COMPUTER

SCIENCE
Dr. Merve AZAK
Istanbul University- Cerahpasa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing
Department of Pediatric Nursing
2024-2025 Fall Semester COMPUTER SCIENCE 10/6/2024
1
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able
to:
 Define the term software

 Describe the two primary categories of software

 Describe the role ERP software plays in an organization

 Describe cloud computing and its

advantages and disadvantages for
use in an organization
 Define the term open source and
identify its primary characteristics
10/6/2024 3
 C : Commonly
O : Operated
M : Machine
P : Particularly
U : Used for
T : Trade
E : Education
R : Research

10/6/2024 4
 5

10/6/2024
10/6/2024 6
When computer development began, it cannot be verified properly.
 There were many developments in computing technology related
to mechanical computing devices even before the development of
first-generation computers based on vacuum tubes. Such as Abacus,
Slide Rule, Pascaline, etc.
 But the computer we know today began with an analytical engine built
by Charles Babbage, a 19th century English and mathematics
professor.
Computer development is classified into different 5 generations
according to the use of the technology and the time period.

10/6/2024 7
2022-2023 Fall Semester COMPUTER SCIENCE 10/6/2024 8
Built for military purposes and functioning as a 'calculator', ENIAC fit into an area of about 167 m² and
weighed 30 tons.
2022-2023 Fall Semester COMPUTER SCIENCE 10/6/2024 9
 The first generation computers used Vacuum tubes
for circuitry and Magnetic Drum for memory. They
used to be very big in size. It consumes a lot of
power.

 The cards and paper tapes are used as input

devices. Being too big, it also had a lot of heat
problems due to which it has also malfunctioned
many times.

 Machine language was used in them. For example,

UNIVAC and ENIAC computers.
10/6/2024 10
 The transistors replaced the vacuum tubes of the first generation of computers.
Transistor took very less space, was smaller, was faster, was cheaper and it
consumes less power than vacuum tubes.

 They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage. Generate less
heat than the first generation computers, but still, there was a problem of heat in it.

 High-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN were used in them.

10/6/2024 11
Integrated circuits were used for the first time in third-generation
computers. In which many transistors were inserted into small
silicon chips called semi-conductors. Due to this, the ability to do
computer processing increased to a great extent and helped to
reduce its size.

For the first time, monitors, keyboards, and operating systems

were used to make computers of this generation more users
friendly. It was launched in the market for the first time

10/6/2024 12
 It is the specialty of the Fourth generation that Microprocessor was used in it.
Thousands of integrated circuits were embedded into a single silicon chip. This
made it very easy to reduce the size of the machine. This era is marked by the era
of microprocessor development.

 The use of microprocessors increased the efficiency of the computer even more.
This work was able to do a lot of calculations.

10/6/2024 13
 The fifth-generation belongs to today's, that was
started since 1975, where Artificial Intelligence has
established its dominance. Now, many new
technologies like Speech recognition, Parallel
Processing, Quantum Calculation have been used in
new technology.

 Computers of this generation is growing day by day

with artificial intelligence; gradually all its functions
will be automated due to its ability to make decisions
on its own.

10/6/2024 14
10/6/2024 15
 Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that
are being used today.
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change
the face of computers in years to come.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the branch of
computer science that aims to create it.

10/6/2024 16
 AI textbooks define the field as “the study and design of intelligent agents” where
an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions
that maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956,
defines it as “the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines.”

10/6/2024 17
 It is an electronic device that can perform the desired
operations by executing the commands given during a
certain logic.
 General features:
 They can act very quickly.
 They can store a lot of information in memory units.
 They provide very fast access to stored information.
 They provide communication over the network infrastructure.
 They allow to work on many data such as sound, picture,
moving image, video, etc.

10/6/2024 18
19
10/6/2024
Hardware is any part of your
computer that has a physical
structure, such as the
keyboard or mouse. It also
includes all of the computer's
internal parts, which you can
see in the image below.

10/6/2024 20
10/6/2024 21
1. Input
The device which accepts data from the user is called input. The input function is performed by
input devices such as keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, etc.

2. Processing Operation of Computer System

It processes the data as the given instruction. The processing unit is in between the input unit
and an output unit that is why it is called CPU (Central Processing Unit).
3. Output
It produces the results of the processing which user get or receive from the monitor, speaker,
printer, etc.
4. Storage
It stores the data and information for temporary and future use. It is performed by storage
devices such as RAM, Hard disk, Optical disk, etc.
10/6/2024 22
10/6/2024 23
 When most people hear the word computer, they think of a
personal computer such as a desktop or laptop. However,
computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they
perform many different functions in our daily lives.

 When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at

the store, or use a calculator, you're using a type of
computer.

10/6/2024 24
 Many people use desktop
computers at work, home, and
school.
 Desktop computers are
designed to be placed on a
desk, and they're typically
made up of a few different
parts, including the computer
case, monitor, keyboard, and
mouse.

10/6/2024 25
 The second type of computer you
may be familiar with is a laptop
computer, commonly called a
laptop.
 Laptops are battery-powered
computers that are more portable
than desktops, allowing you to use
them almost anywhere.

10/6/2024 26
• Tablet computers—or
tablets—are handheld
computers that are even
more portable than
laptops. Instead of a
keyboard and mouse,
tablets use a touch-
sensitive screen for
typing and navigation.
The iPad is an example
of a tablet.

10/6/2024 27
 A server is a computer that
serves up information to other
computers on a network. For
example, whenever you use the
Internet, you're looking at
something that's stored on a
server. Many businesses also use
local file servers to store and
share files internally.

10/6/2024 28
 Many of today's electronics are basically specialized computers, though we
don't always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples.
• Smartphones: Many cell phones can do a lot of things computers can do,
including browsing the Internet and playing games. They are often
called smartphones.
• Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices—
including fitness trackers and smartwatches—that are designed to be worn
throughout the day. These devices are often called wearables for short.
• Game consoles: A game console is a specialized type of computer that is
used for playing video games on your TV.
• TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let you access various
types of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet
directly onto your TV.
10/6/2024 29
 Some advantages are as follows:

 Cost-effective
 Reliable
 Accurate- That’s why they don't make any mistakes.
 Process a large volume of data.
 Versatile i.e. a single computer can perform a variety of jobs. Such as
printing, publishing, displaying movies, playing games, etc.

10/6/2024 30
Some disadvantages are as follows:-

It cannot think of its own.

Do not learn from any experience.
Tasks have to be described in brief. ( It cannot describe any task)
Cannot detect or correct false in logic or data.

DATA SAFETY!!!

10/6/2024 31
Hardware
10/6/2024 33
10/6/2024 34
10/6/2024 35
10/6/2024 36
10/6/2024 37
The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

 Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number, punctuation, and
symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
 Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys to perform certain
actions. The most frequently used control keys are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key Picture of the
Windows logo key, and Esc.
 Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are labeled as F1, F2,
F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys differs from program to program.
 Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or webpages and editing
text. They include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.
 Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly. The
10/6/2024 38
10/6/2024 39
Useful
Shortcuts

10/6/2024 40
 PrtScn (or Print Screen):
Press Alt + PrtScn to capture an
image of just the active window,
instead of the entire screen.

ScrLk (or Scroll Lock):

In most programs, pressing Scroll Lock
has no effect. In a few programs,
pressing Scroll Lock changes the
behavior of the arrow keys and the

Page Up and Page Down keys;

pressing these keys causes the
document to scroll without changing
the position of the cursor or selection.
Your keyboard might have a light
indicating whether Scroll Lock is on.

10/6/2024 41
 Using your keyboard properly can help avoid soreness or injury to your
wrists, hands, and arms, particularly if you use your computer for long
periods. Here are a few tips to help improve keyboard use:
 Place your keyboard at elbow level. Your upper arms should be relaxed
at your sides.

 Center your keyboard in front of you. If your keyboard has a numeric

keypad, you can use the spacebar as the centering point.

 Type with your hands and wrists floating above the keyboard, so that you
can use your whole arm to reach for distant keys instead of stretching
your fingers.

 Avoid resting your palms or wrists on any type of surface while typing. If
your keyboard has a palm rest, use it only during breaks from typing.

 While typing, use a light touch and keep your wrists straight.
 When you're not typing, relax your arms and hands.
 Take short breaks from computer use every 15 to 20 minutes.

10/6/2024 42
 Mouse ‘Right’ Key

The right key always opens a menu, also called the menu
key. The drop-down menu provides a drop-down
menu for the location where the mouse cursor is
when the right button is clicked.
Output Devices
Display Monitors

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

• Wide
• Lights up pixels

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)

• Flat panel

Printers and Plotters

• Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute)

Music Devices

• MP3 Players

44
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 45
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 46
 Random access memory (RAM)
 Volatile
 Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM
 Dynamic Ram (DRAM)
 Synchronous DRAM:
 Faster transfer speed between memory
and processor

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 47

Read-only memory (ROM)
 Non-volatile
 Permanent data and instructions from
manufacturer
 Types
 PROM: Programmable
 EPROM: Erasable programmable

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 48

  Sequential access
 Access in the same order it was written
 Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you
need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first.
 Direct access
 Directly access the location
 Faster than sequential access

 Sequential access storage devices (SASD)

 Direct access storage devices (DASD)

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 49

 Magnetic tapes: Magnetic discs: RAID: Redundant SAN: Storage area Optical discs, DASD
Similar to audio Hard disk, DASD array of network
tapes, SASD independent
inexpensive disks
Data stored more than Consist of many storage CD-ROM
once in one of the disks devices
Even if one disk fails, data
can still be retrieved

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 50

Magneto-optical discs Digital versatile discs Memory cards Expandable storage:
(DVD): Up to 17 GB Removable disk
storage cartridges
Installed in a slot Portable
Portable Zip drives

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 51

THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION