ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- HUMAN REPRODUCTION

ADITYA VIDYASHRAM RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL

CLASS XII – BIOLOGY

Ch-2 HUMAN REPRODUCTION

PART 1: The Male Reproductive System  Accessory Glands: Their secretions form the
seminal plasma, which is rich in fructose (energy
The male reproductive system is designed for the for sperm), calcium, and enzymes.
production, maintenance, storage, and delivery of o Seminal Vesicles (Paired): They secrete an
male gametes (sperms). alkaline, viscous fluid that constitutes the major
portion of the seminal plasma.
1.1 Key Components and Functions o Prostate Gland (Single): It secretes a thin, milky
fluid that activates sperm.
The system is located in the pelvic region and o Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's Glands -
consists of a pair of testes, a duct system, Paired): Their secretion lubricates the penis and
accessory glands, and external genitalia. neutralizes any residual acidity in the urethra.
 External Genitalia:
 Testes (The Primary Sex Organs):
o Penis: It is the organ for copulation and
o Location: A pair of testes are situated outside the ejaculation of semen into the female vagina. It is
abdominal cavity within a pouch called made of specialized erectile tissue that helps in
the scrotum. This ensures the temperature is 2- erection.
2.5°C lower than the body temperature, which is
crucial for spermatogenesis (sperm formation). 📌 Important Note for Exams:
o Internal Structure: Each testis is divided into
about 250 compartments called testicular lobules.  Function of Leydig Cells: Secrete Testosterone.
o Seminiferous Tubules: Each lobule contains 1-3  Function of Sertoli Cells: Nourishment of germ
highly coiled seminiferous tubules. This is the cells and spermiogenesis (transformation of
actual site of sperm production. The tubule lining spermatids into sperm).
has two main types of cells:  Semen: A mixture of spermatozoa and the
 Male Germ Cells (Spermatogonia): These secretions from all three accessory glands.
undergo meiotic divisions to form sperm.
 Sertoli Cells (Nurse Cells): They provide
nourishment to the developing spermatogenic
cells.
o Interstitial Spaces: The spaces outside the
seminiferous tubules contain Leydig Cells PART 2: The Female Reproductive
(Interstitial Cells) , which secrete the male System
hormone testosterone .
 Accessory Ducts: These ducts store and transport The female reproductive system is designed for
sperms from the testes to the outside. the production of female gametes (ova), reception
o Rete Testis, Vasa Efferentia, Epididymis, Vas of sperms, fertilization, gestation (development of
Deferens, and Ejaculatory Duct. the fetus), and parturition (childbirth).
o The epididymis is the site of sperm maturation
and storage. 2.1 Key Components and Functions
 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- HUMAN REPRODUCTION
The system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of genitalia.
oviducts, a uterus, cervix, vagina, and external

 Ovaries (The Primary Sex Organs): o Structure: Each ovary is covered by a thin
o Location: A pair of ovaries are located in the epithelium and contains many ovarian follicles in
various stages of development. A mature follicle
abdominal cavity, one on each side of the uterus.
is called a Graafian follicle, which contains a
o Functions: They produce the female gamete
fluid-filled cavity (antrum) and the ovum.
(ovum) and secrete the female
 Accessory Ducts:
hormones, estrogen and progesterone.

o Uterus (Womb): It is a hollow, muscular, pear- 3. Isthmus: The narrow part connecting the ampulla
shaped organ where the fetus develops. Its wall to the uterus.
has three layers:

1. Perimetrium: The thin outer layer.

2. Myometrium: The thick middle layer of smooth  External Genitalia and Associated Glands:
muscle that undergoes strong contractions during o The area includes the vagina (the birth canal and
childbirth (parturition).
copulatory canal), the clitoris, and the hymen.
3. Endometrium: The inner glandular lining that
o Bartholin’s Glands (Paired): They secrete a
undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual
fluid for lubrication during copulation.
cycle and is the site for implantation of the
blastocyst.
📌 Important Note for Exams:
o Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes): They extend from
the ovary to the uterus and are the site of
 Site of Fertilization: Ampullary-isthmic junction
fertilization. They have three parts:
of the fallopian tube.
1. Infundibulum: The funnel-shaped opening near
 Site of Implantation: Endometrium of the uterus.
th e ovary with finger-like projections
 Functions of the Ovary:
called fimbriae that collect the ovum after
ovulation. o Production of ova (Gametogenic function).
2. Ampulla: The wider part of the tube where o Secretion
fertilization typically occurs. of Estrogen and Progesterone (Endocrine
function).

2.2 The Mammary Gland

These are paired glands (breasts) 3.1 Spermatogenesis (Formation of Sperm)

containing alveoli (milk-secreting cells). The
alveoli open into mammary ducts, which join to This process begins at puberty and occurs in the
form a wider ampulla that stores milk and opens seminiferous tubules of the testes. It is a
into lactiferous ducts at the nipple. continuous process.

Phases of Spermatogenesis:

1. Multiplication Phase: The primordial germ cells

called spermatogonia (2n) multiply by mitosis to
increase their number.
PART 3: Gametogenesis 2. Growth Phase: Some spermatogonia grow in size
and transform into primary spermatocytes (2n) .
Gametogenesis is the process of formation of
3. Maturation Phase: This involves two successive
haploid gametes from diploid primary germ cells
meiotic divisions:
in the gonads. It is called spermatogenesis in
males and oogenesis in females.
 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- HUMAN REPRODUCTION
o Each primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I 3.3 Oogenesis (Formation of Ovum)
to form two haploid cells called secondary
spermatocytes (n) . Oogenesis is a discontinuous process that begins
o Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis during embryonic development and completes
II to form two haploid spermatids (n) . Thus, one after fertilization.
primary spermatocyte produces four haploid
spermatids. Phases of Oogenesis:
4. Spermiogenesis: The spermatids are transformed
into mature, motile spermatozoa (sperms) . This 1. Multiplication Phase: During fetal development,
process does not involve division. the primordial germ cells in the ovary multiply by
5. Spermiation: The release of mature sperm from mitosis to form millions of oogonia (2n).
the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous 2. Growth Phase: No further division occurs. The
tubule. oogia grow into large primary oocytes (2n) .
Each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of
Hormonal Control of Spermatogenesis: granulosa cells and is now called a primary
follicle. The primary oocyte enters the prophase
 GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the of Meiosis I and gets temporarily arrested at this
pituitary to release LH and FSH. stage until puberty.
 LH acts on Leydig cells to secrete androgens 3. Maturation Phase:
(testosterone), which directly stimulate o At puberty, the primary oocyte completes its first
spermatogenesis. meiotic division. This division is unequal,
 FSH acts on Sertoli cells to help in the process of resulting in a large haploid cell called
spermiogenesis. the secondary oocyte (n) and a tiny, non-
functional cell called the first polar body.
3.2 Structure of a Sperm o The secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic
division but gets arrested at the metaphase stage.
A sperm is a microscopic, motile, and flagellated
o Ovulation: The mature Graafian follicle ruptures
structure composed of four main parts:
and releases the secondary oocyte from the ovary.
 Head: Contains the haploid nucleus and is capped o If a sperm fertilizes this secondary oocyte, it
by an acrosome, which is filled with hydrolytic completes the second meiotic division. This is
enzymes (hyaluronidase and proteases) that help again unequal, producing a mature ovum (n) and
in fertilizing the egg. a second polar body.
 Neck: Contains centrioles which produce the
microtubules of the tail. 📌 Important Note for Exams:
 Middle Piece: Contains
numerous mitochondria spirally arranged, which  A human female is born with all the primary
provide energy (ATP) for sperm movement. oocytes she will ever have (around 2 million), but
 Tail: A long flagellum that facilitates motility, only about 300-400 mature and are released
enabling the sperm to swim towards the ovum. during her reproductive lifetime.
 The egg is released as a secondary oocyte, not a
mature ovum.

PART 4: The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is the cyclic change that occurs in the reproductive tract of primate females (including
humans) from puberty (menarche) to menopause. It typically lasts for about 28/29 days and involves the
preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.
 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- HUMAN REPRODUCTION
4.1 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

The cycle is divided into four main phases, orchestrated by hormones from the hypothalamus (GnRH),
pituitary (FSH, LH), and ovaries (Estrogen, Progesterone).

Days
Phase (approx. Ovarian Events Uterine Events Hormonal Control
)

Menstruation: The
breakdown and
1. Follicles are in early shedding of the
Low levels of estrogen and
Menstrual 1-5 stages of endometrial lining
progesterone.
Phase development. occurs as bloody
discharge, as pregnancy
did not occur.

Growth of
follicles: Primary
Regeneration/
2. Follicular follicle develops into
Proliferation: The FSH stimulates follicle
/ Graafian follicle
6-13 endometrium is development. Estrogen level
Proliferativ under the influence of
repaired and thickens s rise steadily.
e Phase FSH. Estrogen is
due to estrogen.
secreted by the
growing follicle.

Ovulation: The
3. LH Surge: A sudden peak
Graafian follicle
Ovulatory Day 14 No major change. in LH (Luteinizing
ruptures to release the
Phase Hormone) triggers ovulation.
secondary oocyte.

Formation of
Corpus Luteum: The Secretion: Progesteron
remaining part of the e prepares the
4. Luteal / LH maintains the corpus
follicle transforms endometrium for
Secretory 15-28 luteum. Progesterone levels
into the corpus implantation by making
Phase are high.
luteum, which it thick, vascular, and
secretes progesterone secretory.
.

With the drop in

The corpus luteum progesterone, the
If No
degenerates into a endometrium breaks A sharp decline in
Fertilizatio Day 28
non-functional corpu down, marking the start progesterone and estrogen.
n
s albicans. of the next menstrual
phase.

💡 Key Hormonal Functions:

 FSH: Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles.

 Estrogen: Repairs and proliferates the endometrium; brings about LH surge.
 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- HUMAN REPRODUCTION
 LH Surge: Triggers ovulation.
 Progesterone: Maintains the endometrium for pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues
to secrete progesterone (supported by hCG from the embryo) until the placenta takes over.

PART 5: Fertilization and Implantation progesterone. hCG is the hormone detected in

pregnancy tests.
 Fertilization: The fusion of a sperm and a  Umbilical Cord: The cord that connects the
secondary oocyte to form a zygote. It occurs in placenta to the fetus, containing blood vessels for
the ampullary-isthmic junction of the fallopian nutrient and waste exchange.
tube.  Gestation Period: The duration of pregnancy in
o Only one sperm is allowed to enter the oocyte. humans is about 280 days or 40 weeks from the
The acrosomal enzymes help the sperm penetrate last menstrual period.
the egg's membranes.
o Upon sperm entry, the secondary oocyte  PART 7: Parturition and Lactation
completes its second meiotic division.
 Cleavage: The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic  Parturition (Childbirth): The process of
divisions (cleavage) as it moves towards the delivering the baby at the end of pregnancy.
uterus. It transforms into a 2, 4, 8, 16-celled o Mechanism: It involves a positive feedback
structure. The 16-32 cell stage is called a morula. mechanism. Signals from the fully developed
 Blastocyst Formation: The morula continues to fetus and the placenta trigger the release of the
divide and transforms into a blastocyst. It is a hormone oxytocin from the maternal pituitary.
hollow ball of cells with an inner cell mass (which o Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscles
will become the embryo) and an outer layer called (myometrium), causing strong contractions.
the trophoblast (which will become the placenta). These contractions push the baby towards the
 Implantation: The blastocyst attaches to and gets cervix, stimulating more oxytocin release in a
embedded in the endometrium of the uterus. This cycle until the baby is expelled.
is called implantation, and it marks the beginning  Lactation (Milk Production):
of pregnancy . o The mammary glands start producing milk
towards the end of pregnancy under the influence
of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and
prolactin .
o The first milk produced for a few days after
delivery is called colostrum. It is rich in
PART 6: Pregnancy and Embryonic antibodies (IgA) and provides passive
Development (Gestation) immunity to the newborn .

 Placenta Formation: After implantation, the

trophoblast and the uterine tissue interdigitate to
form a structural and functional unit between the
fetus and the mother called the placenta.
 Functions of the Placenta: Final Tips for 2026 Boards
o Nutrition: It facilitates the supply of oxygen and
nutrients (glucose, amino acids) from the mother 1. NCERT is Non-Negotiable: Read each line of
to the embryo. the NCERT textbook. Many direct questions are
o Excretion: It removes carbon dioxide and other picked from here.
excretory waste from the embryo. 2. Practice Diagrams: Practice drawing neat,
o Endocrine Function: It acts as a temporary labeled diagrams multiple times. Use a pencil and
endocrine gland, secreting hormones like hCG label on one side with straight lines.
(human Chorionic Gonadotropin) , hPL 3. Use Flowcharts: For processes like
(human Placental Lactogen) , estrogens, and spermatogenesis and the hormonal cycle, create
flowcharts to remember the sequence.
 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- HUMAN REPRODUCTION
4. Practice Previous Year Papers: Solve past 10
years' board papers to understand the question
pattern and important topics.
5. Connect with Practicals: Relate your theory to
the spotting exercises (e.g., T.S. of testis/ovary,
sperm structure) for a holistic understanding .
 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

📝 SUMMARY TABLE: KEY HORMONES IN HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Hormone Source Target Organ Major Functions

GnRH Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates release of FSH and LH

FSH Anterior pituitary Testes/Ovaries Spermatogenesis; Follicle development

Stimulates testosterone; Triggers ovulation;

LH Anterior pituitary Testes/Ovaries
Maintains corpus luteum

Spermatogenesis; Male secondary sex

Testosterone Leydig cells (testes) Throughout body
characteristics

Growing follicles Uterus, throughout Endometrial proliferation; Female secondary sex

Estrogen
(ovaries) body characteristics; LH surge

Progesteron Corpus luteum,

Uterus Maintains endometrium; Pregnancy support
e placenta

Placenta
hCG Corpus luteum Maintains corpus luteum during early pregnancy
(trophoblast)

Uterus, mammary
Oxytocin Posterior pituitary Uterine contractions; Milk ejection
glands

Prolactin Anterior pituitary Mammary glands Milk production

🎯 EXAM TIPS FOR 2026 BOARDS

1. Diagram Practice: Practice all diagrams at least 5 times each. Use pencil and label
neatly.

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 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
2. NCERT Focus: 90% questions come directly or indirectly from NCERT. Read each line
carefully.

3. Previous Year Questions: Solve at least 10 years' papers to understand pattern.

4. Commonly Asked 5-Mark Questions:

o Draw labeled diagram of male/female reproductive system

o Explain spermatogenesis with flow chart

o Explain menstrual cycle with hormone graph

o Explain oogenesis and structure of sperm

o Process of fertilization and implantation

5. Value Points Examiners Look For:

o Correct spellings of scientific terms

o Neat and labeled diagrams

o Chromosome numbers where applicable

o Sequential flow in process-based answers

WORK SHEETS FOR EACH TOPIC

WORKSHEET 1: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. Name the pouch in which testes are located.

Q2. What is the function of Leydig cells?

Q3. Write the full form of FSH.

Q4. Name the male accessory gland that surrounds the urethra.

Q5. What is semen?

Q6. Which cells in the testes provide nourishment to spermatogenic cells?

Q7. Name the duct that stores sperms temporarily.

Q8. What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

Q9. Where are Sertoli cells located?

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q10. Name the hormone secreted by Leydig cells.

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Differentiate between Sertoli cells and Leydig cells on the basis of their location
and function.

Q12. Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity in the scrotum?

Q13. Write two functions of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system.

Q14. Draw a labeled diagram of a single testicular lobule showing the arrangement of
seminiferous tubules.

Q15. Arrange the following ducts in correct sequence from testis to outside: Vas
deferens, Epididymis, Vasa efferentia, Rete testis, Ejaculatory duct.

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule. Name the two types of cells
lining it and mention their functions.

Q17. Explain the role of the following in the male reproductive system:
a) Scrotum
b) Prostate gland
c) Epididymis

Q18. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the male reproductive system.

Q19. Write a note on the accessory ducts of the male reproductive system.

Q20. What is the composition of semen? Explain the contribution of each accessory
gland in its formation.

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Draw a well-labeled diagram of the male reproductive system. Explain the
structure and functions of the testes in detail.

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q22. Describe the histological structure of the testis. Add a note on the hormonal
regulation of testicular functions.

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

*"A 45-year-old man visited a fertility clinic with his wife due to difficulty in conceiving.
Medical examination revealed that his scrotal temperature was 3°C higher than
normal due to a condition called varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum). His semen
analysis showed very low sperm count and poor sperm motility."*

a) Why is scrotal temperature important for sperm production? (1)

b) Name the process of sperm formation that gets affected by high temperature. (1)
c) Which hormone would be primarily affected if Leydig cells are damaged? (1)
d) Suggest one possible reason for poor sperm motility based on sperm structure. (1)

Q24. The diagram below shows a sectional view of the testis. Observe and answer:

a) Label the parts A, B, and C. (1)

b) What is the function of the structure labeled B? (1)
c) Name the cells present in the interstitial spaces and their secretion. (1)
d) Where do the sperms complete their maturation? (1)

(Note: Diagram would show T.S. of testis with seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells,
and epididymis)

WORKSHEET 2: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. Name the primary sex organ in females.

Q2. Where is the hymen located?

Q3. What is the function of fimbriae?

Q4. Name the female accessory glands that lubricate the vagina during copulation.

Q5. Which part of the fallopian tube is the site of fertilization?

Q6. What is the innermost layer of the uterus called?

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q7. Name the hormones secreted by the ovary.

Q8. What is the function of the myometrium?

Q9. Where are the mammary glands located?

Q10. What is the ampulla in the female reproductive system?

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Differentiate between the fallopian tube and the uterus based on their functions.

Q12. Draw a labeled diagram showing the internal structure of an ovary.

Q13. Name the three layers of the uterine wall and mention one function of each.

Q14. What is a Graafian follicle? Where is it found?

Q15. Write two functions of the vagina.

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the structure of the fallopian tube. Name its three parts and mention
the function of each.

Q17. Explain the structure of the mammary gland with the help of a labeled diagram.

Q18. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the female reproductive system.

Q19. Write a note on the external genitalia of the female reproductive system.

Q20. What is the role of Bartholin's glands? Where are they located?

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Draw a well-labeled diagram of the female reproductive system. Describe the
structure and functions of the uterus in detail.

Q22. Explain the structure of an ovary. Describe the different stages of ovarian
follicles with the help of a diagram.
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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

*"A 28-year-old woman underwent a medical checkup for irregular menstrual cycles.
Ultrasound examination revealed multiple small cysts in her ovaries. She was
diagnosed with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Her doctor explained that this
condition affects ovulation and hormone production."*

a) Which structures in the ovary are affected in PCOS? (1)

b) Name the process that gets disrupted due to this condition. (1)
c) Which two hormones are primarily produced by the ovaries? (1)
d) What is the function of the structure that releases the egg during normal ovulation?
(1)

Q24. The diagram shows a section of the female reproductive system. Observe and
answer:

a) Label parts A, B, C, and D. (1)

b) Where does fertilization normally occur? (1)
c) Where does implantation of the blastocyst occur? (1)
d) Name the finger-like projections that collect the ovum after ovulation. (1)

(Note: Diagram would show ovary, fallopian tube with fimbriae, uterus, cervix, and
vagina)

WORKSHEET 3: SPERMATOGENESIS

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Q2. At what stage of life does spermatogenesis begin in males?

Q3. What are spermatogonia?

Q4. Define spermiogenesis.

Q5. What is spermiation?

Q6. Name the hormone that acts on Leydig cells to stimulate testosterone secretion.

Q7. How many spermatids are formed from one primary spermatocyte?

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q8. What is the chromosome number in a secondary spermatocyte?

Q9. Which cells in the testes are called "nurse cells"?

Q10. Name the phase of spermatogenesis where spermatids transform into

spermatozoa.

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Arrange the following in correct sequence: Spermatids, Primary spermatocyte,

Spermatogonia, Secondary spermatocyte, Spermatozoa.

Q12. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Q13. What is the role of FSH in spermatogenesis?

Q14. Draw a flow chart showing the stages of spermatogenesis with chromosome
numbers.

Q15. Why are Sertoli cells important for spermatogenesis? Give two reasons.

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the process of spermatogenesis under the following heads:

a) Multiplication phase
b) Growth phase
c) Maturation phase

Q17. Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Name the hormones involved
and their sources.

Q18. Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the sectional view of a seminiferous
tubule with different stages of spermatogenesis.

Q19. Write a note on the role of the following in spermatogenesis:

a) Leydig cells
b) Sertoli cells
c) FSH

Q20. What changes occur during spermiogenesis? How does a spermatid transform
into a functional sperm?

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Describe the complete process of spermatogenesis with the help of a flow chart.
Add a note on the hormonal regulation of this process.

Q22. Draw a well-labeled diagram of the T.S. of a testis showing the seminiferous
tubules. Explain the different stages of spermatogenesis that occur within the tubules.

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

"A research study was conducted on two groups of male rats. Group A was injected
with a chemical that destroys Leydig cells. Group B was injected with a chemical that
blocks FSH receptors on Sertoli cells. After 4 weeks, the sperm count and morphology
were analyzed."

a) What would be the effect on testosterone levels in Group A? Why? (1)

b) Which specific process of sperm formation would be affected in Group B? (1)
c) How many functional sperms would be produced from 100 primary spermatocytes
under normal conditions? (1)
d) Name the phase where chromosome number reduces from diploid to haploid. (1)

Q24. The diagram shows different stages of spermatogenesis. Observe and answer:

a) Identify stages A, B, C, and D. (1)

b) What is the ploidy of cell at stage B? (1)
c) Which cells provide nourishment to the developing germ cells? (1)
d) What is the final product of this process? (1)

(Note: Diagram would show sequence from spermatogonium to sperm)

WORKSHEET 4: STRUCTURE OF SPERM & OOGENESIS

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. Name the parts of a sperm that contain mitochondria.

Q2. What is the function of the acrosome?

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q3. Where does oogenesis begin in a female?

Q4. At which stage is the human egg released from the ovary?

Q5. What is a polar body?

Q6. Name the enzyme present in the acrosome.

Q7. How many primary oocytes are present at birth in a human female?

Q8. What is the chromosome number in a secondary oocyte?

Q9. Which part of the sperm contains the nucleus?

Q10. When does the secondary oocyte complete its second meiotic division?

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Draw a labeled diagram of a human sperm.

Q12. Differentiate between a primary oocyte and a secondary oocyte.

Q13. What is the significance of the unequal division during oogenesis?

Q14. List the four parts of a sperm and mention one function of each.

Q15. Compare the number of gametes produced from one primary spermatocyte and
one primary oocyte.

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the structure of a human sperm with the help of a labeled diagram.
Mention the function of each part.

Q17. Explain the process of oogenesis with the help of a flow chart. Mention the
changes that occur at each stage.

Q18. Write a note on the following:

a) Acrosome reaction
b) Fate of polar bodies
c) Arrested stages in oogenesis

Q19. Draw a labeled diagram showing the structure of an ovum surrounded by follicle
cells.

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q20. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis under the following
heads:
a) Site of occurrence
b) Number of gametes produced
c) Continuity of process

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Describe the complete process of oogenesis from fetal life to fertilization.
Support your answer with a labeled flow chart showing chromosome numbers at each
stage.

Q22. Draw a neat labeled diagram of a human sperm. Explain how its structure is
adapted for its function of fertilization.

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

"In an IVF laboratory, scientists observed sperm samples under a microscope. They
noticed that in Sample X, most sperms had abnormal heads with poorly developed
acrosomes. In Sample Y, sperms had normal heads but very short or immotile tails.
Both samples showed very low fertilization rates when mixed with eggs."

a) Why would Sample X show poor fertilization despite having motile sperms? (1)
b) Which organelle is deficient in Sample Y sperms, affecting their motility? (1)
c) What is the chromosome number in a normal human sperm? (1)
d) If a secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm, what will be the immediate next
event in the egg? (1)

Q24. The diagram shows stages of oogenesis. Observe and answer:

a) Identify stages A, B, C, and D. (1)

b) At which stage is the first meiotic division completed? (1)
c) What happens to the cell if fertilization does not occur? (1)
d) How many functional gametes are produced from one primary oocyte? (1)

(Note: Diagram would show sequence from oogonium to ovum with polar bodies)

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
WORKSHEET 5: MENSTRUAL CYCLE

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. What is menarche?

Q2. Define menopause.

Q3. How long does a typical menstrual cycle last?

Q4. Name the hormone responsible for the LH surge.

Q5. What triggers ovulation?

Q6. Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the endometrium during the luteal
phase?

Q7. What is corpus luteum?

Q8. Name the hormone secreted by the corpus luteum.

Q9. What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

Q10. During which phase of the menstrual cycle is the endometrium shed?

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Differentiate between the follicular phase and the luteal phase.

Q12. What is the role of estrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Q13. Draw a graph showing the levels of LH and FSH during a 28-day menstrual
cycle.

Q14. What is the fate of the Graafian follicle after ovulation if:
a) fertilization occurs
b) fertilization does not occur

Q15. Name the four phases of the menstrual cycle in correct sequence.

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the changes that occur in the ovary and uterus during the follicular
phase of the menstrual cycle.

Q17. Explain the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. What hormonal changes occur
during this phase?

Q18. Draw a labeled diagram showing the cyclic changes in the ovarian follicles
during the menstrual cycle.

Q19. Write a note on the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle. Name the
hormones involved and their sources.

Q20. What is ovulation? Explain the events that lead to ovulation and the hormonal
changes that trigger it.

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Describe the events of the menstrual cycle with reference to the changes in the
ovary and uterus. Support your answer with a diagram showing hormonal levels (FSH,
LH, Estrogen, Progesterone) during the cycle.

Q22. Draw a well-labeled diagram showing the structure of a Graafian follicle. Explain
the fate of this follicle after ovulation under different conditions.

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

*"A 32-year-old woman with a regular 28-day menstrual cycle missed her period. She
took a home pregnancy test which was positive. Her doctor confirmed pregnancy and
explained that her corpus luteum is being maintained by a hormone from the
developing embryo."*

a) On which day of her cycle would ovulation have occurred? (1)

b) Which hormone detected in the urine confirmed her pregnancy? (1)
c) What would have happened to the corpus luteum if she were not pregnant? (1)
d) Name the hormone that maintains the endometrium during pregnancy. (1)

Q24. The graph below shows hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. Observe and
answer:

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
a) Identify hormones A, B, C, and D. (1)
b) On which day does ovulation occur? (1)
c) Which hormone surge triggers ovulation? (1)
d) Why do progesterone levels rise after day 14? (1)

(Note: Graph would show FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone levels over 28 days)

WORKSHEET 6: FERTILIZATION, IMPLANTATION & PREGNANCY

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. Where does fertilization occur in the female reproductive tract?

Q2. What is a zygote?

Q3. Define cleavage.

Q4. What is a morula?

Q5. How is a blastocyst different from a morula?

Q6. What is implantation?

Q7. Name the outer layer of the blastocyst.

Q8. What is the inner cell mass of the blastocyst called?

Q9. What is the function of the placenta?

Q10. Name the hormone detected in pregnancy tests.

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Differentiate between morula and blastocyst.

Q12. What is the role of the trophoblast in implantation?

Q13. Name any two hormones secreted by the placenta and mention their functions.

Q14. Draw a labeled diagram of a blastocyst.

Q15. What is the umbilical cord? What is its function?

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the events that occur from fertilization to implantation in a human
female.

Q17. Explain the structure and functions of the placenta.

Q18. Draw a labeled diagram showing a blastocyst implanted in the endometrium.

Q19. Write a note on the role of hormones during early pregnancy.

Q20. What changes occur in the zygote as it moves through the fallopian tube
towards the uterus?

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Describe the process of fertilization in humans. What changes occur in the egg
after sperm entry? Explain the journey of the zygote from the fallopian tube to
implantation.

Q22. Draw a well-labeled diagram of the placenta. Explain its role in nutrition,
respiration, excretion, and hormone production for the developing fetus.

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

*"A woman undergoing IVF treatment had her eggs fertilized in the laboratory. The
embryologist observed that 8 fertilized eggs developed into 2-cell, 4-cell, and then 16-
celled structures. These were transferred to the woman's uterus on day 5 after
fertilization."*

a) What is the 16-celled stage called? (1)

b) On which day after fertilization does the blastocyst normally implant in the uterus?
(1)
c) Why were the embryos transferred on day 5 instead of day 2? (1)
d) Which part of the blastocyst attaches to the endometrium? (1)

Q24. The diagram shows a blastocyst. Observe and answer:

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
a) Label parts A and B. (1)
b) What is the fate of part A? (1)
c) What is the fate of part B? (1)
d) Where does this structure get implanted? (1)

(Note: Diagram would show blastocyst with inner cell mass and trophoblast)

WORKSHEET 7: PARTURITION & LACTATION

SECTION A: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK each)

Q1. What is parturition?

Q2. What is the normal duration of human pregnancy?

Q3. Name the hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.

Q4. What is colostrum?

Q5. Why is colostrum important for the newborn?

Q6. Name the hormone responsible for milk production.

Q7. What is the milk-secreting cell in the mammary gland called?

Q8. What is lactation?

Q9. Which hormone is also called the "birth hormone"?

Q10. Name the duct that carries milk from the alveoli to the nipple.

SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - I (2 MARKS each)

Q11. Differentiate between prolactin and oxytocin with reference to their functions.

Q12. What is the role of the myometrium during parturition?

Q13. Draw a labeled diagram showing the structure of a lactating mammary gland.

Q14. What is the significance of colostrum for a newborn baby?

Q15. Explain the positive feedback mechanism involved in parturition.

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

SECTION C: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS - II (3 MARKS each)

Q16. Describe the process of parturition in humans. Name the hormone involved and
explain its role.

Q17. Explain the process of lactation. What hormonal changes occur in a woman after
delivery to initiate milk production?

Q18. Draw a neat labeled diagram showing the internal structure of the mammary
gland.

Q19. Write a note on the following:

a) Colostrum
b) Role of oxytocin in childbirth
c) Milk ejection reflex

Q20. What changes occur in the mammary glands during pregnancy and after
delivery?

SECTION D: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS each)

Q21. Describe the process of parturition with emphasis on the hormonal control.
Explain the positive feedback mechanism that leads to childbirth.

Q22. Draw a well-labeled diagram of the mammary gland. Explain the process of
lactation and the significance of breast milk for the newborn.

SECTION E: CASE-BASED/SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (4 MARKS each)

Q23. Read the following passage and answer the questions:

*"A pregnant woman at 40 weeks of gestation was admitted to the hospital with mild
uterine contractions. Her doctor informed her that the contractions will gradually
become stronger and more frequent. After delivery, the doctor placed the baby on her
chest for skin-to-skin contact and encouraged breastfeeding within the first hour."*

a) What is the hormone responsible for the strong uterine contractions during labor?
(1)
b) Why are contractions described as a "positive feedback mechanism"? (1)

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
c) What is the first milk produced called and why is it important? (1)
d) How does suckling by the baby help in milk ejection? (1)

Q24. The diagram shows a feedback mechanism. Observe and answer:

a) Identify hormones A and B. (1)

b) What triggers the release of hormone A? (1)
c) What is the target organ of hormone B? (1)
d) What would happen if hormone A is not released? (1)

(Note: Diagram would show positive feedback loop of parturition: fetal ejection reflex
→ oxytocin release → uterine contractions → more pressure on cervix)

ANSWER KEY (Selected Questions)

WORKSHEET 1: MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Q1. Scrotum
Q2. Secretion of testosterone
Q3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Q4. Prostate gland
Q5. Mixture of spermatozoa and secretions of accessory glands
Q6. Sertoli cells
Q7. Epididymis
Q8. Lubrication of penis and neutralization of urine acidity
Q9. Lining of seminiferous tubules
Q10. Testosterone

Q11.

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 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Feature Sertoli Cells Leydig Cells

Location Inside seminiferous tubules Interstitial spaces between tubules

Function Nourishment of germ cells, spermiogenesis Secretion of testosterone

Q12. To maintain temperature 2-2.5°C lower than body temperature, essential for
spermatogenesis.

Q17.

 Scrotum: Maintains low temperature for spermatogenesis

 Prostate gland: Secretes alkaline fluid that activates sperms

 Epididymis: Site of sperm maturation and storage

Q23.
a) Spermatogenesis requires 2-2.5°C lower temperature
b) Spermatogenesis
c) Testosterone
d) Defect in mitochondria/middle piece or tail structure

WORKSHEET 2: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Q1. Ovary
Q2. At the vaginal opening
Q3. Collect the ovum after ovulation
Q4. Bartholin's glands
Q5. Ampullary-isthmic junction
Q6. Endometrium
Q7. Estrogen and Progesterone
Q8. Strong contractions during parturition
Q9. Thoracic region (chest)
Q10. Wider part of mammary duct that stores milk

Q16. Three parts of fallopian tube:

 Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped with fimbriae to collect ovum

 Ampulla: Wider part, site of fertilization

 Isthmus: Narrow part connecting to uterus

Q23.
a) Ovarian follicles
b) Ovulation
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 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
c) Estrogen and Progesterone
d) Graafian follicle releases secondary oocyte

WORKSHEET 3: SPERMATOGENESIS

Q1. Seminiferous tubules of testes

Q2. Puberty
Q3. Diploid primordial germ cells that undergo spermatogenesis
Q4. Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
Q5. Release of mature sperms from Sertoli cells into lumen
Q6. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
Q7. Four
Q8. Haploid (n)
Q9. Sertoli cells
Q10. Spermiogenesis

Q11. Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte →

Spermatids → Spermatozoa

Q20. Changes during spermiogenesis:

 Nucleus condenses and forms head

 Golgi apparatus forms acrosome

 Mitochondria assemble in middle piece

 Centriole forms flagellum/tail

 Excess cytoplasm is shed

Q23.
a) Testosterone levels would decrease as Leydig cells are destroyed
b) Spermiogenesis (as FSH acts on Sertoli cells)
c) 400 sperms (1 primary spermatocyte → 4 sperms)
d) Maturation phase/Meiosis I

WORKSHEET 4: STRUCTURE OF SPERM & OOGENESIS

Q1. Middle piece

Q2. Contains enzymes for penetrating the egg
Q3. During fetal life/in the ovary of the fetus
Q4. Secondary oocyte
Q5. Small non-functional cell formed during unequal division in oogenesis
Q6. Hyaluronidase and acrosin
Q7. About 2 million (approx.)
Q8. Haploid (n)

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 ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
Q9. Head
Q10. After fertilization by a sperm

Q15.

 From 1 primary spermatocyte: 4 functional sperms

 From 1 primary oocyte: 1 functional ovum + 3 polar bodies

Q23.
a) Acrosome contains enzymes needed to penetrate egg
b) Mitochondria (for energy production)
c) 23 (haploid)
d Completion of second meiotic division

WORKSHEET 5: MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Q1. First menstrual period at puberty

Q2. Permanent cessation of menstruation around age 45-50
Q3. 28 days (approximately)
Q4. Estrogen (positive feedback)
Q5. LH surge
Q6. Progesterone
Q7. Glandular structure formed from ruptured follicle after ovulation
Q8. Progesterone
Q9. Degenerates into corpus albicans
Q10. Menstrual phase

Q11.

Follicular Phase Luteal Phase

Follicle development occurs Corpus luteum functions

Estrogen dominates Progesterone dominates

Endometrium regenerates Endometrium is maintained

Q23.
a) Day 14
b) hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
c) It would degenerate into corpus albicans
d) Progesterone (from placenta later)

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ADITYA VIDYASHRAM – PDY Ch- Sexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants
WORKSHEET 6: FERTILIZATION, IMPLANTATION & PREGNANCY

Q1. Ampullary-isthmic junction of fallopian tube

Q2. Fertilized egg (diploid cell formed by fusion of male and female gametes)
Q3. Rapid mitotic divisions of zygote
Q4. 16-32 cell stage (solid ball of cells)
Q5. Blastocyst has blastocoel cavity and differentiated cells (trophoblast and inner
cell mass)
Q6. Embedding of blastocyst in endometrium
Q7. Trophoblast
Q8. Inner cell mass
Q9. Exchange of nutrients, oxygen, wastes between mother and fetus; hormone
production
Q10. hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Q23.
a) Morula
b) Day 6-7 after fertilization
c) To reach blastocyst stage which can implant
d) Trophoblast

WORKSHEET 7: PARTURITION & LACTATION

Q1. Process of childbirth/delivery of baby

Q2. 280 days or 40 weeks
Q3. Oxytocin
Q4. First milk produced after delivery (first few days)
Q5. Rich in antibodies (IgA) providing passive immunity
Q6. Prolactin
Q7. Alveoli cells
Q8. Production and release of milk from mammary glands
Q9. Oxytocin
Q10. Lactiferous duct

Q23.
a) Oxytocin
b) Contractions stimulate more oxytocin release, which causes stronger contractions
c) Colostrum - provides antibodies and passive immunity
d) Suckling stimulates release of oxytocin which causes milk ejectio

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