.
cÖkœ - 5 t Zv‡ci cÖK…wZ wK?
DËit e¯‧i Abyi MwZi d‡jB Zv‡ci m„wó Ges Zvc kw³i GKwU iƒc|
cÖkœ - 6 t we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Zvc wµqv wK?
DËit ‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q we`y¨r cÖevn Pvjv‡j Zvc m„wó nq| G‡K we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Zvc wµqv e‡j|
cÖkœ - 7 t Zwor cÖevn I m„ó Zv‡ci g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK?
DËit Zvc, H = 0.24i2Rt †hLv‡b, H = Zvc GLv‡b, J = 4.1

i = Zwor cÖevn  = 0.24

R = cwievnxi †iva
t = mgq|

101
cÖkœ - 8 t Ry‡ji Zvc m„wói m~Î KqwU? wK wK?
DËit Ry‡ji Zvc m„wói m~Î wZbwU| G¸‡jv h_vµ‡g-
i) H  i2 hLb, R, t aªæeK
ii) H  R hLb, i, t aªæeK
iii) H  t hLb, i, R aªæeK
cÖkœ - 9 t Ry‡ji m~Î wK?
DËit KvR, Drcbœ Zv‡ci mgvbycvwZK|
cÖkœ - 10 t 4.2 Joule/cal ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËit 4.2 Joule/cal ej‡Z eySvq †h, 1 cal Zvc Øviv 4.2 Joule KvR Kiv hvq|
cÖkœ - 11 t Av‡cwÿK Zvct 1 calgm–1oc–1 = KZ?
DËit 1 cal gm–1oc–1 = 4.2  103 Jkg–1k–1.

102
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs- 03
cixÿvi bvg t wgUvi weª‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ GKwU cwievnx Zv‡ii Dc`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva wbY©q|

ZË¡ (Theory) t-
Av‡cwÿK †iva (Specific Resistance) t- wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq GKK •`N¨© I GKK cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj
wewkó †Kv‡bv cwievnx Zv‡ii †iva‡K H ZvcgvÎvq H Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva e‡j| Av‡cwÿK
†iv‡ai S.I. GKK .–m A_ev C.G.S GKK -cm
‡Kv‡bv Zv‡ii •`N¨© L cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj A Ges Zv‡ii †gvU †iva P n‡jv, Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi
Av‡cwÿK †iva,

 =

ev,  = -cm –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (i)

GLv‡b, Zv‡ii cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i †ÿÎdj, A = r2

Ges Zv‡ii e¨vmva© = r
wgUvi weª‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ cixÿbxq Zv‡ii †gvU †iva P, () wgUvi †¯‥‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ii •`N¨© L Ges
¯…zM‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ r wbY©q K‡i (1) bs mgxKi‡b gvb ewm‡q cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Av‡cwÿK †iva  wbY©q Kiv
nq|
wgUvi weªR ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri GKwU mev©‡cÿv myweavRbK iæc| ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri †h †Kvb wZbwU †iva‡Ki
gvb Rvbv _vK‡j PZz_©wU Rvbv hvq| hw` ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri Rvbv †iva¸‡jv h_vµ‡g Q,R,S Ges ARvbv
†iva P nq, Z‡e weª‡Ri mvg¨ve¯vq Avgiv cvB


P= ...................... (ii)

103
eZ©bx ms‡hvM t

wgUvi weª‡R R Ges S Gi cwie‡Z© GK wgUvi j¤^v GKwU Zvi †iva wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq| Wvbdvu‡K Q
wnmv‡e GKwU Rvbv †iva Ges evg dvu‡K P wnmv‡e GKwU ARvbv †iv‡ai Zvi (hvi Av‡cwÿK †iva wbY©q
Ki‡Z n‡e) e¨envi Kiv nq| M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii GK cÖvšÍ B Gi mv‡_ Ges Aci cÖvšÍ RwK (Jokey) Gi
mvnv‡h¨ wgUvi weª‡Ri †iva Zv‡ii Dci w`‡q miv‡bv hvq|
Gici wgUvi weª‡Ri A cÖvšÍ (evg cÖvšÍ) †_‡K GKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g cøvM Kg~¨‡UUi GK cÖvšÍ Ges
Aci cÖvšÍ Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g Pvwe k n‡q wgUvi weª‡Ri Aci cÖvšÍ (Wvb cÖvšÍ) C cÖvšÍ ms‡hvM
Kiv nq| Kg~¨‡UU‡ii Aewkó `yB cÖvšÍ `yBwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g GKwU Zvwor †Kv‡li `yB cÖv‡šÍ mshy³
Kiv nq|
GLb, wgUvi weª‡Ri †h cÖv‡šÍ ARvbv †iva (evg cÖvšÍ) p, hy³ †m cÖvšÍ n‡Z l cm `~‡i mvg¨we›`y Ae¯vb
Ki‡j, Avgiv cvB,
R = l Ges S = (100 – l) 
 
myZivs p =


p= .................. (iii) hLb, ARvbv †iva p wgUvi weª‡Ri evg dvu‡K _vK‡e|
Avevi,
hLb, ARvbv †iva p wgUvi weª‡Ri Wvb dvu‡K _vK‡e,
–
ZLb, p = ............................. (iv)

cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ l Gi gvb †ei K‡i ARvbv †iv‡ai (p) gvb wbY©q Kiv nq| AZtci Zv‡ii
e¨vmva© cwigvc K‡i (i) bs mgxKi‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Av‡cwÿK †iva p wbY©q Kiv nq|

104
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. wgUvi weªR
2. cixÿbxq Zvi
3. †iva ev·
4. M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi
5. cøvM Kg~¨‡UUi|
6. ¯…z MRRwK (Jokey)
7. ms‡hvM Zvi
8. wkixl KvMR BZ¨vw`|

Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t-

(1) eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ n‡j mKj ms‡hvM wVKgZv Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ Rvbv †iva ev· †_‡K GK
Ing (1) gv‡bi ‡iva Zz‡j †bIqv n‡jv| Pvwe k eÜ K‡i Comotrator Gi wecixZ `yB cøvM
ewm‡q Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Kiv n‡jv| M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡i mshy³ Jokey wgUvi weª‡Ri `yB cÖv‡šÍ †ivaK
Zv‡i ¯úk© Ki‡j hw` wecixZ we‡ÿc cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j eZ©bxwU mwVK n‡q‡Q|
(2) Gici Rvbv †iva ev· (Fixed Resistance) †_‡K †h gv‡bi ‡iva Zzjv n‡e ZvB Q Gi gvb|
GLb Jokey †K wgUvi weª‡Ri †ivaK Zv‡ii evg cÖvšÍ †_‡K ¯úk© Kiv‡Z Kiv‡Z Ggb GKwU we›`y
cv‡iv †hLv‡b M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡i †Kvb we‡ÿc bv _v‡K|
GB we›`y‡K ejv nq wb¯ú›` we›`y ev Null point, wgUvi weª‡R †ivaK Zv‡ii evg cÖvšÍ †_‡K wb¯ú›`
(Null) we›`y ch©šÍ `~iZ¡‡K l cm aiv nq|
Gici cøvM Kg~¨‡UU‡ii cøvM Zz‡j Aci wecixZ `yB dvu‡K ewm‡q cÖev‡ni w`K cwieZ©bK‡i wecixZ
cÖev‡ni Rb¨I l cm cwigvbc K‡i Mo l cm wbY©q K‡i (iii) bs mgxKi‡b ewm‡q ARvbv †iva p
†ei Kiv nq|
(3) Rvbv †iva ev· †_‡K Rvbv †iv‡ai gvb (Q) cwieZ©b K‡i (Kgc‡ÿ AviI `yBevi) Mo l cm wbY©q
K‡i (iii) bs mgxKi‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ARvbv †iva p wbY©q K‡i Mo p Gi gvb †ei Kiv nq|
(4) Gici ARvbv †iva (cixÿbxq Zvi) †K Wvb duv‡K Ges Rvbv Rvbv †iva ev·‡K evg dvu‡K ¯vcb
K‡i GKB cÖwµqvq (iv) bs mgxKi‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ARvbv †iva (3q evi) P wbY©q K‡i Mo P Gi gvb
†ei Kiv nq|
(5) evg Ges Wvb GB duv‡Ki Rb¨ †gvU Mo †iva wbY©q Kiv nq|
(6) wgUvi †¯‥‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cixÿbxq Zv‡ii •`N¨© Ges ¯…z -M‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ii e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiv nq|
(7) DcvË mg~n‡K (i) bs mgxKi‡b ewm‡q cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Av‡cwÿK †iva wbY©q Kiv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb,
Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva,

 = – cm

=
=

105
 QK bs- 01 t cixÿbxq Zv‡ii e¨vmva© wbY©q (r)
ch©‡eÿb ‣iwLK e„ËKvi jwNó ‡gvU Mo hvwš¿K cªK…Z - e¨vmva©,
msL¨v †¯‥j †¯‥j gvb AvcvZ cvV e¨vm ÎæwU e¨vm r=
cvV cvV L.C. D = L+NL.C D ( e) D = D– (e)
L N
cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
01
02
03

QK bs- 02 t cixÿbxq Zv‡ii e¨vmva© (P) wbY©q

ch©‡eÿb ARvbv Rvbv †iva evgv w`K †_‡K wbw¯…q Mo `~iZ¡ ARvbv †iva Mo †iva ‡gvU
msL¨v †iva †h Q we›`yi `~iZ¡ l cm p p Mo
dvu‡K  ‡mvRv wecixZ   †iva
P=
cÖevn cÖevn p

01 evg dvu‡K
02
03
‡mvRv wecixZ Mo
Q () cÖevn cÖevn

l cm P=
01 Wvb duv‡K
02
03

QK bs- 03 t cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Av‡cwÿK †iva wbY©q

ch©‡eÿb Zv‡ii †gvU Mo Zv‡ii •`N¨© Zv‡ii e¨vmva© Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva,
msL¨v †iva L cm r cm 
P= –cm
P ()
01
djvdj t cÖ`Ë cixÿbxq Zv‡ii Av‡cwÿK †iva, p = ......... –cm

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq mieivnK…Z Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva, P = ......... –cm ev ....... –m, hvnv cÖK…Z
gv‡bi KvQvKvwQ| Jokey me©`v mgvb Pv‡c †ivaK Zv‡i ¯úk© Kiv hvqwb| hvi d‡j wb¯ú›` (Null
point) we›`yi Rb¨ Zv‡ii mwVK •`N¨© (l) m~ÿèfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| GKUvbv A‡bKÿY Zwor cÖevwnZ
K‡i cixÿv Ki‡j Zv‡ii Ges eªx‡Ri wewfbœ avZzi ms‡hvM ¯‡j Zvc Drcbœ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j wb¯ú›`
we›`yi Ae¯vb cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| Zvcxq wµqv cwinv‡ii Rb¨ Kg~¨‡UU‡ii (comotrator) mvnv‡h¨
cÖev‡ni w`K cwieZ©b K‡i cvV †bIqv nq| j¤^bÎæwU cwinvi K‡i cixÿvq cÖvß gvb cÖvq wbfzj © Ges
mwVK| AZGe wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

106
mZK©Zv t
1. ms‡hvM Zv‡ii cÖvšÍ I ms‡hvM ¯…z wkixl KvMR Øviv fvjfv‡e cwi¯‥vi K‡i †bIqv DwPZ|
2. Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Av‡ek cwinv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †Kvl eÜ K‡i c‡i Jokey †K wgUvi weª‡Ri Zv‡i ¯úk©
Kiv DwPZ|
3. Rvbv †iva ev‡·i cøvM¸‡jv k³ K‡i jvMv‡bv DwPZ|
4. Jokey me©`v mgvb Pv‡c (Avj‡Zvfv‡e) Zvi ¯úk© Kiv‡bv DwPZ|
5. wb¯ú›` we›`y mZK©Zvi mv‡_ jÿ¨ Kiv DwPZ|
6. Zvcxq wµqv cwinv‡ii Rb¨ Kg~¨‡UU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cÖev‡ni w`K cwieZ©b K‡i cvV †bIqv DwPZ|

g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv

(fvBfv)

cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimetn K‡iQ?

DËi t wgUvi weª‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ GKwU cwievnx Zv‡ii Dcv`v‡bi Av‡cwÿK †iva wbY©q|
cÖkœ bs-02 t wgUvi weªR Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡h h‡š¿ GK wgUvi j¤^v mylg cÖ¯‡”Q‡`i GKwU †ivaK Zvi‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri bxwZ
e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv ARvbv †iva wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K wgUvi weªR e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-03 t wgUvi weªR wK‡mi e¨envwiK iƒc?
DËi t ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri e¨envwiK iƒc|
cÖkœ bs-04 t wgUvi weª‡Ri bvg †Kb wgUvi weªR?
DËi t wgUvi weª‡R GK wgUvi `xN© GKwU Zvi _v‡K e‡j GwU wgUvi weªR bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cÖkœ bs-05 t wgUvi weª‡Ri ZË¡ †Kvb bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZôZ?
DËi t ûBU‡÷vb weªR bxwZ|
cÖkœ bs-06 t ‡iva Ges Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai GKK wK?
DËi t ‡iv‡ai GKK Ing| Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai GKK Ing-wgUvi A_ev Ing-‡mwg|
cÖkœ bs-07 t cwievwnZv wK?
DËi t ‡iv‡ai wecixZ ivwk‡K Zvi cwievwnZv e‡j|

107
cÖkœ bs-08 t wgUvi weª‡Ri cÖvšÍxq ÎæwU ej‡Z wK eyS?
DËi t wgUvi weª‡Ri Zvgvi cvZ Ges Zv‡ii `yB cÖv‡šÍ SvjvB ms‡hvRb ÎæwUc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov †¯‥‡ji
k~b¨ `vM Ges 100 `vM `yB cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ wgwjZ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡b ms‡hvM¯j Ges Zvgvi cvZ
¯^-¯^ evû wKQz cwigvY †iva m„wó Ki‡e| G‡K wgUvi weª‡Ri cÖvšÍxq ÎæwU e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-09 t wgUvi weª‡Ri Zvi wK‡mi •Zix?
DËi t g¨v½vwbR|
cÖkœ bs-10 t Zv‡ii †ivaK gvcvi mgq wgUvi weª‡Ri dvu‡K †iva wewbgq Kiv nq †Kb?
DËi t RwKi Dci †h m~PK wPý _v‡K Zvi mv‡_ weªR Zv‡ii we›`yi wgj bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z djvd‡j
ÎæwU _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GB ÎæwU b~b¨Zg Kiv ev `~i Kivi Rb¨ `yB dvu‡Ki †iva wewbgq Kiv nq|
cÖkœ-11 t M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËi t M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi `yB cÖKvi h_vt- (1) PjPz¤^K M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi
(2) PjKzÛjx M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi
cÖkœ-12 t ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri mvg¨ve¯v Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri Pvi evûi ‡iva Ggbfv‡e mgš^q Kiv nq †hb M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi cÖevn k~b¨ nq| GB
Ae¯v‡K weª‡Ri mvg¨ve¯v e‡j|

108
ZvwiL t
cixÿY bs- 04
cixÿ‡bi bvg t ‡cv÷ Awdm e· Gi mvnv‡h¨ ARvbv †iva wbY©q|

ZË¡ (Theory) t-
cwievnxi †h a‡g©i Rb¨ Gi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevn evav cÖvß nq Zv‡K cwievnxi †iva e‡j| †iv‡ai GKK
Ing ().
GKwU †cv÷ Awdm e‡·i AbycvZ (1g I 2q) evû‡Z P I Q †iva Ges Z…Zxq evûi †iva R-†K
mgš^q K‡i 4_© evû‡Z mshy³ ARvbv †iva S Gi Rb¨ hw` M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi G-‡Z †Kvb we‡ÿc bv cvIqv
hvq Z‡e mvg¨ve¯vq ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri bxwZ Abymv‡i cvIqv hvq,

=

S=

wPÎt ûBU‡÷vb weªR

‡cv÷ Awdm e· †_‡K Ing GK‡K P, Q I R Gi gvb †R‡b (1) bs mgxKi‡b ewm‡q 4_© evû‡Z mshy³
ARvbv †iv‡ai gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

109
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. ‡cv÷ Awdm e·
2. ms‡hvM Zvi
3. cixÿbxq ARvbv †iva (Kve©b †iva)
4. e¨vUvwi ev Zwor †Kvl (E)
5. M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi (G)
6. wkixl KvMR BZ¨vw`|

eZ©bx ms‡hvM (Connection of Electric Circuit) t-

wPÎt ‡cv÷ Awdm e·

eZ©bx ms‡hvM t-
cÖ_‡g ARvbv †iva S †K h‡š¿i C I D mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| GKwU Zwor †Kvl E Gi FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ C Gi
mv‡_ Ges aYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ Pvwe k1 Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| Gici D Ges Pvwe k2 Gi mv‡_ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi
G Gi cÖvšÍØq hy³ Kiv nq|

110
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t-
(1) cÖ_‡g ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri AbyKi‡b †cv÷ Awdm ev· eZ©bx ms‡hvM Kiv n‡jv| PZz_© evû‡Z ARvbv
†iva S mshy³ Kiv nq|
(2) Gici P evû‡Z 10 ohm Ges Q evû‡Z 10 ohm †iva cøvM †Zvjv n‡jv| AZtci U¨vwcs (A_v©r
PvweØq k1 I k2) G Pvc w`‡j M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii KvuUvi we‡ÿc evg w`‡K n‡e|
(3) Gici Z…Zxq evû R †_‡K INF (Amxg) gv‡bi †iv‡ai cøvM †Zvjv n‡jv| cybivq U¨vwcs G A_v©r
PvweØq k1 I k2 Pvc‡j M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii KvuUvi we‡ÿc Wvbw`‡K w`‡e| Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e eZ©bx
ms‡hvM wVK Av‡Q|
AbycvZ 10 t 10 Gi Rb¨ t-
(4) Gici ARvbv †iva S wbY©‡qi Rb¨ AbycvZ evû؇qi (1g evû, P evû 2q evû Q evû) cÖ‡Z¨KwU
†_‡K 10 ohm cøvM †Zvjv n‡jv|
Gici Z…Zxq evû ev R evû †_‡K †Kvb cøvM bv ‡Zv‡j Pvwe k1 I k2 †P‡c ai‡j M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii
we‡ÿc jÿ¨ Kwi Ges Q‡K wj‡L ivwL| Avevi Z…Zxq evû R †_‡K INF (Amxg) cøvM †Zvjv n‡jv|
Pvwe k1 I k2 †Z GKmv‡_ Pvc w`‡j †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc wecixZ w`‡K
n‡e hvnv Q‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|
Gici Pvwe k1 Ges k2 †K †P‡c a‡i Z…Zxq ev R evû †_‡K Ggb gv‡bi †iva †Lvu‡R †ei Kiv n‡jv
hvi Rb¨ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii †Kv‡bv we‡ÿc bv nq A_v©r Ôk~b¨ we‡ÿcÕ cvIqv hvq| Zvn‡j ARvbv

†iva, S = m~‡Î P, Q I R Gi gvb ewm‡q S gvb wbY©q Kiv hv‡e| hw` M¨vjfv‡bvwUgv‡ii
we‡ÿc k~b¨ bv cvIqv hvq, †m †ÿ‡Î AbycvZt - 100 t 10 Gi Rb¨ t-
(5) Kv‡Ri aviv (4) Abyhvqx M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc k~b¨ bv cvIqv †M‡j P evû †_‡K 100 ohm
Ges Q evû †_‡K 10 ohm cøvM †Zvjv nq| GLv‡b Kv‡Ri aviv (4) AbymiY K‡i R evû †_‡K
Ggb gv‡bi †iva †LvuR †ei Kiv nq hvi Rb¨ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc k~b¨ cvIqv hvq|

GLb, ARvbv †iva, S = m~‡Î P, Q I R Gi gvb ewm‡q ARvbv †iva S cvIqv hvq| hw`
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii we‡ÿc k~b¨ cvIqv bv hvq, †m‡ÿ‡Î, AbycvZ t- 1000 t 10 Gi Rb¨ t-
(6) Kv‡Ri aviv (4) G M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡i k~b¨ we‡ÿc bv cvIqv †M‡j P evû‡Z 1000 ohm Ges Q
evû‡Z 10 ohm cøvM †Zvjv nq| GLb R evû †_‡K Ggb gv‡bi †iva Lyu‡R †ei Kiv nq hv‡Z
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡i Òk~b¨ we‡ÿcÓ cvIqv hvq|

AZtci ARvbv †iva, S = m~‡Î P, Q I R Gi gvb ewm‡q ARvbv †iva S Gi gvb †ei Kiv
nq|

111
(7) Kv‡Ri aviv (6) bs G hw` k~b¨ we‡ÿc bv cvIqv hvq Zvn‡j R evû‡Z †iv‡ai gvb Ggbfv‡e
wbqš¿Y Kiv nq †hb R ohm I (R + 1) ohm gv‡bi †iv‡a M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii wecixZ we‡ÿc
nq|
GLb R ohm †iv‡ai Rb¨ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi KvuUvi evgw`‡K d1 Ni/`vM Ges (R + 1) ohm
†iv‡ai gv‡bi Rb¨ Wvbw`‡K d2 Ni/`vM msL¨v wb‡`©k Ki‡j ------ †m‡ÿ‡Î-
ARvbv †iv‡ai Rb¨ m~Î, S = ( )
e¨envi K‡i ARvbv †iva S Gi gvb †ei Kiv hv‡e|

wnmve (Calculation) t

Avgiv Rvwb, ARvbv †iva, S =
(1) hLb p = 10  Ges Q = 10 Ges R = ––– 

ZLb mgxKiY (1) n‡Z cvB, S1 = ––––– 
(2) Avevi, hLb p = 100, s = 10, Ges d = ––––  n‡j,

ZLb mgxKiY (1) bs n‡Z cvB, S2 = ––––––– 
(3) Avevi, hLb p = 1000, Q = 10, Ges R = –––––– 

ZLb mgxKiY bs (1) n‡Z cvB, S3 = = ––––––– 

A_ev, hLb p = 1000, Q = 10

Ges R = M †iv‡ai Rb¨ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii KvuUvi we‡ÿc k~b¨ `v‡Mi evgw`‡K d1 = 4
`vM/Ni (Nwi)
Avevi, R = N †iv‡ai Rb¨ M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii KvuUvi we‡ÿc k~b¨ `v‡Mi Wvbw`‡K d2 I `vM
(Nwi)
[GLv‡b M I N Z…Zxq evû †_‡K wbw`©ó gv‡bi †iva]
ZLb ARvbv †iv‡ai gvb,
S= ( )= ( )
= ––––– 
 Mo †iva =
=
=

112
113
 QK t †cv÷ Awdm e‡·i mvnv‡h¨ ARvbv †iva S wbY©q
ARvbv p evû‡Z †iva Q evû‡Z †iva Z…Zxq M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii ARvbv ARvbv
†iva ohm ohm evû‡Z †iva KvuUvi we‡ÿc †iv‡ai gvb †iv‡ai (S)
R ohm (Deflection) m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Mo gvb
ohm
0 ev‡g
 Wv‡b
S p = 10 Q = 10

0 ev‡g
 Wv‡b
S p = 100 Q = 10

0 ev‡g
 Wv‡b
S p = 1000 Q = 10

djvdj t wb‡Y©q ARvbv †iv‡ai gvb Q = –––– ohm.

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq cÖvß ARvbv †iv‡ai gvb cÖvq mwVK| KviY cixÿvq e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ Ges mshy³ eZ©bx wbf©yjfv‡e
m¤úbœ Kiv nq| GQvovI ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri eZ©bx ms‡hvM mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i eªx‡Ri P I Q evû †_‡K
10  K‡i †iva Zz‡j k1 I k2 †P‡c M¨vjfv‡bvgUv‡ii KvuUvi we‡ÿc evg w`‡K we‡ÿc w`‡q‡Q wKbv jÿ¨
Kiv nq| Gici R evû †_‡K (INF) Amxg gv‡bi cøvM Zz‡j cybivq k1 I k2 †P‡c †`Lv †M‡Q †h,
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii KvuUvi we‡ÿc Wvb w`‡K| AZGe cixÿvi Rb¨ hš¿wU GLb m¤ú~Y© mwVK| hvid‡j
cixÿvq cÖvß ARvbv †iv‡ai gvb cÖvq mwVK Ges wbf©yj| Gici wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡jv|

mZK©Zv t
(1) ms‡hvM Zv‡ii cÖvšÍmg~n wkwil KvMR Øviv fvj K‡i cwi¯‥vi Kiv DwPZ|
(2) ms‡hvMmg~n `„pfv‡e Kiv DwPZ|
(3) wbw¯…q we›`y (Null point) wbY©‡qi c~‡e© wecixZ we‡ÿc †`‡L †bIqv DwPZ|
(4) ‡Kv‡li Zwo”PvjK ej hv‡Z Lye †ewk bv nq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv DwPZ|
(5) Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Av‡ek wµqv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g e¨vUvix Pvwe (k1) I c‡i M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii Pvwe k2
Pvc‡Z nq|

114
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
(fvBfv)
cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimetn K‡iQ?
DËi t ‡cv÷ Awdm e‡·i mvnv‡h¨ ARvbv †iva wbY©q|
cÖkœ bs-02 t ‡cv÷ Awdm e· wK?
DËi t ‡h †iva ev‡·i †iva¸‡jv‡K ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri wZbwU evû wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i Gi mvnv‡h¨
ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri bxwZ e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv ARvbvi †iva wbY©q Kiv hvq, Zv‡K †cv÷ Awdm e· e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-03 t ‡cv÷ Awdm ev· wK‡mi e¨envwiK iƒc?
DËi t ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri e¨envwiK iƒc|
cÖkœ bs-04 t c~‡e© †cv÷ Awd‡mi †jvKRb †cv÷ Awdm ev·‡K wK Kv‡R e¨envi Ki‡Zb?
DËi t ‡UwjMÖvg, †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi Zv‡ii †iva wbY©‡qi Rb¨ e¨envi Ki‡Zb|
cÖkœ bs-05 t ûBU‡÷vb weªR Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t PviwU †iv‡a †kÖwYe× fv‡e mw¾Z K‡i GKwU Ave× jyc •Zwi Ki‡j †h PviwU ms‡hvM¯j •Zwi nq,
Zvi †h †Kv‡bv `ywU wecixZ ms‡hvM¯‡ji gv‡S GKwU Zwor †Kvl Ges Aci `ywU ms‡hvM¯‡ji gv‡S
M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi ms‡hv‡M †h eZ©bx •Zix nq Zv‡K ûBU‡÷vb weªR e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-06 t ûBU‡÷vb weª‡Ri fvimv‡g¨i kZ© wK?
DËi t =
cÖkœ bs-07 t ‡iv‡ai GKK wK? Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai GKK wK?
DËi t ‡iv‡ai GKK Ing ()|
Av‡cwÿK †iv‡ai GKK Ing-wgUvi|
cÖkœ bs-08 t Av‡M Zwor †Kvl eZ©bx c‡i M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi eZ©bx eÜ Ki‡Z nq †Kb?
DËi t ‡iva KzÛjxi ¯^Kxq Av‡e‡ki cÖevn Gov‡bvi Rb¨|
cÖkœ bs-09 t GK Ing †iva wK?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv cwievnxi wefe cv_©K¨ 1 volt n‡j hw` Zvi ga¨ w`‡q 1Amp. we`y¨r cÖevn hvq Z‡e H
cwievnxi †iva‡K GK Ing †iva e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-10 t we`y¨r cÖevn Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kvb cwievnxi ga¨ w`‡q •e`y¨wZK Pv‡R©i cÖev‡ni nvi‡K we`y¨r cÖevn e‡j| A_v©r I = .
GLv‡b, I = cÖevn
Q = PvR©
t = mgq

115
ZvwiL t
cixÿY bs- 05

cixÿ‡bi bvg t ebvg ‡jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ I ÿgZv wbY©q
KiY|

ZË¡ (Theory) t-
‡j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡ÿi Dci Ggb GKwU weÜy Av‡Q hvi ga¨ w`‡q ev (‡h we›`y eivei) Av‡jvK iwk¥ Mgb
Ki‡j wbM©Z iwk¥ I AvcwZZ iwk¥ ci¯ú‡ii mgvšÍivj nq, †mB we›`y‡K H †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª e‡j|

GLv‡b ‘O’ we›`ywU Av‡jvK †K›`ª|

†j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj Av‡jvK iwk¥¸”Q DËj ‡j‡Ý AvcwZZ n‡q cÖwZmiv‡šÍ cÖavb A‡ÿi †h
we›`y‡Z wgwjZ nq Zv‡K cÖavb †dvKvm e‡j|

GLv‡b ‘F’ cÖavb †dvKvm|

‡dvKvm `~iZ¡ t- †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª ‡_‡K cÖavb †dvKvm ch©šÍ `~iZ¡‡K †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ e‡j|
Dc‡ii wP‡Î ‘F’ n‡jv †dvKvm `~iZ¡|
‡j‡Ýi †ÿ‡Î, Avgiv Rvwb,

= + –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (i)

GLv‡b, f = †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡

u = jÿ¨e¯‧i `~iZ¡
v = we‡¤^i `~iZ¡ (ev¯Íe we¤^)

116
GKwU QK KvM‡R †K X-Aÿ eivei Ges †K Y-Aÿ eivei wb‡q †jLwPÎ A¼b Ki‡j GKwU

mij‡ivLv (AB) cvIqv hvq, hvnv X I Y Aÿ‡K h_vµ‡g A I B we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|

A ( , o) we›`y‡Z (i) bs mgxKiY nB‡Z

cvB, = + O

= –––––––––––––––– (ii)

Avevi,

B(o, ) we›`y‡Z (i) bs mgxKiY nB‡Z cvB,

=O+

= –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– (iii)

mgxKiY bs (ii) I (iii) nB‡Z cvB,

= =

u=v=f

‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv t GK¸”Q mgvšÍivj Av‡jvK iwk¥‡K †Kv‡bv †j‡Ýi Awfmvix ¸”Q (DËj †jÝ) ev Acmvix
¸”Q (AeZj †jÝ) cwiYZ Kivi cÖeYZv‡K †j‡Ýi ÿgZv e‡j|
A_ev, †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡‡K wgUv‡i cÖKvk K‡i Zvi wecixZ ivwk wb‡j Wvqc„Uv‡i †j‡Ýi ÿgZv cvIqv
hvq|
‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv, P = D.

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t-
1. Av‡jvK †eÂ
2. DËj †jÝ
3. ‡gvgevwZ (jÿ¨e¯‧ wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e)
4. c`v© (we¤^ cvIqvi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e)
5. ÷¨vÛ (hvnv Av‡jvK †e‡Âi Dci ¯vwcZ)
6. MÖvd †ccvi, BZ¨vw`|
117
 wPÎt Av‡jvK †eÂ
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t-
(1) cÖ_‡g hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv cwi¯‥vi K‡i †bIqv n‡jv| Gici Optical Bench Gi gvSvgvwS GKwU
÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ cixÿbxq DËj †jÝwU Ggbfv‡e AvUKv‡bv n‡jv †hb DËj †j‡Ýi cÖavb Aÿ
Abyf~wgK _v‡K|
Aci GKwU ÷¨v‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU †gvgevwZ AvUwK‡q Av‡jvK †e‡Â Ggbfv‡e ¯vcb Kiv n‡jv
†hb R¦jšÍ †gvgevwZi wkLvB n‡e jÿ¨e¯Í|
(2) Ab¨ GKwU ÷¨vÛ GKwU c`v© (mv`v KvMR A_ev avZe cvZ) Av‡jvK †e‡Âi ‡h cv‡k^©i †gvgevwZ
Av‡Q Zvi D‡ëv ev wecixZ cv‡k^© AvUKv‡bv n‡jv|
(3) Gici ‡gvgevwZ Ges c`©v‡K mvg‡b †cQ‡b bvovPvov K‡i Ggbfv‡e mgš^q Kiv nq †hb c`v©vi
Dci †gvgevwZi wkLvi cÖvq mgvb AvK…wZi GKwU D¾j I D‡ëv we¤^/cÖwZwe¤^ c‡o| c`v©i †h
Ae¯v‡b Gi Dci we¤^wU me‡P‡q ¯úó I D¾j n‡e †mwU n‡e we‡¤^i Ae¯vb|
(4) Gici ‡gvgevwZ Z_v jÿ¨e¯‧‡K Av‡iv K‡qKevi mvg‡b I wcQ‡b wb‡q c`v©i Dci Av‡iv K‡qKevi
¯úó I D¾j we¤^ MVb Kiv n‡jv|
(5) Av‡jvK †e †_‡K †jÝ, jÿ¨e¯‧i (‡gvgevwZ) Ae¯vb Ges we‡¤^i (c`©vi) Ae¯v‡bi cvV h_vµ‡g
x, y Ges z †`‡L †bIqv n‡jv|
(6) ‡j‡Ýi Ae¯vb I jÿ¨e¯‧i (‡gvgevwZi) Ae¯v‡bi cv_©K¨ †_‡K jÿ¨e¯‧i `~iZ¡, u = (x  y) cm
Ges †jÝ Ges c`v©i Ae¯v‡bi cv_©K¨ †_‡K cÖwZwe¤^i `~iZ¡ v = (x  z) wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|
[GLv‡b ‘’ Gi A_© †h msL¨vwU eo †mB msL¨v cÖ_‡g ewm‡q we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|]
118
(7) Dc‡iv³ cÖwµqvq †gvgevwZ I c`©v‡K mvg‡b I wcQ‡b mwi‡q A‡bK¸‡jv (7 evi) wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯v‡b
u I v Gi gvb †ei Kiv n‡jv|

(8) GKwU QK KvM‡R X-A‡ÿi w`‡K Ges Y-A‡ÿi w`‡K Gi gvb ew‡mq †jLwPÎ A¼b Kiv nq|
†jLwPÎwU Dfq Aÿ‡K †Q`Kvix GKwU mij‡iLv nq|

(9) ‡iLvwU X-Aÿ‡K A ( , O) we›`y‡Z Ges Y-Aÿ‡K B (O ) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|

(10) ‡jLwPÎ †_‡K cvIqv GB ev B n‡e | G ‡_‡K †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f wbY©q nq|

(11) me‡k‡l P = m~‡Î †j‡Ýi ÿgZv cvIqv hvq|

119
wnmve (Calculation) t
Q‡Ki wnmve t
1. u1 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v1 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

2. u2 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v2 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

3. u3 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v3 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

4. u4 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v4 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

5. u5 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v5 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

6. u6 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v6 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

7. u7 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v7 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

8. u8 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v8 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

9. u9 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v9 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

10. u10 = x  y = ......  = ..... cm–1 01. v10 = x  z = .... cm  = .... cm–1

‡jLwPÎ A¼b t

QK KvM‡R X A‡ÿi w`‡K cÖwZ ÿz`ª 1 Ni = 0.001 GKK a‡i Gi wewfbœ gvb Ges Y A‡ÿi w`‡K

cÖwZ ÿz`ª 1 Ni = 0.001 GKK a‡i Gi wewfbœ gvb ewm‡q †jLwPÎ A¼b Kwi hv, X-Aÿ‡K A ( , o)

= (....., o) Ges Y-Aÿ‡K B (O ) = (o, ......) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|

‡jLwPÎ †_‡K cÖvß gvb t = ..... cm–1

Ges = ..... cm–1

‡dvKvm `~iZ¡ t = = = ..... cm–1

= .... cm–1  f = ...... cm, = ..... m

 †j‡Ýi ÿgZv, P = = ...... D.

120
 DËj †j‡Ýi ‡dvKvm `~iZ¡ wbY©‡qi QK t
ch©‡eÿb ‡j‡Ýi jÿ¨e¯‧i cÖwZwe¤^ jÿ¨e¯‧i cÖwZwe‡¤^i ‡jLwPÎ †_‡K Mo ‡j‡Ýi
msL¨v Ae¯vb Ae¯vb ev `~iZ¡ `~iZ¡ †dvKvm ÿgZv
x y we‡¤^i `~iZ¡ P=
Ae¯vb u = xy v = x y f
z
cm cm cm cm cm cm–1 cm–1 cm–1 cm–1 cm D.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10

djvdj t cÖ`Ë DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡, f = ....... cm = ........ m.

Ges †j‡Ýi ÿgZv, P = + .... D.

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvq Øviv cÖvß DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f = ..... cm = .... m Ge †j‡Ýi ÿgZv P = .... D, hv
cÖK„Z gv‡bi cÖvq KvQvKvwQ| †gvgevwZi kxl©we›`y, †j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª I c`v©i ga¨we›`y GKB mij‡iLv
bv n‡j mwVK we¤^ cvIqv hvq bv| c`v©‡K Ggbfv‡e ¯vcb Kiv nq †hb cÖwZwe¤^ me©v‡cÿv †QvU nq| Zv bv
n‡j cv‡V ÎæwU nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
GQvov D³ cixÿvq j¤^b ÎæwU cwinvi K‡i hš¿cvwZi e¨envi I mKj Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e Kivi ciI
wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

mZK©Zv t
1. ‡j‡Ýi Av‡jvK †K›`ª I †gvgevwZi wkLvi ga¨we›`y GKB mij‡iLvq DwPZ|
2. cÖwZwe‡¤^i/we‡¤^i Ae¯vb wbY©‡qi mgq jÿ¨ ivLv nq c`v©q m„ó we¤^ †hb me‡P‡q D¾j I ¯úó nq|
3. ‡dvKvm `~i‡Z¡i evB‡i jÿ¨e¯‧‡K ¯vcb Kiv DwPZ|
4. mva¨gZ j¤^b ÎæwU cwinvi K‡i cvV †bIqv DwPZ|
5. cixÿYwU WvK© iæ‡g ev AÜKvi iæ‡g Kiv DwPZ|

121
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
(fvBfv)
cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimet K‡iQ?
DËi t ebvg †jLwPÎ A¼b K‡i DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ I ÿgZv wbY©q KiY|
cÖkœ bs-02 t Working Formula wK?
DËi t + = ‡hLv‡b, u = jÿ¨e¯‧i `~iZ¡
v = cÖwZwe‡¤^i `~iZ¡
f = ‡j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡|
cÖkœ bs-03 t †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t `yBwU †Mvjxq c„ô Øviv mxgve× ¯^”Q mgmZ¡ cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-04 t ‡jÝ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËi t ‡jÝ `yB cÖKvi t (1) DËj †jÝ|
(2) AeZj †jÝ|
cÖkœ bs-05 t AbyeÜx †dvKvm Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv †j‡Ýi cÖavb A‡ÿi Dci¯ Ggb `yBwU we›`y hvi GKwU‡Z jÿ¨e¯‧ ivL‡j Ab¨wU‡Z we¤^
(Image) MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K AbyeÜx †dvKvm e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-06 t DËj †jÝ wKiƒc we¤^ MVb K‡i?
DËi t DËj †jÝ ev¯Íe I Aev¯Íe we¤^ MVb K‡i|
cÖkœ bs-07 t AeZj †jÝ wKiƒc we¤^ MVb K‡i?
DËi t AeZj †jÝ me©`v Aev¯Íe we¤^ MVb K‡i|
cÖkœ bs-08 t ‡jÝ I `c©‡bi †g․wjK cv_©K¨ wK?
DËi t ‡j‡Ý Av‡jvi cwZmiY nq, cÿvšÍ‡i `c©‡b Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb nq|
cÖkœ bs-09 t ‡j‡Ýi e¨envi wK?
DËi t DËj †j‡Ýi e¨envi t (1) AvZkx KvP, (2) Pkgvq, (3) K¨v‡givq, (4) weea©K Kv‡P, (5)
AYyexÿb I `~iexÿY h‡š¿ BZ¨vw`|
AeZj †j‡Ýi e¨envi t (1) cÖavbZ Pkgvq GQvov
(2) M¨vwjwjIi `~iexÿY h‡š¿I AeZj †jÝ e¨eüZ nq|
cÖkœ bs-10 t ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv + 4 WvqÞvi Gi A_© wK?
DËi t ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZv + 4 WvqÞvi K_vwUi A_© n‡jv t- e¨eüZ †jÝwU DËj Ges Gi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ 0.25 m.

122
ZvwiL t
cixÿv bs- 06
cixÿ‡bi bvg t mgZj `c©b Ges DËj †jÝ e¨envi K‡i Zi‡ji cÖwZmivsK wbY©q KiY|

ZË¡ (Theory) t
GK †Rvov wbw`©ó gva¨g Ges GKwU wbw`©ó e‡Y©i wZh©Kfv‡e AvcwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥i Rb¨ AvcZb †Kv‡Yi
mvBb (sine) Ges cÖwZmiY †Kv‡Y mvB‡bi (sine) AbycvZ me©`v GKwU aªæe ivwk nq| GB aªæe ivwk‡K H
e‡Y©i Rb¨ cÖ_g gva¨g mv‡c‡ÿ wØZxq gva¨‡gi cÖwZmiv¼ (Refractive Index) e‡j| G‡K  Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| cÖwZmiv‡¼i †Kv‡bv GKK bvB| Kvib GwU GKB RvZxq `yBwU ivwki AbycvZ|
‡Kvb mgZj `c©‡bi Dci 2/3 †dvuUv Zij (‡hgb, cvwb, A_ev wMømvwib BZ¨vw`) †i‡L Zvi Dci GKwU
DËj †jÝ ivLv n‡j †j‡Ýi Pvc Zij GKwU mgZj-AeZj †j‡Ý cwiYZ n‡e| GB `yB †j‡Ýi mgev‡q
(Combination) GKwU DËj †jÝ wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
hw` mgevq †jÝ (‡jÝØq wgwjZ fv‡e GKK ms‡hvwRZ †jÝ hv DËj †j‡Ýi b¨vq wµqv K‡i) Gi Zzj¨
†dvKvm `~iZ¡ F, DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f1 Ges mgZj AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f2 nq, Zvn‡j,
Avgiv cvB,

= – [ AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ FYvZ¥K]

ev, = –

ev, =

 f2 = ..................................................................................... (i)

cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f1 Ges †jÝ mgev‡qi Zzj¨ †dvKvm `~iZ¡ F wbY©q K‡i
mgxKib bs (i) Gi mvnv‡h¨ (Zij) mgZj-AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f2 wbY©q Kiv nq|
GLb Zij mgZj-AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ (f2) Ges cÖwZmivs‡Ki () g‡a¨ m¤úK© nj,

= ( – 1) ( )

GLv‡b, r1 Ges r2 n‡jv Zij †j‡Ýi `yB c„‡ói eµZvi e¨vmva©|

wØZxq c„ó mgZj nIqvq r2 =  (Amxg) Avevi †jÝwU AeZj nIqvq f2 Ges r1 FYvZ¥K|

123
myZivs, = ( – 1) ( )


ev, = ( – 1)

ev, r1 = ( – 1) f2

ev,  – 1 =

ev,  = 1 + = .............................................................................. (ii)

GLb †¯ú‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ DËj †j‡Ýi Zij mjMœ c„‡ói eµZvi e¨vmva© hv Zij c„‡ôi cÖ_g c„ô A_v©r
AeZj c„‡ôi eµZvi e¨vmva© r1 wb‡`©k K‡i|

GLb, r1 = + ............................................................................. (iii)

mgxKiY (i) †_‡K f2 Gi gvb Ges mgxKiY (iii) †_‡K r1 wbY©q K‡i mgxKiY (ii) G f2 Ges r1 Gi gvb
ewm‡q cixÿvjã Zij c`v‡_©i cÖwZmiv¼ () Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t-
1. mgZj `c©b
2. DËj †jÝ
3. wcbmn ÷¨vÛ
4. cixÿbxq Zij (‡hgb, cvwb)
5. wgUvi †¯‥j
6. ¯øvBW K¨vwjcvm©
7. ‡ù‡ivwgUvi BZ¨vw`|

124
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t-
(1) Kv‡Ri ïiæ‡ZB DËj †j‡Ýi wVK gvSLv‡bi cyiZ¡ (t) Gi gvb ¯øvBW-K¨vwjcvm© e¨envi K‡i wbY©q

Kiv nq| Gici (t) †K 2 Øviv fvM K‡i †j‡Ýi ga¨we›`y ( ) wbY©q Kiv nq|

(2) Gici †Uwe‡ji Dci GKwU mgZj `c©b †i‡L Gi Dci DËj †jÝ emv‡bv n‡jv| GLb GKwU
÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ GKwU wcb‡K (jÿ¨e¯‧) Abyf~wgK fv‡e hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wc‡bi kxl©we›`y DËj
†j‡Ýi ga¨fv‡M c‡o|
(3) Gici jÿ¨e¯‧ wcbwU‡K wbP †_‡K µgk Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv‡bv n‡jv Ges ÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ Ggb ¯ v‡b
AvUKv‡Z nq hv‡Z wc‡bi kxl© Gi D‡ëv we‡¤^i kx‡l©i mv‡_ wg‡k hvq|
(4) GKwU wgUvi †¯‥‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †j‡Ýi DcwiZ‡ji ga¨we›`y n‡Z wc‡bi kxl©we›`yi D”PZv h1 cwigvc
Kiv n‡jv |

GBfv‡e Av‡iv K‡qKevi cvV wb‡q Mo h1 wbY©q K‡i, f1 = ( ) Gi mvnv‡h¨ DËj †j‡Ýi

‡dvKvm `~iZ¡ (f1) wbY©q Kiv nq|

(5) Gici mgZj `c©b n‡Z DËj †jÝwU‡K mwi‡q `c©‡bi Dci 2/3 †dvuUv Zij wnmv‡e cvwb †`Iqv
n‡jv| Gici cybivq DËj †jÝwU‡K mgZj `c©‡bi Dci ¯vcb Kiv n‡jv|
(6) cybivq jÿ¨e¯‧ wcbwU‡K wbP n‡Z µgk Dc‡ii w`‡K DwV‡q Ggb ¯v‡b hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
wc‡bi kxl© cÖwZwe‡¤^i kx‡l©i mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| GKwU wgUvi ‡¯‥j w`‡q †j‡Ýi DcwiZ‡ji ga¨we›`y
n‡Z wc‡bi kxl©we›`yi D”PZv h2 wbY©q Kiv n‡jv| GBfv‡e Av‡iv K‡qKevi cvV wb‡q co †ei h2
Kiv n‡jv|

Gici, F = ( ) Gi mvnv‡h¨ ms‡hvwRZ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ (F) wbY©q Kiv nq|

(7) DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f1 Ges ms‡hvwRZ †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ F wbY©q K‡i (i) bs mgxKi‡bi
mvnv‡h¨ mgZj-AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f2 wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|

(8) Gici †ù‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ DËj †j‡Ýi eµZvi e¨vmva© r1 = m~Î e¨envi K‡i wbY©q
Kiv nq|
(9) me‡k‡l mgZj-AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f2 Ges DËj †j‡Ýi eµZvi e¨vmva© r1 Gi gvb (ii)
mgxKi‡b ewm‡q cixÿbxq Zij (cvwbi) c`v‡_©i cÖwZmiv¼ () wbY©q Kiv n‡jv|

125
wnmve (Calculation) t
DËj †j‡Ýi eµZvi e¨vmva© wbY©q t

mgxKiY bs (iii) nB‡Z cvB, r1 = GLv‡b, D = = .......... cm

D”PZv, h = x1 – x2 = ......... cm
= QK bs (2) nB‡Z h Gi gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

 QK bs (3) nB‡Z f1Ges F Gi gvb ewm‡q f2 Gi gvb

mgxKiY bs (i) nB‡Z cvB, f2 =
cvIqv hv‡e|

mgxKiY bs (ii) nB‡Z cvB,  = 1 + Dc‡ii mgxKib †_‡K r1 Ges f2 Gi gvb ewm‡q
cixÿbxq Zij c`v_© (cvwbi) cÖwZmivsK  Gi gvb
cvIqv hv‡e|
=

cÖK…Z gvb  cÖvß gvb

kZKiv fz‡ji nvi =  100%
cÖK…Z gvb

126
 QK bs-01 t DËj †j‡Ýi †ea ev cyiæZ¡ wbY©q|
(¯øvBW K¨vwjcv‡m©i gva¨‡g)
ch©‡eÿb cÖavb fvwb©qvi fvwb©qvi AvcvZ †gvU cvV Mo cvV hvwš¿K ÎæwU cªK„Z cvV
msL¨v †¯‥j cvV †¯‥j cvV aªæeK t = M+nv.c t = t-(e)
M N V.C. t (e)
cm cm cm cm cm cm
01
02
03

 DËj ‡j‡Ýi ga¨we›`yi cvV = cm

QK bs -02 t D”PZv (h) wbY©‡qi QKt-

Z‡ji cvV ch©‡eÿb ‣iwLK e„ËvKvi jwNô AvcvZ †gvU Mo D”PZv
msL¨v †¯‥j cvV †¯‥j aªæeK cvV = L+NL.C cvV h = x1–x2
L cm cvV L.C. cm cm cm cm
N
DËj †j‡Ýi 01
Dci cvV 02 x 1=
x1
03
L cm N L.C cm AvcvZ †gvU Mo cvV
cvV = L+NL.C cm
mZj 01
`c©‡bi 02
Dci cvV x 2=
x2
03

QK bs - 03 t DËj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ f1 Ges ms‡hvwRZ (‡jÝ mgevq) †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡ F wbY©q t-
ch©‡eÿb D”PZv Mo DËj †j‡Ýi ‡dvKvm D”PZv Mo D”PZv ms‡hvwRZ ‡j‡Ýi
msL¨v h1 cm D”PZv `~iZ¡ h2 cm h2 cm ‡dvKvm `~iZ¡
h1 cm f1 = h1 + cm F = h2 + cm
01
02
03

djvdj t cixÿvq mieivnK…Z Zij (cvwbi) c`v‡_©i cÖwZmivsK  = ..............,

127
128
e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t
cixÿvq cÖvß Zij c`v‡_©i (cvwbi) cÖwZmiv¼  = ....... hvnv cÖK…Z gvb 1.33 Gi KvQvKvwQ| kZKiv
fz‡ji nvi = ......... % hvnv MÖnb‡hvM¨| †Kbbv cixÿvwU mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wc‡bi kxl© we›`y
Ges we‡¤^i kxl© we›`y wgwjZ Ae¯vq _vKvKv‡j G‡`i †Kvb j¤^b ÎæwU bv _v‡K †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv nq|
wc‡bi kxl©we›`y‡K †j‡Ýi Aÿ‡iLv eivei DVv-bvgv Kiv‡bv nq| me‡k‡l wgUvi †¯‥‡ji e¨envi wbfzj
©
fv‡e Kiv nq| GiciI wb‡¤^i mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

(1) mgZj `c©b‡K m¤úyY© Avbyf~wgK fv‡e ¯vcb Kiv DwPZ|

(2) `c©‡bi Lye Kg cwigvb (2/3 †dvuUv) Zij c`v_© (cvwb) e¨envi DwPZ|
(3) ‡j‡Ýi ga¨we›`y w`‡q MgbKvix Dj¤^ †iLvi DciB wc‡bi kxl© _vK‡Z n‡e|
(4) wcb †_‡K h‡_ó `~‡i Pÿz ¯vcb Kiv DwPZ|
(5) we‡¤^ Ae¯vb wbY©‡q j¤^b ÎæwU cwinvi Kiv DwPZ|

129
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
(fvBfv)

cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimetn K‡iQ?

DËi t mgZj `c©b Ges DËj †jÝ e¨envi K‡i Zij c`v‡_©i cÖwZmivsK wbY©q|
cÖkœ bs-02 t Working Formula wjL?
DËi t Zi‡ji (cvwbi) cÖwZmiv¼,
=1+
GLv‡b, r1 = DËi †j‡Ýi eµZvi e¨vmva©
f2 = mgZj-AeZj †j‡Ýi †dvKvm `~iZ¡|
cÖkœ bs-03 t †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j? †jÝ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËi t `yBwU ci¯úi †”Q`x ¯^”Q mgmZ¡ cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K †jÝ e‡j|
 †jÝ `yB cÖKvi| h_vt (1) DËj †jÝ
(2) AeZj †jÝ|
(1) DËj †jÝ t †h †j‡Ýi ga¨fvM †gvUv I cÖvšÍfvM miæ Zv‡K DËj †jÝ e‡j|
(2) AeZj †jÝ t †h †j‡Ýi ga¨fvM miæ I cÖvšÍ fvM †gvUv Zv‡K AeZj †jÝ e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-04 t ‡jÝ Avgv‡`i wK Kv‡R jv‡M?
DËi t ‡j‡Ýi e¨envi t Pkgv, K¨v‡giv, weea©K KvP, AbyexÿY, hš¿, `~iexÿY hš¿ BZ¨vw` Av‡jvK h‡š¿
†jÝ e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖkœ bs-05 t G cixÿvq wK ai‡bi Zij †jÝ MwVZ nq?
DËi t mgveZj (plano-concave) †jÝ|
cÖkœ bs-06 t `c©b Kv‡K e‡j? `c©b wKfv‡e ‣Zix nq?
DËi t ‡h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K `c©b e‡j|
 mvaviYZ Kv‡Pi GKw`‡K avZzi (mvaviYZ iƒcvi) cÖ‡jc jvwM‡q `c©b •Zix Kiv nq|
cÖkœ bs-07 t ¯úk© bv K‡i wKfv‡e †jÝ mbv³ Kiv hvq eY©bv Ki|
DËi t ‡j‡Ýi mvg‡b Lye KvQvKvwQ GKwU Av½yj †i‡L Aci w`K †_‡K †`L‡j hw` Av½y‡ji †mvRv I
wecixZ we¤^ MwVZ nq Zvn‡j †mB †jÝ DËj †jÝ n‡e Avi hw` †mvRv Lwe©Z (‡QvU) we¤^ MwVZ nq Zvn‡j
†mB †jÝ n‡e AeZj †jÝ|
cÖkœ bs-08 t Zzj¨ ev mgZzj¨ †jÝ Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡Kv‡bv †jÝ mgš^q †Kv‡bv e¯‧i †h we¤^ MVb K‡i, †mB GKB we¤^ hw` mgš^‡qi cwie‡Z© GKwU
GKK †jÝ Øviv GKB RvqMvq MVb Kiv hvq Zvn‡j H GKK †j݇K mgš^‡qi Zzj¨ †jÝ e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-09 t ‡j‡Ýi ms‡hvRb ev mgš^q Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †jÝ hw` GKB Aÿ eivei ci¯ú‡ii ms¯ú‡k© _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K †jÝ
ms‡hvRb/mgš^q e‡j|

130
ZvwiL t
cixÿY bs- 07
cixÿ‡bi bvg t Wv‡qv‡Wi c~Y© weªR e¨envi K‡i GKwU w`K cwieZx© (AC) cÖevn‡K GKg~Lx
(DC) cÖev‡n iƒcvšÍi|

ZË¡ (Theory) t -
‡h cÖwµqvq AC Signal †K DC Signal G iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq Zv‡K GKg~LxKiY (Rectification)
e‡j|
Avi †h hš¿vs‡ki mvnv‡h¨ cÖwµqvwU m¤ú~Y© nq Zv‡K GKg~LxKviK (Rectifier) e‡j| PN Rvskb
Diode GKg~LxKviK (Rectifier) wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
GKwU weªR Rectfier Gi mvnv‡h¨ GKg~LxKiY cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t

wPÎt Bridge Rectfier

‡m‡KÛvix KzÛjx‡Z AC wef‡ei abvZ¡K (+ve) Aa©P‡µ KzÛjxi A cÖvšÍ abvZ¡K (+ve) Ges B cÖvšÍ
FYvZ¡K (– ve) wefe cÖvß nq hvi d‡j D1 I D3 Forward bias Ges D2 I D4 Reverse bias
cÖvß nq| d‡j D1 I D3 Gi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor cÖevwnZ nq Ges D2 I D4 Gi ga¨ w`‡q Kv‡bv we`y¨r
cÖevwnZ nq bv|
Abyiƒcfv‡e, FYvZ¡K (– ve) Aa©P‡µi Rb¨, B cÖvšÍ aYvZ¡K (+ve) Ges A cÖvšÍ (–ve) cÖvß
nq| d‡j D2 I D4 Forward bias Ges D1 I D3 Reverse bais cÖvß nq| d‡j D2 I D4 cwievnx
n‡jI D1 I D3 Acwievnx nq Ges Dc‡ii wP‡Îi b¨vq eZ©bx‡Z we`y¨r cÖevn I output wefe cvIqv
hvq|

131
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Diode 4wU (1N 400 A_ev 1N 5400 gv‡bi)
2. Trainer Board (LRC 7408)
3. Resistance (†ivaK) R = 1k 
4. Capacitor (aviK) C = 100 F (16v)
5. Multimeter A_ev Oscilloscope
6. ms‡hvMKvix Zvi (Connecting wire) BZ¨vw`|

Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t

1. cÖ_‡g Trainer Board †K 220 volt a.c. Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv|
2. Trainer Board Gi Dci GKwU Bread Board _v‡K| GLb Bread Board Gi Dci Diode
4wU w`‡q GKwU jyc •Zix Kiv nq eZ©bx wP‡Îi gZ K‡i|
3. Gevi ms‡hvM Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Trainer Board ¯vwcZ Tranoformer Gi output cÖv‡šÍ Input
voltage (VAB) Gi gvb Multimeter Gi mvnv‡h¨ cwigvY Kiv nq (G mgq Multimeter Gi
bf‡K AC As‡k ivL‡Z n‡e)|
4. Gici ms‡hvM Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc K…Z Input voltage †K Bread Board G ¯vwcZ Diode
Øviv •Zix Loop Gi ga¨ w`‡q cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
5. Gici Multimeter Gi bf‡K DC As‡k wb‡q Load †iva RL Gi mv‡c‡ÿ DC voltage
cwigvc K‡i cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Kiv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
1. Input AC wefe = 12 v
2. Output DC wefe = 12 v (cÖvq)
3. cixÿvq e¨eüZ †jvW (Load) RL = 1k
4. avi‡Ki aviKZ¡ = 100 F
5. cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î Input voltage Vac = 12 volt
6. Mo output voltage Vac = 12 volt (cÖvq)
7. cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î output Gi AvK…wZ I gvb cÖvq mgvb †`Lv hvq d‡j Zwor cÖev‡ni w`K GKg~Lx|
132
 QK t DcvË msMÖn
ch©‡eÿY Transformer Gi output cÖv‡šÍ Load †iva RL Gi mv‡c‡ÿ output Mo output
msL¨v Input voltage voltage (VRL) volt voltage Vdc
(VAB) volt
01 12 v a.c
02 12 v a.c
03 12 v a.c

djvdj t cixÿv Øviv cÖvß DcvË †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, 12 v AC current cÖvq 12 v DC current G
cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| myZivs Doide GKg~LxKviK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|

wPÎt AšÍM©vgx w`K cwieZx© cÖevn wPÎt ewnM©vgx GKg~Lx cÖevn

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

cixÿvwUi cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv hvq cixÿbwU cÖvq mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| Gi KviY hš¿cvwZi e¨envi
Ges eZ©bxq ms‡hvM h_vh_fv‡e hš¿cvwZi e¨envi Ges eZ©bxi ms‡hvM h_vh_vfv‡e n‡q‡Q| GiciI
e¨w³MZ mZK©Zvi Rb¨ cvV ch©‡eÿ‡b wKQz mgm¨v _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b
Kiv n‡jv|

mZK©Zv t
1. wPÎ Abyhvqx eZ©bx mvwR‡q Input voltage 220 v Gi ms‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ|
2. Diode Gi P cÖvšÍ I N cÖvšÍ ( ) wbwðZ n‡q ms‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
3. eZ©bx ms‡hvM †`Iqvi ci Transformer Gi nvZ †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
4. AwZ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Output cvV wb‡Z n‡e|
5. Multimeter e¨env‡ii mgq AZ¨šÍ mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb AC gvcvi †ÿ‡Î bf AC As‡k _v‡K
Ges DC current gvcvi †ÿ‡Î bf DC As‡k ivLv nq|

133
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
(fvBfv)

cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimetn K‡iQ?

DËi t Wv‡qv‡Wi c~Y© eªxR e¨envi K‡i GKwU w`K cwieZx© cÖevn (AC cÖevn) †K GKg~Lx (DC cÖev‡n)
cÖev‡n iƒcvšÍi|
cÖkœ bs-02 t P–N Rvskb wK/Wv‡qvW wK?
DËi t GKwU P UvBc I GKwU N UvBc Aa©cwievnx‡K we‡kl e¨e¯vax‡b mshy³ Ki‡j ms‡hvM c„ó‡K P –
N Rvskb ev Wv‡qvW e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-03 t Rvskb Wv‡qv‡Wi eøK wPÎ I eZ©bx wPÎ †`LvI|
DËi t (i) eøK wPÎ t- P N (ii) eZ©bx wPÎ t

cÖkœ bs-04 t GKg~LxKiY (Rectification) Kv‡K e‡j? GKg~LxKviK (Rectifier) Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t ‡h cÖwµqvq ev c×wZ‡Z A.C cÖevn‡K D.C cÖev‡n cwieZ©b Kiv nq Zv‡K Rectification
e‡j|
‡h hš¿vs‡ki mvnv‡h¨ eZ©bx •Zix K‡i cÖwµqvwU m¤úbœ Kiv nq Zv‡K Rectifier e‡j|
GLv‡b, Diode Rectifier wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
cÖkœ bs-05 t Bridge Rectification wK?
DËi t GKwU Transformer, PviwU Rvskb diode-Gi mvnv‡h¨ †h Bridge MVb Kiv nq Zv‡K
Bridge Rectification e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-06 t c~Y© Zi½ GKg~LxKi‡b `yBwU Abyiƒc Diode e¨eüZ nq †Kb?
DËi t c~Y© Zi½ GKg~LxKi‡b `yBwU Abyiƒc Diode e¨eüZ nq KviY `yBwU Diode Gi Zwor cÖevn
Abyiƒc bv n‡j †iv‡ai †fZi w`‡q cÖevn‡i DVv-bvgv †ewk nq|
cÖkœ bs-07 t P–type Ges N–type Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t P–type semiconductor t †Kv‡bv weï× Aa©cwievn‡K mvgvb¨ cwigvb w·hvRx †g․j Ac`ªe¨
wnmv‡e †gkv‡bv n‡j, Zv‡K –type Aa©cwievnK (semiconductor) e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-08 t Aa©Zi½ Rectifier wKfv‡e MwVZ nq?
DËi t GKwU Diode e¨envi K‡i Aa© Zi½ (Half wave) Rectifier •Zix Kiv nq|
cÖkœ bs-09 t P–type Ges N–type Aa©cwievn‡K Zwor cÖevn nq wK‡mi Kvi‡b?
DËi t P–type Aa©cwievn‡K †nvj (Hole) Gi Kvi‡Y Gi N–type Aa©cwievn‡K AwZwi³ B‡jKUª‡bi
Rb¨ Zwor cÖevn nq|
cÖkœ bs-10 t weï× ev mnRvZ Aa©cwievn‡Ki D`vniY `vI|
DËi t ch©vq mviwbi PZz_© mvwii cigvby t-
(1) Kve©b (c) (2) wmwjKb (si) (3) Rv‡g©wbqvg (Ge) (4) wUb (sn) BZ¨vw`|

134
135
ZvwiL t
cixÿY bs- 08
cixÿ‡bi bvg t Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (Integrated Circuit) e¨envi K‡i jwRK †MU
(Logic gate) Gi mZ¨K mvibx cÖgvb|
[OR, AND, NOT, NAND, X-OR, Gate]

cixÿv bs- (1) t IC e¨envi K‡i OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mvibx hvPvB Kib|
ZË¡ (Theory) t- OR Gate n‡”Q GKwU B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bx hvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK input Ges GKwU gvÎ
output _vK‡e| †h †Kv‡bv GK ev GKvwaK input (1) n‡j output (1) n‡e|
OR Gate, Gi †ÿ‡Î, X = A + B
A B X
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1

wPÎ t OR Gate Gi cÖZxK| mZ¨K mvibx (Truth table)

GLv‡b, Logic Ae¯vt- ‘1’ A_© switch ON

Logic Ae¯vt- ‘O’A_© switch OFF.

wPÎt cÖevn wPÎ

136
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Digital Trainer Board
2. AvBwm (IC) 2 input OR Gate (7432)
3. LED
4. ‡eªW‡evW©
5. ms‡hvM Zvi
6. +5 volt -Gi DC Power Supply BZ¨vw`|

AvBwmi eY©bvt
OR Gate Gi IC bs 7432, G‡Z PviwU OR
Gate mshy³ _v‡K| Gi `yB cv‡k 7wU K‡i †gvU
14 wU wc‡bi cÖvšÍ _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7 bs I 14
bs cÖvšÍ‡K evqvwms cÖvšÍ e‡j| G‡`i 7 bs cÖvšÍ‡K
f~wg Ges 14 bs cÖvšÍ‡K +5v Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv
nq|
wPÎ t OR Gate Gi eZ©bx ms‡hvM wPÎ
GLv‡b, cÖ_g OR Gate Gi input 1 I 2 Ges GLv‡b, A = input (s1 m~BP)
output 3. B = input (s2 m~BP)
X = output (LED)

wet `ªt 2q OR Gate Gi Rb¨ input cÖvšÍ 4 I 5 outputy 6

3q OR Gate Gi Rb¨ input cÖvšÍ 9 I 10 output 8
4_© OR Gate Gi Rb¨ input cÖvšÍ 12 I 13 output 11

eZ©bx ms‡hvMt OR Gate Gi IC 7432 ‡K Digital Trainner Board G wVKgZ (LvuR KvUv w`K
evg w`‡K) emv‡bv n‡jv| IC Gi cÖwZ cv‡k^© 7wU K‡i †gvU 14 wU wc‡bi cÖvšÍ Av‡Q| 1 bs Ges 2 bs
wc‡bi mv‡_ input wnmv‡e m~BP s1 Ges m~BP s2 `yBwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g mshy³ Ges output wnmv‡e
3 bs wcb ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g LED (evwZ) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq| Gici 7 bs wc‡bi mv‡_ f~wg
(Grand) Ges 14 bs wc‡bi mv‡_ + 5v (Power Supply) Gi mv‡_ `yBwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g

137
Avjv`v Avjv`v fv‡e hy³ Kiv nj| GLb Digital Trainer Board †K 220 v Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv
n‡jv|
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
1. IC No. 7432 wPÎ Abyhvqx Breadboard G emv‡Z n‡e|
2. Gici `yBwU m~B‡Pi gva¨‡g IC Gi 1 Ges 2 bs cÖvšÍ †K mshy³ Kiv n‡jv Ges 3 bs cÖvšÍ‡K LED
(evwZ) mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq|
3. Gici 7 bs wcb‡K f~wg (Grand) Ges 14 bs wcb‡K +5v Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq|
4. GLv‡b IC Gi 1 I 2 bs cÖvšÍ input A I B Ges 3 bs cÖvšÍ output x wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
5. GLb m~BPØq ON I OFF K‡i input Gi wewfbœ mgevq cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Ges cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î output
jÿ¨ Kiv nq| LED ON Ae¯vq output 1 Ges OFF Ae¯vq O nq|
6. cixÿvq cÖvß djvdj mZ¨K mvibx‡Z emv‡bv nq Ges OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi mv‡_ wgwj‡q
†`Lv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
Logical ‡hv‡Mi m~Î t A + B = X GLv‡b,
A B X A = m~BP 1, Gi ON Ges OFF
i) 0+0=0 B = m~BP 2, Gi ON Ges OFF
ii) 1+0=1 X = Gi LED Gi ON Ges OFF
iii) 0 + 1 = 1 Logical Ae¯v t 1 = ON = + 5v
iv) 1 + 1 = 1 O = OFF = ‘0’ V
Avevi, Switch Gi †ÿ‡Î
‘0’ A_© OFF = –ve
‘1’ A_© ON = + ve
Logical Ae¯v t ‘0’ = ov
‘1’ = + 5v

138
 OR Gate hvPvB‡qi QK t
ch©‡eÿb msL¨v m~BP A m~BP B LED X A B X
01 OFF OFF OFF 0 0 0
02 ON OFF ON 1 0 1
03 OFF ON ON 0 1 1
04 ON ON ON 1 1 1

GLv‡b, OFF A_© LED evwZ R¦‡j bv|

ON A_© LED evwZ R¦‡j|
djvdjt cixÿvq cÖvß mZ¨K mvibx (Truth Table) OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| myZivs OR
Gate cÖgvbxZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

OR Gate Gi IC HD 7432 Gi voltage ¯Íi I mv`„k¨ hyw³¯Íi ZvwË¡K Truth table Gi Awfbœiƒc LED
(evwZ) Gi ON I OFF †`‡L Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg hvPvB Kiv nq| AZGe cÖ`Ë IC HD 7432 mwVK OR
Gate Gi IC. output ZLbB cvIqv hvq hLb mKj input Dcw¯Z _v‡K| AZGe ejv hvq †h, IC HD
7432, OR Gi Truth table wm× K‡i| GiciI cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡jv|
mZK©Zv t
1. Bread Board G IC emv‡bvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ emv‡bv nq hv‡Z IC Gi cÖvšÍ¸‡jv †f‡½ ev †e‡K bv
hvq|
2. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
3. 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K +5 v Ges 7 bs wcb f~wg (Grand) Gi mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Lye ax‡i ax‡i OFF–ON Kiv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi ci Trainer Board Gi Power ms‡hvM Kiv DwPZ|

139
cixÿv bs- 02 t
cixÿ‡bi bvg t IC e¨envi K‡i AND Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwb hvPvB Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t AND Gate n‡”Q Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bx (Electronic Circuit) hvi `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK Input I GKwUgvÎ output _vK‡e Ges hvi me¸‡jv input 1 (ON) n‡j output 1 (ON)
n‡e|
AND Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î, A.B = X
A B X
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

wPÎt AND Gate Gi cÖZxK|

Truth table
GLv‡b, Logic Ae¯v t ‘1’ A_© Switch ON.
‘O’ A_© Switch OFF.

cÖevn wPÎ AND Gate.

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Digital Trainer Board.
2. 7408 b¤^i IC GKwU (2 input AND Gate)
3. +5 v DC Power Supply
4. LED (evwZ)
5. Bread Board
6. ms‡hvM Zvi (Connecting wire)
7. m~BP (Switch) BZ¨vw`|
140
AvBwm (Integraeted Circuit) Gi eY©bvt
AND Gate Gi IC bs 7408, G‡Z PviwU AND
Gate mshy³ _v‡K| Gi `yBcv‡k 7 wU K‡i †gvU 6wU cÖvšÍ
_v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨s 7 bs 14 bs cÖvšÍ‡K evqvwms cÖvšÍ e‡j
Ges G `ywU‡K h_vµ‡g f~wg (GND) Ges + 5v Gi
mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq|

1g AND Gate Gi input 1 I 2 Ges output 3.

2q AND Gate Gi input 4 I 5 Ges output 6.
wPÎ t AND gate Gi eZ©bx ms‡hvM wPÎ
3q AND Gate Gi input 9 I 10 Ges output 8
4_© AND Gate Gi input 12 I 13 Ges output 11

Here
(1) Input, A = Switch S1
(2) Input, B = Switch S2
(3) output, X = LED evwZ

eZ©bx ms‡hvM t AND Gate Gi Rb¨ 7408 bs IC †K Digital Tranner Board G ¯vwcZ
Breadboard G wVKgZ (LuvR KvUv cÖvšÍ evg w`‡K) emv‡bv n‡jv| Gici `yBwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 1
bs Ges 2bs cÖvšÍ‡K Swicth bs 1 Ges 2 bs G mshy³ Kiv n‡jv| Gici 3 bs cÖvšÍ‡K Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM
Zv‡ii gva¨‡g LED (evwZ) Gi mshy³ Kiv n‡jv| Gici 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) Gi mv‡_ I
14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K + 5v Gi mv‡_ c„_K `yBwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g hy³ Kiv n‡jv|

me‡k‡l Digital Trainer Board †K 220 v Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv|

141
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t-
1. wPÎ Abyhvqx 7408 bs IC †K Breadboard wVKgZ emv‡Z n‡e|
2. Gici `yBwU m~B‡Pi gva¨‡g IC Gi 1 bs Ges 2 bs cÖvšÍ‡K ms‡hvM Kiv n‡jv Ges cÖvšÍ‡K LED
(evwZ) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv| GLv‡b IC Gi 1 bs Ges 2 bs wcb input A I B Ges 3 bs
wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K output X wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
3. Gici 7 bs wcb‡K f~wg (Grand) (FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ) Ges 14 bs wcb‡K + 5v Gi mv‡_ `yBwU c„_K
Zv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv|
4. Gici m~BPØq On I OFF K‡i input Gi wewfbœ mgevq cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Ges cªwZ †ÿ‡Î output
jÿ¨ Kiv nq| LED (evwZ), ON Ae¯vq output ‘1’ Ges OFF Ae¯vq output ‘O’ nq|
5. cixÿvq cÖvšÍ djvdj mZ¨K mviwb‡Z emv‡bv nq Ges AND Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwb (Truth
table) Gi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
Logical ¸‡bi m~Î t A . B = X GLv‡b,
A B X A = m~BP 1, Gi ON Ges OFF
i) 0.0=0 B = m~BP 2 Gi ON Ges OFF
ii) 1 . 0 = 1 X = LED Gi ON Ges OFF
iii) 0 . 1 = 1 Logical Ae¯v t ‘O’ = OV
iv) 1 . 1 = 1 ‘1' = +5 v
Switch Gi †ÿ‡Î-
‘O’ A_© OFF = –ve
‘1’ A_© ON = + ve

142
 AND gate hvPvB‡qi QK t
ch©‡eÿb msL¨v m~BP A m~BP B LED X A B X
01 OFF OFF OFF 0 0 0
02 ON OFF OFF 1 0 0
03 OFF ON OFF 0 1 0
04 ON ON ON 1 1 1

GLv‡b, OFF A_© LED evwZ R¦‡j bv|

Ges ON A_© LED evwZ R¦‡j|

djvdj t cixÿvq cÖvß mZ¨K mvibx (Truth Table) AND Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq|
AZGe, AND Gate cÖgvbxZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

7408 bs IC AND Gate Gi voltage ¯Íi I mv`„k¨ hyw³¯Íi ZvwË¡K Truth table Gi Awfbœiƒc
LED (evwZ) Gi ON I OFF †`‡L Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg hvPvB Kiv nq| AZGe cÖ`Ë IC HD
7408 LS wU mwVK I wbfzj
© AND Gate Gi IC. output ZLbB cvIqv hvq hLb mKj input
Dcw¯Z _v‡K| myZivs ejv hvq †h, 7408 bs IC (AvBwm) AND Gate ‡K wm× K‡i| GiciI
cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

mZK©Zv t
1. Breadboard G AvBwm (IC) emv‡bvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ emv‡bv nq hv‡Z IC Gi wc‡bi
cÖvšÍ¸‡jv ‡f‡½ ev ‡e‡K bv hvq|
2. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e ev `„pfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
3. 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) (FYvZ¥K) Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ + 5v (aYvZ¥K) Gi mv‡_ hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Lye ax‡i ax‡i OFF–ON Kiv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi ci Trainer Board Gi Power Supply ms‡hvM Kiv DwPZ|

143
cixÿv bs-03 t
cixÿ‡bi bvg t AvBwm (IC) e¨envi K‡i NOT Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwb hvPvB Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t NOT Gate n‡”Q Ggb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bx (Electronic Circuit) hvi GKwU
gvÎ input I GKwUgvÎ output _vK‡e Ges hvi me¸‡jv output me©`v intput Gi wecixZ nq|
NOT Gate Gi input A n‡j output n‡e, X = ̅
A X=̅
0 1
1 0

wPÎt NOT Gate Gi cÖZxK| wPÎt NOT Gate Gi Truth Table

NOT Gate Gi cÖevn wPÎ|

144
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Digital Trainer Board.
2. 7404 gv‡bi IC GKwU (1 input NOT Gate)
3. +5v (DC) Power Supply
4. LED (evwZ)
5. Breadboard
6. m~BP (Switch)
7. ms‡hvM Zvi BZ¨vw`|

AvBwm (Integreted Circuit) Gi eY©bv t

7404 bs IC n‡jv NOT Gate Gi Rb¨ Electronic
Circuit G‡Z QqwU NOT Gate mshy³ _v‡K| G‡`i
g‡a¨ 7 bs Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K evqvms cÖvšÍ e‡j
Ges 7 bs †K f~wg (FYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ) Ges 14 bs +5v
(aYvZ¥K cÖvšÍ) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq|

wPÎ t NOT gate Gi eZ©bx ms‡hvM wPÎ

1, 3, 5, 9, 11 Ges 13 bs cÖvšÍ¸‡jv‡K QqwU Gate Gi input Ges 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 bs

cÖvšÍ¸‡jv‡K QqwU Gate Gi output wb‡`©k K‡i|

eZ©bx ms‡hvM t
NOT Gate Gi Rb¨ 7404 bs IC †K Digital Trainer Board G ¯vwcZ Breadboard G wP‡Îi
b¨vq (LuvR KvUv w`K evg w`‡K) emv‡bv n‡jv| Gici GKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 1 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K
Swicth Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv n‡jv Ges 2 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g LED (evwZ)
Gi mshy³ Kiv n‡jv| Gici 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) Gi mv‡_ I 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K + 5v
(DC Supply) Gi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ‡`Iqv n‡jv| me‡k‡l Digital Trainer Board †K 220 v Gi
mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv|

145
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
1. wPÎ Abyhvqx 7404 bs IC †K Breadboard wVKgZ emv‡Z n‡e|
2. Gici GKwU Switch Gi gva¨‡g IC 1 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K Ges 2 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K LED (evwZ)
Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq| GLv‡b AvBwmi 1 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ input A Ges 2 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ output
X wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡e|
3. Gici 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (Grand) FYvZ¥K Ges 14 bs wcb‡K + 5v Gi mv‡_ `yBwU c„_K
Zv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv|
4. GLb Switch ON I OFF K†i K‡i output jÿ¨ Kiv nq|
5. cixÿvq cÖvß djvdj mZ¨K mviwb‡Z emv‡bv nq Ges NOT Gate Gi Truth Table G wgwj‡q
†`Lv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
Avgiv Rvwb, A = ̅ GLv‡b,
A ̅ A = input m~B‡Pi OFF Ges ON
(1) O=1 B = output m~B‡Pi LED evwZi OFF Ges ON
(2) 1 =0 Logical Ae¯v t
0 = switch OFF
Logical Ae¯v t ‘O’ = 0 volt 1 = switch ON
‘1’ = +5 v

146
 NOT Gate Gi Truth Table hvPvB‡qi QK t
ch©‡eÿb msL¨v m~BP A LED X = ̅ A X= ̅
01 OFF ON 0 1
02 ON OFF 1 0

GLv‡b, OFF A_© LED evwZ R¦‡j bv|

ON A_© LED evwZ R¦‡j|

djvdj t cixÿvq ch©‡eÿ‡b †`Lv hvq mZ¨K mviwY (Truth Table) NOT Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwYi
mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| AZGe NOT Gate cÖgvbxZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

7404 bs AvBwm (IC) NOT Gate Gi voltage ¯Íi I mv`„k¨ hyw³¯Íi ZvwË¡K Truth table Gi
Awfbœiƒc LED (evwZ) Gi ON I OFF †`‡L Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg hvPvB Kiv nq| AZGe cÖ`Ë
AvBwm (IC) HD 7404 LS wU NOT Gate Gi IC. output ZLbB cvIqv hvq hLb mKj input
Dcw¯Z _v‡K| myZivs ejv hvq †h, 7404 bs IC (AvBwm) NOT Gate Gi Truth table †KB wm×
K‡i| GiciI cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

mZK©Zv t
1. Breadboard G AvBwm (IC) emv‡bvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ emv‡bv nq hv‡Z IC Gi wc‡bi
cÖvšÍ¸‡jv ‡f‡½ ev †e‡K bv hvq|
2. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e ev `„pfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
3. 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) (FYvZ¥K) Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ + 5v (FYvZ¥K) Gi mv‡_ hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Lye ax‡i ax‡i OFF–ON Kiv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi ci Trainer Board Gi Power Supply ms‡hvM Kiv DwPZ|

147
cixÿv bs- 04 t
cixÿ‡i bvg t AvBwm (IC) e¨envi K‡i NOR Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg ev mZ¨K mviwb
(Truth Table) hvPvB Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t NOR Gate n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Electronic Circuit hvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK input
Ges GKwUgvÎ output _vK‡e Ges hvi ‡h †Kv‡bv ev GKvwaK intput 1 n‡j output 0 n‡e| OR
Gate Gi output G GKwU NOT Gate hy³ n‡j NOR Gate nq|
NOR Gate Gi ‡ÿ‡Î,
X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 0

wPÎt NOR Gate Gi cÖZxK| wPÎt Truth Table (mZ¨K mviwb) NOR Gate

wPÎt NOT Gate Gi cÖevn wPÎ|

148
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Digital Trainer Board.
2. HD 7402 LS IC (7402)
3. +5v (DC) Power Supply
4. LED (evwZ)
5. Bread Board
6. m~BP (Switch)
7. ms‡hvM Zvi BZ¨vw`|

AvBwm (Integreted Circuit) Gi eY©bvt

NOR Gate Gi IC bs 7402 G‡Z PviwU NOR
Gate mshy³ _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7 bs Ges 14 bs
wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K evqwms cÖvšÍ e‡j| 7 bs †K f~wg
(Grand) Ges 14 bs +5v (DC) Gi mv‡_ mshy³
Kiv nq|
wPÎt NOR gate Gi eZ©bx ms‡hvM wPÎ

1g NOR Gate Gi input 1 I 2 Ges output 3.

2q NOR Gate Gi input 4 I 5 Ges output 6.
3q NOR Gate Gi input 9 I 10 Ges output 8.
4_© NOR Gate Gi input 12 I 13 Ges output 11.

eZ©bx ms‡hvMt
NOR Gate Gi IC 7402 †K Digital Trainer Board ¯vwcZ Breadboard G wP‡Îi b¨vq (LuvR
KvUv w`K evg w`‡K _vK‡e) emv‡bv n‡jv| Gici GKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 1 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K
Swicth (A) Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 2 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K Swicth (B) Ges Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM
Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 3 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K LED (evwZ) mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv| 7 bs ‡K f~wg I 14 bs †K +5v
(DC) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv| me‡k‡l Digital Trainer Board †K 220 v Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv
n‡jv|

149
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t-
1. wPÎ Abyhvqx 7402 bs IC †K Breadboard G ¯vcb Kiv nq|
2. Gici eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
3. Gici m~BPØq ON I OFF K‡i input Gi wewfbœ mgevq (Combination) cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Ges
cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î output jÿ¨ (Observe) Kiv nq| ON Ae¯vq output 1 Ges OFF Ae¯vq output
0 nq|
4. cixÿvq cÖvß djvdj mZ¨K mviwb (Truth table) †Z emv‡bv nq Ges NOR Gate Gi mZ¨
mviwbi mv‡_ wgwj‡q †`Lv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
NOR Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î t-
Avgiv cvB,
X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A B A + B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ GLv‡b,
i) 0+0=0=1 A = input m~B‡Pi OFF Ges ON Ae¯v
ii) 1+0=1=0 B = output m~B‡Pi OFF Ges ON
iii) 0 + 1 = 1 = 0 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ = output LED evwZi OFF Ges ON
iv) 1 + 1 = 1 = 1 Ae¯v

Logical Ae¯’v t
‘0’ = switch OFF
‘1’ = switch ON

150
Logical Ae¯’v t
‘0’ = 0 volt
‘1’ = + 5 volt
NOR Gate Gi Truth Table hvPvB‡qi QK t
ch©‡eÿb msL¨v Input Output LED Condition A B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A B A+B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
01 0 0 0 1 ON 0 0 1
02 1 0 1 0 OFF 1 0 0
03 0 1 1 0 OFF 0 1 0
04 1 1 1 0 OFF 1 1 0

djvdjt cixÿvq ch©‡eÿ‡b †`Lv hvq mZ¨K mviwb (Truth Table) NOR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi
mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| AZGe NOR Gate cÖgvbxZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

7402 bs AvBwm (IC) NOR Gate Gi voltage ¯Íi I mv`„k¨ hyw³¯Íi ZvwË¡K Truth table Gi
Awfbœiƒc LED (evwZ) Gi ON I OFF †`‡L Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg hvPvB Kiv nq| ZvB ejv hvq
cÖ`Ë AvBwm (IC) HD 7402 LS wU NOR Gate Gi IC. output ZLbB cvIqv hvq hLb input
Dcw¯Z _v‡K| myZivs ejv hvq †h, 7402 bs IC (AvBwm) NOR Gate Gi Truth table †KB wm×
K‡i| GiciI cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

mZK©Zv t
1. Breadboard G AvBwm (IC) emv‡bvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ emv‡bv nq hv‡Z IC Gi wc‡bi
cÖvšÍ¸‡jv ‡f‡½ ev ‡e‡K bv hvq|
2. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e ev `„pfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
3. 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) (FYvZ¥K) Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ + 5v (FYvZ¥K) Gi mv‡_ hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Lye ax‡i ax‡i OFF–ON Kiv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi ci Trainer Board Gi Power Supply ms‡hvM Kiv DwPZ|

151
cixÿv bs- 05 t
cixÿ‡bi bvg t AvBwm (IC) e¨envi K‡i NAND Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg ev mZ¨K mviwb
(Truth Table) hvPvB Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t NAND Gate n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Electronic Circuit hvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK input
Ges GKwUgvÎ output _vK‡e Ges hvi me¸‡jv intput 1 n‡j output 0 n‡e| AND Gate Gi
output G GKwU NOT Gate hy³ Kiv n‡j NAND Gate nq|
NAND Gate Gi ‡ÿ‡Î,
X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
A B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
0 0 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

wPÎt NAND Gate Gi cÖZxK| wPÎt NAND Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwb

wPÎt NAND Gate Gi cÖevn wPÎ|

152
hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Digital Trainer Board.
2. HD 7400 LS IC GKwU (2 input NAND Gate)
3. +5volt DC Power Supply
4. LED (evwZ)
5. Bread Board
6. m~BP (Switch)
7. ms‡hvM Zvi BZ¨vw`|

AvBwm (Integreted Circuit) Gi eY©bv t

NAND Gate Gi IC bs 7400 G‡Z 4wU NAND Gate
mshy³ _v‡K| Gi `yB cv‡k 7 wU K‡i †gvU 14 wU wc‡bi cÖvšÍ
_v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7 bs Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K evqwms
cÖvšÍ e‡j| G‡`i 7 bs †K f~wg (Grand) Ges 14 bs +5v
(DC) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq|

wPÎ t NAND gate Gi eZ©bx ms‡hvM wPÎ

1g NAND Gate Gi input 1 I 2 Ges output 3. GLv‡b,

2q NAND Gate Gi input 4 I 5 Ges output 6. A = Input (s1 m~BP)
3q NAND Gate Gi input 9 I 10 Ges output 8. B = Input (s2 m~BP)
4_© NAND Gate Gi input 12 I 13 Ges output 11. x = output (LED evwZ)

eZ©bx ms‡hvMt
NAND Gate Gi Rb¨ 7400 bs IC †K Digital Trainer Board G ¯vwcZ Breadboard G
wVKgZ (LuvR KvUv w`K evg w`‡K _vK‡e) emv‡bv n‡jv| Gici `yBwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 1 bs I 2bs
cÖvšÍ‡K Swicth 1 Ges Swicth 2 †Z hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g 3 bs LED
(evwZ) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq| Gici 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g f~wg
(Grand) ‡Z Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g +5v (DC) Power Supply
Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| me‡k‡l Digital Trainer Board †K 220 v Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡jv|

153
Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t
1. wPÎ Abyhvqx 7400 bs IC †K Breadboard G ¯vcb Kiv nq|
2. Gici eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
3. Gici m~BPØq ON I OFF K‡i input Gi wewfbœ mgevq (Combination) cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Ges
cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î output jÿ¨ (Observe) Kiv nq| ON Ae¯vq output 1 Ges OFF Ae¯vq output
0 nq|
4. cixÿvq cÖvß djvdj mZ¨K mviwb‡Z emv‡bv nq Ges NAND Gate Gi mZ¨ mviwbi mv‡_ wgwj‡q
†`Lv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) t
NAND Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î t
Avgiv cvB,
output, X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
GLv‡b,
A B A + B ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ A = input m~B‡Pi OFF I ON Ae¯v
i) 0 . 0 = 0 = 1 B = output m~B‡Pi OFF I ON Ae¯v
ii) 1 . 0 = 0 = 1 X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅ = output LED evwZi OFF I ON
iii) 0 . 1 = 0 = 1 Ae¯v
iv) 1 . 1 = 1 = 0

Logical Ae¯’v t
‘0’ = switch OFF
‘1’ = switch ON

154
Logical Ae¯’v t
‘0’ = 0 volt
‘1’ = + 5 volt

Truth table: NAND Gate Gi Truth Table hvPvB‡qi QK t

ch©‡eÿb msL¨v Input Output LED Condition A B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
A B A.B ̅̅̅̅̅̅

01 0 0 0 1 ON 0 0 1
02 1 0 0 1 ON 1 0 1
03 0 1 0 1 ON 0 1 1
04 1 1 1 0 OFF 1 1 0

djvdjt cixÿvq ch©‡eÿ‡b †`Lv hvq mZ¨K mviwb (Truth Table) NAND Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi
mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| AZGe NAND Gate cÖgvbxZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

7400 bs AvBwm (IC) NAND Gate Gi voltage ¯Íi I mv`„k¨ hyw³¯Íi ZvwË¡K Truth table Gi
Awfbœiƒc LED (evwZ) Gi ON I OFF †`‡L Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg hvPvB Kiv nq| ZvB ejv hvq
cÖ`Ë AvBwm (IC) HD 7400 LS wU NAND Gate Gi IC. output ZLbB cvIqv hvq hLb input
Dcw¯Z _v‡K| myZivs ejv hvq †h, 7400 bs IC (AvBwm) NAND Gate Gi Truth table †KB wm×
K‡i| GiciI cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

mZK©Zv t
1. Breadboard G AvBwm (IC) emv‡bvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ emv‡bv nq hv‡Z IC Gi wc‡bi
cÖvšÍ¸‡jv ‡e‡K bv hvq|
2. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e ev `„pfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
3. 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) (FYvZ¥K) Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ + 5v (FYvZ¥K) Gi mv‡_ hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Lye ax‡i ax‡i OFF–ON Kiv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi ci Trainer Board Gi Power Supply ms‡hvM Kiv DwPZ|

155
cixÿv bs- 06 t
cixÿ‡bi bvg t AvBwm (IC) e¨envi K‡i X–OR Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg ev mZ¨K mviwb (Truth
Table) hvPvB Kib|

ZË¡ (Theory) t- X–OR Gate n‡”Q Ggb GKwU Electronic Circuit hvi `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK input
Ges GKwU output _vK‡e Ges hvi intput Øq wecixZ Ae¯vq _vK‡j output 1 n‡e|
X–OR Gate Gi ‡ÿ‡Î,
X = A  B = ̅ B + A̅ GLv‡b  wPý Exclusive OR wµqv eySv‡Z e¨eüZ
nq|
A B X
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0

wPÎt X–OR Gate Gi cÖZxK| wPÎt X–OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwY

hš¿cvwZ (Apparatus) t
1. Digital Trainer Board.
2. IC HD 7486 LS GKwU
3. +5volt DC Power Supply
4. LED (evwZ)
5. Bread Board
6. m~BP (Switch)
7. ms‡hvM Zvi BZ¨vw`|

156
AvBwm (Integreted Circuit) Gi eY©bv t
X–OR Gate Gi IC bs 7486 G‡Z 4wU X–OR Gate
mshy³ _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨ 7 bs I 14 bs cÖvšÍ‡K evqwms cÖvšÍ
e‡j Ges G `yBwU‡K h_vµ‡g f~wg (Grand) I +5v
(DC) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq|

wPÎ t X–OR gate Gi eZ©bx ms‡hvM wPÎ

1g X – OR Gate Gi input 1 I 2 Ges output 3.

2q X – OR Gate Gi input 4 I 5 Ges output 6.
3q X – OR Gate Gi input 9 I 10 Ges output 8.
4_© X – OR Gate Gi input 12 I 13 Ges output 11.

eZ©bx ms‡hvMt
X – OR Gate Gi Rb¨ 7486 bs IC †K Digital Trainer Board wVKgZ (LuvR KvUv w`K evg
w`‡K _vK‡e) ¯vwcZ Breadboard G emv‡bv n‡jv| Gici IC Gi 1 bs I 2 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ `yBwU
ms‡hvM Zv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU m~B‡P hy³ Kiv nq| Ges 3 bs cÖvšÍ‡K Av‡iKwU ms‡hvM Zv‡ii gva¨‡g
LED (evwZ) Gi mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv nq| Gici 7 bs †K f~wg Ges 14 bs †K +5v (DC) Power
Supply Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv n‡jv| me‡k‡l Digital power supply †K 220 v Gi mv‡_ mshy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Ri aviv (Working Process) t

1. wPÎ Abyhvqx X–OR Gate †K Breadboard G ¯vcb K‡i eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kiv nq|
2. GLb m~B‡Pi ON I OFF K‡i input Gi wewfbœ mgevq cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡jv Ges cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î output
jÿ¨ Kiv nq| ON Ae¯vq output 1 Ges OFF Ae¯vq output 0 n‡e|
3. cixÿvq cÖvß djvdj mZ¨K mviwb‡Z emv‡bv nq Ges X–OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi mv‡_
wgwj‡qq †`Lv n‡jv|

157
158
wnmve (Calculation) t
X – OR Gate Gi †ÿ‡Î t-
Avgiv cvB, X = A  B
ev, X = ̅ B + A ̅
GLv‡b,
AB = ̅B + A̅ A = m~B‡Pi 1 Gi ON I OFF Ae¯v
i) 0 0 = 1.0 + 0.1 = 0 + 0 = 0 B = m~B‡Pi 1 Gi ON I OFF Ae¯v
ii) 0 1 = 1.1 + 0.0 = 1 + 0 = 1 X = LED Gi ON I OFF Ae¯v
iii) 1 0 = 0.0 + 1.1 = 0 + 1 = 1
iv) 1 1 = 0.1 + 1.0 = 0 + 0 = 0 Logical Ae¯’v t
‘1’ = ON = + 5v
‘0’ = OFF = 0v

159
Logical Ae¯’v t
‘0’ = 0 volt
‘1’ = + 5 volt

Truth table: X–OR Gate Gi Truth Table hvPvB‡qi QK t

ch©‡eÿb msL¨v Input Output LED Condition A B X

A B ̅B+A̅ X =A  B
01 0 0 0+0 0 OFF 0 0 0
02 0 1 1+0 1 ON 1 0 1
03 1 0 0+1 1 ON 0 1 1
04 1 1 0+0 0 OFF 1 1 0

djvdjt cixÿvq ch©‡eÿ‡b †`Lv hvq mZ¨K mviwb (Truth Table) X – OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwbi
mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| AZGe X – OR Gate cÖgvbxZ n‡jv|

e¨vL¨vmn djvdj we‡kølY t

7486 bs AvBwm (IC) X – OR Gate Gi voltage ¯Íi I mv`„k¨ hyw³¯Íi ZvwË¡K Truth table Gi
Awfbœiƒc LED (evwZ) Gi ON I OFF †`‡L Gate eZ©bxi Kvh©µg hvPvB Kiv nq| ZvB ejv hvq
cÖ`Ë AvBwm IC HD 7486 LS wU X – OR Gate Gi IC. output ZLbB cvIqv hvq hLb input
Dcw¯Z _v‡K| myZivs ejv hvq †h, 7486 bs IC (AvBwm) X – OR Gate Gi Truth table †KB wm×
K‡i| GiciI cixÿvwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z wb‡¤œi mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ|

mZK©Zv t
1. Breadboard G AvBwm (IC) emv‡bvi mgq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ emv‡bv nq hv‡Z IC Gi wc‡bi
cÖvšÍ¸‡jv ‡f‡½ ev ‡e‡K bv hvq|
2. mKj ms‡hvM k³fv‡e ev `„pfv‡e w`‡Z n‡e|
3. 7 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ‡K f~wg (GND) (FYvZ¥K) Ges 14 bs wc‡bi cÖvšÍ + 5v (aYvZ¥K) Gi mv‡_ hy³
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Lye ax‡i ax‡i OFF–ON Kiv DwPZ|
5. eZ©bx ms‡hvM m¤úbœ Kivi ci Trainer Board Gi Power Supply ms‡hvM Kiv DwPZ|

160
 g‡Wj †g․wLK AwfÁv
(fvBfv)

Experiment No. 01 – 08 (All)

cÖkœ bs-01 t wK Experimetn K‡iQ?

DËi t IC e¨envi K‡i OR Gate Gi mZ¨K mviwY hvPvB Kib|
cÖkœ bs-02 t IC ej‡Z wK eyS? IC e¨env‡i myweav I Amyweav wK?
DËi t Integrated Circuit (IC) nj Ggb GK eZ©bx hv‡Z eZ©bxi Dcvsk ev hš¿vsk¸‡jv GKwU ÿz`ª
Aa©cwievnK wP‡c we‡kl cÖwµqvq MVb Kiv nq hviv ¯^qswµqfv‡e H wP‡ci Ask|
Integrated Circuit G A‡bK¸‡jv hš¿vsk †hgb †ivaK, aviK, Wv‡qvW, UªvbwR÷i BZ¨vw` Ges G‡`i
AvšÍms‡hvM GKwU ÿz`ª c¨v‡KR wnmv‡e _v‡K hv‡Z Giv GKwU c~Y© Electronic Kvh©vejx m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GKwU ÿz`ª Aa©cwievn‡K c`v‡_©i (†hgb wmwjKb, Rv‡g©wbqvg BZ¨vw`) g‡a¨ Gme hš¿vsk MVb I
mshy³ Kiv nq|

Integrated Circuit e¨env‡ii myweav t-

i) ms‡hvM msL¨v Kg nIqvq wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv †ewk|
ii) AZ¨šÍ ÿz`ªvK…wZ| ÿz`ª nIqvi Kvi‡b IRbI Kg|
iii) Kg we`y¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
iv) AwZ D”P ZvcgvÎvq I AwaK †hvM¨Zvq KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
v) ¯^í `vg A_v©r `v‡gI ¯^¯vÍ |

Integrated Circuit Gi Amyweav t-

‡Kvb hš¿vsk bó n‡j, mg¯Í wPcwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq, Ask we‡kl †givgZ Kiv hvq bv|
cÖkœ bs-03 t Logic gate wK? Logic gate KZ cÖKvi I wK wK?
DËi t eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi e¨envwiK cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Digital Electronic circuit e¨envi Kiv nq| G
mKj Digital Electronic circuit †K Logic gate e‡j|

161
Logic Gate g~jZ `yB cÖKvi t
i) ‡g․wjK †MU t †hgb (i) OR Gate (ii) AND Gate (iii) NOT Gate.
ii) ‡h․wMK †MU t (i) NOR Gate (ii) NAND Gate (iii) X – OR Gate (iv) X – NOR
Gate.
cÖkœ bs-04 t Logic Ae¯v wK?
DËi t Logic Ae¯v ‘0’ = 0 volt
‘1’ = + 5 volt.
cÖkœ bs-05 t NOR Gate Gi eZ©bx AvuK|
DËi t

NOR Gate Gi cÖZxK,

cÖkœ bs-06 t X – OR Gate Kv‡K e‡j?
DËi t Exclusive OR Gate ‡K ms‡ÿ‡c X – OR Gate e‡j|
cÖkœ bs-07 t X – OR Gate Gi eywjqvb mgxKib wK?
DËi t input A I B n‡j output X n‡j, eywjqvb mgxKib, X = A  B = ̅ B + A̅.
cÖkœ bs-08 t DTB wK? IC †Z wK wK hš¿vsk _v‡K?
DËi t DTB n‡jv Digital Trainer Board
IC ‡Z ‡ivaK, aviK, Wv‡qvW, UªvbwR÷i BZ¨vw` hš¿vsk _v‡K|
cÖkœ bs-09 t LED wK? LED wKfv‡e •Zix Kiv nq?
DËi t LED = Light Emitting Diode ev Av‡jvK wbtmibKvix Wv‡qvW‡K ms‡ÿ‡c LED e‡j|

LED ‣Zix t M¨vwjqvg Av‡m©bvBW dmdvBW Aa©cvwievnK c`v‡_©i •Zix GKwU m¤§yLx †SvuK

wewkó P – N Diode w`‡q LED •Zix nq|

cÖkœ bs-10 t mvaviYZ wK wK i‡Oi LED evwZ cvIqv hvq?
DËi t jvj, Kgjv, njy`, meyR BZ¨vw`|

162
cÖkœ bs-11 t LED wK Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq?
DËi t B‡jKUªwbK Nwo Ges K¨vjKz‡jU‡i LED e¨eüZ nq|
cÖkœ bs-12 t msÁv `vI| i) A¨v¤úwjdvqvi ii) †iKwUdvqvi iii) †Kjvm iv) UªvbwR÷i v) FET.
DËi t i) A¨v¤úwjdvqvi t- †h hš¿ Gi AšÍM©vgx‡Z cÖ`Ë ms‡KZ‡K ewn©Mvgx‡Z weewa©Z K‡i Zv‡K
A¨v¤úwjdvqvi ejv nq|
ii) †iKwUdvqvi t ‡h wWfvBm ev †K․k‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Zwor cÖevn‡K GKg~Lx Kiv hvq A_v©r AC ‡K DC
Kiv hvq Zv‡K Rectifier e‡j| Diode Rectifier wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
iii) †Kjvm t ‡h c`v‡_© cigvby ev Aby¸‡jv GKwU mywbw`©ó c¨vUv‡b© mw¾Z _v‡K Zv‡K †Kjvm e‡j|
iv) UªvbwR÷i t GKwU n-UvBc ‡Kjv‡mi `yB cv‡k GKwU K‡i p-UvBc †Kjvm ev GKwU p-UvBc
†Kjv‡mi `yB cv‡k GKwU K‡i n-UvBc †Kjvm m¨vÛDnP K‡i p – n – p ev n – p – n Rskb
•Zwi Kiv nq| G‡`i‡K h_vµ‡g p – n – p I n – p – n UªvbwR÷i e‡j| Gfv‡e mw¾Z
†Kjv‡mi cÖ_gwU‡K wbtmviK, gv‡SiwU‡K cxV Ges Ab¨ cv‡kiwU‡K msMÖvnK ejv nq| UªvbwR÷‡i
`yBwU Rskb _v‡K- wbtmviK cxV Rskb I msMÖvnK cxV Rskb|
v) wdì G‡d± UªvbwR÷i (FET) t wZbwU Uvwg©bvj ev cÖvšÍ wewkó UªvbwR÷i| G ai‡bi UªvbwR÷‡i
ïay GKwU evnK (‡nvj A_ev B‡jKUªb) Øviv cwienb N‡U| Gi Zwor cwienb †MBU B‡jK‡UªvW I
h‡š¿i cwienb P¨v‡b‡ji ga¨eZx© Zwor‡ÿÎ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Gi _v‡K D”P AšÍ©Mvgx cÖwZeÜKZv
I wb¤œ b‡qR †j‡fj|

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 cwiwkó
1g cÎ
mviwY-01 : AwfKlx©q Z¡i‡Yi gvb
¯v‡bi bvg g-Gi gvb ms–1 ¯v‡bi bvg g-Gi gvb ms–1
XvKv 9.7835 jv‡nvi 9.7990
ivRkvnx 9.7900 ‡giæ 9.8311
PÆMÖvg 9.7825 welye †iLv 9.7803
Lyjbv 7.7880 c„w_exi †K›`ª 0.0000 (k~b¨)
wm‡jU 9.7920 gqgbwmsn 9.7915
KivPx 9.7910 MÖxbDBP 9.8100

mviwY-02 : Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ I Nb‡Z¡i ZvwjKv (4oC ZvcgvÎvi cvwb‡K Av`k© e¯‘ a‡i)
e¯‧i bvg Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ NbZ¡ kg m–3
gvwU 2.54–1.76 1440–1760
eid 0.917 917
‡gvg (c¨vivwdb) 0.87–0.96 870–960
ZzuZ 2.1 2100
Zzu‡Zi `ªeY 1.1 1100
wdUwKwi 1.75 1750
‡K‡ivwmb 0.8 80
Zviwcb †Zj 0.87 870
RjcvB †Zj 0.92 920
wMømvwib 1.28 1280
cvwb 4oC DòZvq 1.00 1000
cvwb 20oC DòZvq 10.998 998
mgy‡`ªi cvwb 1.026 1026
cvwb 0oC DòZvq 13.596 13596
evZvm 1.293  10–3 1.293
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 0.090  10–3 0.090
Aw·‡Rb 2.529  10–3 2.529
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb 1.251  10–3 1.251
wnwjqvg 0.178  10–3 0.178
Kve©b WvB-A·vBW 1.997  10–3 1.997

164
 mviwY-03 t wewfbœ ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡
ZvcgvÎv 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0oC 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9997 0.9995 0.9992 0.9989 0.9989
20oC 0.9982 0.9978 0.9973 0.9968 0.9962 0.9956 0.9950 0.9944 0.9937 0.9930
40oC 0.9922 0.9915 0.9907 0.9898 0.9890 0.9881 0.9872 0.9862 0.9853 0.9843
60oC 0.9832 0.9822 0.9811 0.9801 0.9789 0.9778 0.9767 0.9755 0.9743 0.9731
80oC 0.9718 0.9706 0.9693 0.9680 0.9667 0.9653 0.9640 0.9626 0.9612 0.9598
100oC 0.9584

mviwY-04 t k‡ãi `ªæwZ

gva¨g ZvcgvÎv (†m.) k‡ãi †eM ms–1
ï®‥ evqy 0 330.99
ï®‥ evqy 100 386.50
Rjxq ev®ú 0 400
Rjxq ev®ú (m¤ú„³) 100 413
cvwb 4 1299
cvwb 20 1410
cvwb (mgy`ª) 20 1440

mviwY-05 t Bqs ¸Yv¼ (Young’s Modulus Y)

e¯‘ Bqs ¸Yv¼ Y -Gi gvb
[Link]. Gm. c×wZ [Link]. c×wZ
Zvgv 12.5  10 dyne/cm
11 2
12.5  1010 N/m2
‡jvnv (XvjvB) 20   1011 dyne/cm2 20  1010 N/m2
‡jvnv (‡cUvb) 12  1011 dyne/cm2 12  1010 N/m2
B¯úvZ 20.9  1011 dyne/cm2 20.9  1010 N/m2
A¨vjywgwbqvg 7  1011 dyne/cm2 7  1010 N/m2
iƒcv 7.6  1011 dyne/cm2 7.6  1010 N/m2
Rvgv©b iƒcv 11.6  1011 dyne/cm2 11.6  1010 N/m2
wcZj 9.7 – 10.2  1011 dyne/cm2 9.7 – 10.2  1010 N/m2
Kb÷v›Uvb 16.2  1011 dyne/cm2 16.2  1010 N/m2
g¨v½vwbR 12.4  1011 dyne/cm2 12.4  1010 N/m2
KvP (wd¬›U) 0.2  1011 dyne/cm2 0.2  1010 N/m2

165
 mviwY-06 t myß Zvc (Latent Heat)
[1 [Link]–1 C–1 = 4.2  103 Jkg–1K–1]
e¯‧ myß Zvc L
[Link]–1 Jkg–1
eid 80 80  4.2  103
mxmv 5.4 5.4  4.2  103
cvi` 2.8 2.8  4.2  103
iƒcv 21 21  4.2  103
ev®ú 537 537  4.2  103
A¨vjywgwbqvg 93 93  4.2  103
Zvgv 50.6 50.6  4.2  103
‡jvnv 65.0 65.0  4.2  103
‡mvbv 16.1 16.1  4.2  103
wUb 14.0 14.0  4.2  103
`¯Ív 24.1 24.1  4.2  103

mviwY-07 t wewfbœ c`v‡_©i Amncxob

c`v‡_©i bj Amn cxob
kg-wt/cm2 kg-wt/m2
Zvgvi Zvi 4080 – 4700 (4080 – 4700)  104
Zvgvi cvZ 2860 – 3160 (2860 – 3160)  104
wcZj 3160 – 3980 (3160 – 3980)  104
B¯úvZ (mvaviY) 11230 11230  104
‡jvnvi Zvi 5510 – 6300 (5510 – 6330)  104
‡jvnvi cvZ 4700 4700  104
÷xj 15810 15810  104

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 mviwY-08 t Av‡cwÿK Zvc (Specific Heat)
[1 [Link]–1 oC–1 = 4.2  103 Jkg–1K–1]

e¯‘ Avt Zvt S e¯‘ Avt Zvt S

[Link]–1 oC–1 Jkg–1K–1 [Link]–1 oC–1 Jkg–1K–1
Zvgv 0.092 0.092  4.2  103 iƒcv 0.056 0.056  4.2  103
wcZj 0.094 0.094  4.2  103 wUb 0.055 0.055  4.2  103
A¨vjywgwbqvg 0.020 0.020  4.2  103 ‡mvbv 0.03 0.03  4.2  103
B¯úvZ 0.1045 0.1045  4.2  103 A¨vj‡Kvnj 0.51 0.51  4.2  103
KvP 0.19 0.19  4.2  103 ‡K‡ivwmb 0.64 0.64  4.2  103
eid 0.522 0.522  4.2  103 cvwb 1.00 1.00  4.2  103
gv‡e©j 0.220 0.220  4.2  103 wMømvwib 0.58 0.58  4.2  103
mxmv 0.302 0.302  4.2  103 ev®ú 0.48 0.48  4.2  103

mviwY-09 t Av‡cwÿK †iva (Specific Resistance)

e¯‘ Av‡cwÿK †iva-Gi gvb e¯‘ Av‡cwÿK †iva-Gi gvb ohm-m

ohm-m (Gm. AvB. GKK) (Gm. AvB. GKK)
Zvgv 1.78  10–8 `¯Ív 6.10  10–8
A¨vjywgwbqvg 2.94  10–8 BD‡iKv ev Kb÷¨v›Uvb 49  10–8
wcZj 4.1  10–8 g¨v½wbR 44  10–8
iƒcv 1.66  10–8 Rvgv©b iƒcv 27  10–8
wUb (3.5 – 11.3)  10–8 ‡mvbv 2.42  10–8
mxmv 20.8  10–8 cvi` 95  10–8
B¯úvZ (19.9 – 25.6)  10–8 cøvwUbvg 11  10–8
Uvs‡÷b 5.5  10–8 bvB‡µvg 110  10–8
gvBKv 9.0  10–8 dmdi †eªvÄ (5 – 10)  10–8

167
 mviwY-10 t wewfbœ Av‡jvK gva¨‡gi cÖwZmivsK
gva¨‡gi bvg cÖwZmivsK gva‡gi bvg cÖwZmivsK
KvP (µvDb) 1.517 wdUwKwi 2.556
KvP (wd¬›U) 1.53–1.96 eid 1.31

mviwY-11 t Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ (Electro-chemical equivalent of elements)

c`v‡_©i bvg Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ z c`v‡_©i bvg Zwor ivmvqwbK Zzj¨v¼ z
Kg/coulomb Kg/coulomb
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb 0.1045  10–7 `¯Ív 0.3387  10–7
Aw·‡Rb 0.8293  10–7 ‡mvbv 0.2044  10–7
Zvgv 0.3295  10–7 B¯úvZ 0.1930  10–7
iƒci 0.11183  10–7 wb‡Kj 0.3040  10–7
‡mvwWqvg 0.2384  10–7 A¨vjywgwbqvg 0.9320  10–7

168