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The document discusses various aspects of magnetism, including the properties of magnets, their poles, and the concept of attraction and repulsion. It also covers the importance of water, its cycle, and the need for conservation due to scarcity. Additionally, it highlights methods for obtaining and purifying water for human use.

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3 views23 pages

Science notes

The document discusses various aspects of magnetism, including the properties of magnets, their poles, and the concept of attraction and repulsion. It also covers the importance of water, its cycle, and the need for conservation due to scarcity. Additionally, it highlights methods for obtaining and purifying water for human use.

Uploaded by

zareena2626
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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———— EVALUATION Choose the appropriate answer : An object that is attrac ted by magnet. a. wooden piece _Seionce A ©. eraser 4. apiece of paper People who made marine ‘cople t's compass for the first time, a: Indians ». Europeans tex ~ [Link] 4. Egyptians A freely suspended magnet always comés to rest in the direction. aT a. North - east b. South - west Noatne + c. East - west 4. North - south clags + "Magnets lose their properties when they are Roll 7 a. used b. stored ¢. hit with a hammer 4. cleaned School_* Mariner's compass is used to find the b. displacement _d, motion Unit Topics ce Magnetism, ¢ and ring. Wal : Our _Enyisonment Febuary | 281 | Perinotamapnt mt ) 5 i The materials which are attracted towards the magnet are called | Chemisty in Eve de March Ua 5 6 S ‘ ss Plants Tn Doily life | March | 289 In olden days, sailors used to find direction by suspending a piece of Hoard unre ound coffee Apyil 29% | magnet (lodestone).. . A magnet always has two poles. i 255 HI. Trueor False. If False, 1. 2 3. 4, 5. give he correct statement A cylindrical! magnet has only onepole. False) A cylindrical magnet has two poles. Similarpoles ofamagnet repel each other. (rug) stick in the middle of a bar magnet when ( Maximum iron filings Ise) broughtnear them. . oo When a magnetis brought near iron filings maximum iron filings seg tothe poles. ‘A compass can be used to find East-West direction at any place, (True) A compass shows, north-south directions. Stretch your left hae towards north and your right hand towards south. The direction in “front of our face iseastand the direction at our back is west, Rubber isa magnetic material. : alse) Rubbers notattracted by magnet. Itis anon-magnetic material, IV. Match the following : L 2: 3. 4. Compass - Maximum magnetic strength Attraction _Likepoles Repulsion _—--_OppeSite poles Magneticpoles - Magneticneedle Circle the odd ones and give reasons Lif, escalator, electromagnetic trai CtrieTIDY = GD) ‘Reason: Magnets are not mokeuse Sttapen: Inanelectie ‘bulb but the other devices Attraction, 6 Reason: Illumination is not a property of a magnet. Others are magnetic properties. ‘The following diagrams show two magnets near one another. Use the words, ‘Attract, Repel, Turn around’ to describe what happens in each case. =) : @ 1) jl l © (al @) Tumaround ‘Attract : a o) Repel ; ae ) Tumaround ¢ VIL. Write down the names of substances: Nail Iron shots Biade jin pins “Chalk piece VII. Give shortanswer : AC. Explain the attraction and repulsion between magnetic poles. Unlike poles (S-N, N-S) attract each other. Like Poles (N-N, $-S) repel each othet. student who checked some magnets in the school laboratory found out that their magnetic forceis worn out. Give three reasons for that. ‘Magnets lose their properties if they are heated or dropped from a height orhit with ahammer, IX. Answerin detail: 1, Youare provided with an iron needle. How will you magnetize it? Bring a pin or some iron 'gS near the needle to check whether it has become a magnet. Does the needle attract the Pin / iron filings? If not, continue the same processor some moretime, How does the electromagnetic train work? Electromagnets are used in Electromagnetic trains, Electromagnets are magnetised only when current flows through them. When the direction of current is changed the poles ofthe electromagnets are also changed. Like poles of the magnets which are attached at the bottom of the train and rail track repel each other. So, the train is lifted from the track up to aheight of 10cm. We know that we can move any magnetic object with the force of attraction or repulsion properties of magnets. This train also moves with the help of the magnets attached on the sides of track and the magnets fitted at the bottom sideway ofthe train, By controlling the current we can control the magnets and movement ofthe train. Questions based on Higher Order Thinking Skills : You are provided with iron filings anda bar magnet without labelling. the poles of the magnet. Using A a. How will you identify the poles of the magnet? ‘The given bar magnet is suspended by a thread. The bar magnet comes to rest in a particular direction. The end of the magnet that points the north is marked as North Pole. The other end which points tothe south is markedas South Pole, iron filings? Why? i armagnet attracts moreiron filings D._Whlcnpart fio ing atone We i a ea te magnet on the iron filings @ few times. We find that shou! i the ends of the magnets (poles) stack DOT NO because the magnetic force is very Strong Only at the poles of ‘magnet, . ‘Two bar magnets are given in the figure A and B. By the property o¢ attraction, identify the North pole and the South pole in the jay magnet (B). Fig-A Fig-B ‘Take a glass of water with afew pins inside. How will you take out the is Without dipping your handsinto water? ¢ glass slightly without spilling the water. Hold the pole of a bar ‘magnet close-to the pins, outside the glass. Some pins will stick to the ‘magnet outside, Drag the magnet to the surface of water close to the glass. When the pins are dragged out of the w: By repeating this process we can takeall the pins out without dipping our fingers in the water. ter surface we can pick them up. « Introduction : Water is essential for all living things. 97% of water on earth is found in seas and oceans. The fresh water available to uss only 3%. A large proportion of this fresh water (68.7%) is in the form of polar ice and glaciers. The remaining portion occurs as surface waterin lakes rivers and swamps. In order to get water for ouruse we depend on wells, canals, dams, lakes, rivers and borewells. We cannot use the salty water ofthe sea for drinking or inigation. We get only a small proportion of water as freshwater. 30.1% of this fiesh water is present as ground water. A major portion of the fresh water is ibleto us in the form oflake water. _Awatér molecule is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and oneatom of oxygen, Based on the amount of sat in water (salinity) water is classified as (i) Fresh water (ii) Brackish water and (ii) Sea water. Fresh water contains (1.05% to 1% salt, Brackish water contains upto 3% salt. Sea water contains more than 3% of salt. “The water on the earth evaporates by theheat ofthe sun. The water vapour in the atmosphere forms clouds. From: the clouds water reaches the earth in the ait process is called water cyele or form of rain or snow. This continuous proctt . hydrological eyele. The water cycle consists of three stages: (i) Evaporation Condensation (iii) Pree = ‘Three types of n are (i) Surface water (ji) Frozen water a in rivers, lakes, ponds and streams. Frozen water 'S present as polar ice ang + is present beneath earth's surface in s Ground water 1d hand pumps. We can also obtain ground water by means of tube wells an ground water from springsand ws ways remains the same ‘The earth has only a fixed quantity of wate and ve cannot change it. So water is not available to all plants, animals and human beings whose number increases day by, day. This is called scarcity of water. () population explosion (ii) uneven distribution of rainfs de round water table (iv) pollution of water and (v) careless use of water are ‘of water. | responsible forthe sarc In order t6 conserve water we should follow. (1) Water management and (2)Rainwater harvesting. We should create awareness among people about the need to conserve water. Pollution should be reduced and deforestation should be stopped. Afforestation should be encouraged, We should avoid wastage of water and switch overto drip irigation and rainwater harvesting. Human body requires 2-3 litres of water to maintain its functions. We need water for cooking, drinking, bathing and washing. In agriculture water is needed for the growth of crops and livestock. Industries need large quantities of water for production, + Water obtained from lakes, rivers or borewells is supplied to houses. The ground water is pumped out and purified by chemical processes. Then it i fered and disinfected with chlorine and ammonia, Then this water is pumped into storage ranks and distributed to houses through taps. 262 [ page 18 A ity 2 : Conduct the activity with common sali, sand, chalk powder, harcoal powder and copper sulphate. Fillup the following table, Substance Dissolyes in water ‘Does not dissolvein water Common salt Vv Sand v Chalk powder v Charcoal powder v Copper sulphate v From the above activity we could observe that common salt and copper sulphate dissolve in water and contribute their properties like colour and other properties to water but sand, chalk powder and charcoal powder do not dissolve in water. EVALUATION 1° Choose the appropriate answer : 1. Around 97% of water available on earth is water. a, fresh b. pure c. salty 4. polluted wi a, evapor c. rain of the following is not a part of water cycle? . condensation An 3. Which of the following processes add water vapour to the atmosphere? Condensation iv. Evaporation Ih 2. About 30% of the fresh water is found in? a. glaciers ». ground water [Link] sources of water 0.3% Using R.O. plant at home eliminates lot of non-potable water, ‘The best way to effectively use the expelled water of R.O. plant is, ‘a, make the expelled water go and seep near the bore well b. use it for watering plant : . to drink the expelled water after boiling and cooling 4. to use for cooking as the water is full of many nutrients 21a) distillation |. b) ground water oiandiv _ 5. b) use it for watering plants Fill in the blanks : Only percent of natural water is available for human consumption. ‘The process of changing water into its vapouris called is bi It on rivers to regulate water flow and distribute water. ‘Water levels in rivers increase greatly during Water cycle isalso called as ‘Answer :1. 03 [Link] [Link] 4. rainy'season 5, Hydrological cycle Seana HI. True or False. If False, give the correct statement : 1 Water prese! human beings. in rivers, lakes and ponds is unfit for use by (False) Water present in lakes, rivers and ponds fitfor use by human beings. It is used for wasting, bathing and irrigation, It is purified and made fit Jor drinking. 264, Se eatae formed when the water table meets the land surface. (False) ‘88 are formed when the water table meets the land surface. ‘The evaporation of water takes place only in sunlight Conds ore ‘ondensation results in the formation of dew on grass. (True) ‘Sea water can be used for irrigation as such, (False) As sea water is salty it cannot be used for irrigation as such. Match the followi Flood + Lake Surface water. - Evaporation Sun light + Water vapour Cloud - Pole Frozen water - Increased rain fall Answer + 1, Flood 2, Surface water - - Increased rain fall Lake: Evaporation — Arrange the following statemen These vapours condense to form tiny droplets of water. ‘The water droplets come together to form large water droplets. The heat of the sun causes evaporation of water from the surface of the earth, oceans, lakes, rivers: and other water bodies. The large water droplets become heavy and the air cannot hold them, therefore, they fallas rains. - correct sequence: 265 is also continuously added to the atmosphere through ter vapour SS the leaves of trees. transpiration from the surface oft 6. Warmaircarrying cloudsrises up- 7. Hligherup inthe atmosphere theairis cool. §. These droplets floating in the air along with the dust particles form clouds. * Answer: 1. The heat of the sun causes evaporation of water from the surface ofthe earth, oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies. F 2, Water vapour is also continuously added to the atmosphere through transpiration from thesurface of the leaves of trees. 3. These droplets floating in the air along with the dust particles formelouds. . , Warm air carrying cloudsrises up. Higher up in the atmosphere, theairis cool. These vapours condense to form tiny droplets of water. The water droplets come together to form large water droplets. | The large water droplets become heavy and the air cannot hold — them, therefore, they fallas rains, Vi. Analogy: 1. Population explosion: Water scarcity :: Recycle : water management. 2. Ground water: wells :: Surface water : : VIL, Giveveryshortanswer: 1, Name four different sources of water. Wells, lakes, dams, rivers. 266 5 How do people in cities and rural areas get water for various purposes? ‘They get water by pumping out ground water using borewells. Water obtained from wells, borewells, rivers and lakes is purified and distributed to the people in cities and rural area. ‘Take out a cooled bottle of water from refrigerator and keep it on a table. After some time you noticea puddle of water aroundit. Why? ‘The water vapour in the air around condenses when it touches the cooled bottle. The droplets of water formed on the outside of the bottle get accumulated and become large drops. They drip down the sides of the bottle and fall tothe bottom asa puddle of water. We could see clouds almost every day. Why doesn'titrain daily? Rain falls only when the air around the cloud is cool enough to change water vapour into water drops. When there is no cool air around the clouds there won'tbeany rain. Name the places where water is found asice. ‘Water is foundas ice on high mountains and in polar regions. How do aquatic animals manage to live in Aretic and Antarctic Cirele? ‘The aquatic animals in Aretic and Antarctic region have thick fur on their skin and a thick layer of coat beneath. The fur and the fat protect the animals from extreme cold. These animals burrow into snow and hide into it. The snow acts as an insulator and, prevents the entry of cool air in. What are the types of rain water harvesting? (a) Collecting rain water from where it falls. (b) Collecting flowing rain water. \ Be VIM. Giveshort answer: 1. Differentiate between surface water and ground water. Surface wi 1. It is found on the surface of the earth, 2. ‘River lake, freshwater and swamps are sources of surface water. Springs and wells are the sources of ground water and it is Drought out by pumps and borewe! 2. Writea few slogans of your own on: the topic "Save Water". 1) Conserve water, that is right Orelse future, full of fright, 2) Waste not water, save it now. Future of man, if you love. 3. About 71% of earth's surface is covered with water, then why do we 97% of water present on earth is found in seas and oceans. As cannotuseit for drinking or irrigation. There is only 3% of fresh wal this, 68.7% is present as ice and glaciers in the poles. We can use only the rensining water Owing to population explosion we need more water as lays avail se 4. — Give reason for the following statement — Sewage should not be disposed of in rivers or oceans before treatment. Sewage contains toxic chemicals. If itis disposed of in rivers and oceans, itwi treated before itis disposed of. ‘5. The fresh water available on earth is only 3%. We cannot increase the amount of water. In that case, how can we sustain the water level? Human activities like pollution, usage of plastics and destruction of water sources for construction purposes and sinking borewells cause the 268, il the aquatic animals. So the sewage water should be properly Ix. 1 lowering of groundwater level. So we should restrict the above mentioned activities. We should pay more attention to conservation of ‘erain water harvesting, We should prevent wastage of water by adopting techniques as drip irrigation and recycling of water. Awareness should be created among people to putan end to wastage of water. Answer in detail: Whaat is potable water? List down its characteristics. Potable water is drinking water safe for human beings. It does not cause any harm to the drinker. It is supplied to houses by means of taps as drinking water, The intake of drinking water is related to one's age, nature of work and his health condition. Potable water has three characteristics ) Microbiological, , Arsenic etc in potable water determine 's. The micro organisms found in potable water ‘constitute its microbiological characteristics. The bacteria and virus in potable water cause diseases as choleraand diarrhoea. Who is known as waterman of India? Browse the net and find the details about the award, the waterman received for water management. State the findings by drafting a report. Dr. Rajendrasingh of Rajasthan\js régarded as the ‘Waterman of India’ He isa conservationist and environmentalist of ourtimes. ‘The Avari River in Northwest Rajasthan did not flow for sixty years. ive and effort taken by Dr. Rajendrasingh the river started flowing and ndw itis a perennial river. Dr, Rajendrasingh learned the ancient practice of building dams called “Johads', During rainy season he stored the rain water. ‘Working hard for 10-14 hours a day he sueceeded in rain water harvesting, With the help of the community Dr. Rajendrasingh constructed 375 Johads, So the Avari River started flowing in 1995. Because of his efforts on conservation ‘more than 1000 villages have been benifitted. Forests began to appear anew. 269 3. Whatis rainwater harvesting? Expl in houses. ‘ ‘on and use of rain water is called rainwater harvesting, ‘There are two types ofrainwater harve (a) Collecting water from where it falls. (eg): Collecting water from the rooftops ofthe houses or b (Roof water harvesting) . (b) Collecting flowing rain water. (eg): Collecting rainwater by construct igponds X. Question based on Higher Order Thinking Skills: 1. When there is no pond or Jake in an area, will there be formation of clouds possiblein that area? When there are no ponds or lakes in an area there won't be evaporation of surface water. So clouds cannot be formed above these places. 2. ' Toclean the spectacles, people often breathe out on glasses to make them wet. Explain why do the glasses become wet. When we breathe out on glasses, the water vapour in our breath st the glass. It gets condensed on the cool surface of the glass. The moisture thus formed helps us to clean the glass. XI CROSSWORD: DOWN 1, Amethod of water conservation, Recycling 2, Process of getting water vapour from sea water, Evaporation - 6. Waterstoredindamsisusedforgenerationof __. _—_—Eleetricity ACROSS 3: isa large body of non-potable water found in nature, Ocean 4, . Insummer, the body loses wateras Sweat 5. Plants undergo and contribute to water cycle, ‘Transpiration 12001 Dr, Rajencrasingh was awarded Ramoan Magsaysay Award, I ihest honour. In 015 he was awarded Stockholm Water Prize. It isequivalent to Nobel Prize for water. afew sentences how it can’ 270 Flol<[e[™ °/-/2/-[e[*[-1* = Zz zlol-1-17[7/e[ 22 I<] # XII. (1). Observe the given graph carefully and answer the questions. Percentage of water Tomato Chicken Fish Human Weter Pine ody melon apple a, Whatpercentage of water is seen in fish? 0% ™~ b. Name the food item that has maximum amount of water in its content, Water melon ‘ ¢.° Name the food item that has minimum amount of water in ts content, Fish ‘ 2A Q) percentage of water, juman body consists of about, 60 Specify the food item that can be consumed by a person when he/she suffering from dehydration. ‘Water melon Look at the map of Tamilnadu showing annual rainfall and answer the questions given below. Identify the districts that get only low annual rainfall in Tamilnadu, Dharmapuri, Erode, Karur, Trichy, Perambalur, Tanjore, Pudukottai, Sivagangai, Madurai, Dindigul, Ramanathapuram. Identify the districts that get a medium annual rainfé Tamilnadu. Thiruvallur, Chennai, Kancheepuram, Krishnagi Thiruwvannamalai, Villupuram,- Salem, Namakkal, Tirupur, Ariyalu, Thiruvarur, Virudhunagar, Tuticorin. State the districts that enjoy high annual r: Nilgiri, Coimbatore, Theni, Thirunelvel Nagapattinam. fallin Tamilnadu. 272 Kanyakumari, Cuddalore, © Chemistry in Everyday life Introduction : Physical change is a change in the shape, substance. Chemical change resul , volume or state of a z i in the formation of a new substance. The tearing of paper into small pieces isan example for physical change. When the paper burns it undergoes chemical change. ‘The curdling of milk, rusting of iron and the fermentation of idly batter are examples for chemical change. Using chemical changes we can make new substances. Soap, fertilizers, plastics and cement which we use in our day to day ities are products of chemical changes. We use bathing soaps for bathing and washing detergents for washing clothes. The detergent molecules have two sides. One side is water loving and the other side is water hating. Water hating parts of the detergents stick to oil and dirt, When the clothes are agitated the dirt and oil surrounded by the water hating parts get away from the clothes. As the dirt goes away our clothes become clean, In order to prepare soap we need sodium hydroxide and coconut oil. We should take 35 ml of water in a glass ar. We should add 10 gram of concentrated sodiuin hydroxide to the water and allow itto cool. Then we should add 60 ml. of coconut oil to the solution drop by drop and stir it well. The content should be Poured into an empty match box. Wecan take away thesoapafteritgets dried. ic oF i i i the soil to provide nutrients to Organic or inorganic materials we add to : soil are called fertilizers. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium © aré the important plant nutrients (NPK) and they are called prit 2, a, Protein [EVALUATION Choose the appropriate answer: Soaps were originally made from a. proteins ». animal fats and vegetable oils c. chemicals extracted from the soil ‘d. foam booster “The saponification of a fat or oil is dome using ‘solution for hot process. a, Potassium hydroxide b. Sodium hydroxide ¢. Hydrochloric acid 4. Sodium chloride Gypsumis added to the cement for, a. fast setting _b. delayed setting Snake Carrot -> Rabbit > Snake -» Eagle Human > Insect -> Algae > Fish Algae > Insect -> Fish > Human 284 together, Whatare the two types of ecosystems? Ecosystems canbe either natural orart hose pipes. are the types of pollution? 2, Waterpollution 4, Noisepollution Give oneexample of a food chain in an aquatic ecosystem? Aquaticplant > Aqu: 3. Land soil) pollution ‘insect > Larva > Fish Namesome pollutants. Any substance that causes pollution is called a pollutant. e.g: smoke, fume, chemical residues, plastic waste. What are the pol a, Loud Speaker Noise pollution b. Plastic Land poll mns caused by the objects given below? I. Give short answer: Whatisbiodepradalevaste? at canbe exly The term’ "Biodegradable is used for those things that can be decomposed by natural agents like water, oxygen, ultraviolet rays of the sun, micro-organisms, ec. On om when a dead leaf or a banana peel is thrownroutside, it is ed a a ‘by several micro-organisms like bacteria, fungi or ee Beek fae uibe period ‘Biodegradable wast includes vegetable and fruit ase aver foodand garden wastes as leaves westsand vi) (as) ion’ How can wereduce water polutt srwaste down the drain oringg 1. Donotpourleftover oil, old the toilet. 2. Reduce the use of chemical pest 3, Use waste water for garden in home, 4, Donotlitter ordump waste always use s and fertilizers to grow crops awaste bin. he food chain. ps us to understand the feeding rel stem. ‘in hel 1. Learning food chain hel and interaction between organisms in any ecosy: also helps us to appreciate tl because pollution impacts the ecosystem. The food chain can be’ used to understand the movement of toxic substances and their impacts. VIE. Answer in detai vo examples of how you can avoid or reduce waste? 1 Avoid: Avoid the usage of unwanted materials which create more debris, Before you buy anything, think that "Do I really need it?" (eg) ‘Avoid buying packaged foods. Refuse to buy use and throw plastic products. 2. Reduce : We can reduce the waste by using durable goods that lst longer instead of things that are used once and thrown away. (e.g) Write on both sides of papers. Instead of unnecessary printing, use electronic es. Share newspapers, magazines and other things with others. Writea short note on noise pollution, "| Noise pollution affects the environment, We all like a quiet and peaceftl place since unpleasant or loud sounds disturb us. Loud music, the sounds of motor vehicles, fire works and. machines éause noise pollution. Continuous noise disturbs our sleep and does not let us to study. Noise pollution has been directly linked to stress and health impacts such high blood pressure and hearing loss. Loud noise or even loud music ¢™” damage our ears. Noise pollution also disturbs animals. Birds have to) 286, communicate (talk) louder so ti Even underwater noise pol way as they use sounds tonavi; they can hear each other in noisy areas. n from ships; can make whales lose their igate. : 'ppen if an organisms removed from the food chain? ‘smn is removed from the food chain there occurs.a break in ion of energy. Some species do not get food and they . The other species which depend on them also become leads to the death and annihi tion of many plants and dengue . These plastic wastes are non- biodegradable. They prevent the infiltration and percolation of rain water. As a result the rain water stagnates on the reates ditches which become a breeding spot for flies and mosquitoes. They breed in these ditches in abundance and spread dangerous diseases like malaria anddengue. See the diagram and answer the following questions : . -_ Explain whatis happening in the picture? Torws LEK 7” % \ ‘orto 50m AAD HATER, (a ‘open dump. Here the wast es out causes air pol na Moreover the toxic chemicals in the waste ind pollute them. ‘This is the picture of an ‘bumed. The smoke that com: gases into the atmosphere. Teak into the soil and water a jIlution are caused by open dumps? . ston potheed by the smoke and furnes that go into the air. Lang ion are caused by the leakage of toxie 2, What ‘Ad wm chemicals into the: Classroom Exercise : (Page 62) Identify whoam 1? 1. iam the type of pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels like petrol or coal and the smoke of burning garbage. I float around and cause breathing problems. lam Air pollution. 2. Tam the type of pollution caused by loud sounds and I can cause serious damage to your ears and also affect sleep. In India, Iam mainly causedby loudspeakers and honking of airhoms of cars. 1am Noise pollution. ish and make 3. I flow from homes and farms into rivers and lakes. I kil ‘water unfit for drinking. lamwater pollution. 4, Tam the type of pollution caused by using too much chemical fe and pesticides by farmers. I lower the quality of soil and even move chemicals into plant parts which are eaten by people. I am Land pollution, 288 Introduction : Plants provide us with food, clothing, shelter and medicine directly or indirectly. The agricultural products contribute to the betterment of nation's economy. Economic botany is the study of relationship between people and plants and the uses of plants in economy. Based on their economic values and uses plants may be classified as follows (i) Plants as food (ii) Spice in Medicinal plants (iv) Fibre yielding plants (v) Timber plants (vi) Ornamental plants. ielding Food plants give us food to eat. They can be classified as vegetables, cereals and pulses. We get vegetables from roots (carrot, beetroot) leaves (curry leaves, cabbage), stems (potato, yam), flowers (cauliflower, banana flower), fruits (Amla, Guava), cereals (rice, wheat) and pulses (Bengalgram, Green ‘mung gram), Spices are aromatic parts of tropical plants used to flavour the food. They come from bark orroots of certain plants, leaves, flowers or stems of some other plants, The following spices are included in many Indian dishes: cardamom, black pepper, curry leaves, feriugreek, fennel, coriander, ginger and cinnamon. Amla contains vitamin'C’ and itis used to cure ‘scurvy’. The leaves, and seeds of tulasi are used as medicine for cough, cold and bronchitis. Plants which give us fibres necessary for our use are called Fibre yielding plants.’The plant fibres can be spun into thread, rope and cloth. Textile fibres are used for making cloth e.g. cotton. Cordage fibres are used to make ropes (coconut fibre). Filling fibres are used to make mattresses e.g. silk cotton, The seed hairs of cotton, the stem fibres of flax and jute, the leaf fibres of ‘Agave and the husk fibres of coconut are useful tous. 289 1 wood can be classified as od from plants and the comme! Ee erat Hardwoods are from angiosperms (ow ; plant), eiwood fom teak and jack are used to make en ae miu 7 lant mal onelowering pI ‘ Softwood is from gymnosperms (N Ve plywood, wooden boxes andmedium density fibreboard (MDF). _ re cal omamental whi wn for aesthetic purposes ar : ea apes chyeanter aderbera ate grown for their beautify plants Ros ate house, gardens and parks we grow Hibiscus, Croton, ‘Allamanda, Bougainvillea, Mandaraiand Delonix tees. Many animals and insects depend on worm feeds on mulberry leaves. This relatic ‘which is eoonomicelly useful us. Birds, insects ard animals play a jh ete pollination. The hummingbird and bees eause cross pollination in flowers Bees give us honey. Animals and birds play a leading role in the dispersal of seeds. ‘The decayed leaves, and fruits of plants fall on the soil did make it fertile, Plants like blue green algae and bacteria like pseudomonas fix nitrogen in the soil. The roots of plants prevent soil erosion. Plants like jatropha are grown for the sake of bio-fuels. Sugarcane waste is used to generate electricity. We obtain rubber for tyre, wiring and seats. Neem coated urea made by Indian scientists helps plants to absorb maximum nitrogen. It reduces the impact of ‘ureaon the environment. The EVALUATION J. Choose the correct answer 1, _ One of the following birds is an example of plant pollinator a. Duck b, Parrot : c. Humming bird . Dove 2. Natural Mosquito repellant is b. Bamboo [Link] Which of the following is not a root? a. Potato . Carrot c. Radish 4. Tumip 250 4. Which of the following medicinal plants has anticancer: properties? [Link] BT ©. Turmeric a 5. _ Which is the national tree of India? a. Neem tree . Jack tree c. Banyan tree d. Mango tree Answer: 1.¢)Humming bird 2.d)Neem 3. a) Potato 4.0) Turm 5.) Banyan tree He Fillin the Blanks : 1. Every year October is celebrated as World Food Day. 2. _____._is an example of textile fibre, 3. Lam the state tree of Tamilnadu, Who am I 2 4. — The juice of the leaves of, plant relieves cough and bronchitis. 5. The edible seeds of leguminous plants are called Answer: 1.16 2. Cotton 3. Palmyra palm 4. Tulasi 5. pulses II. True or False - If false give the correct answer : 1. Plants grown for decorative purposes are called as softwood. (False) Plants grown for decorative purposes are called ornamental plants. 2. Silkworm eats mulberry leaves. (irue) 3. Cauliflower is used for ornamental purpose. (False) Cauliflower is cooked and used as food. 4, Cotton cloth is not suitable for summer season. (False) fable for summer season as it absorbs sweat and allows air 5. Sugarcane is used as bio fuel. 7 (alse) Jatropha is used as bio fuel IV. Match the foltor 1. 2, 3. 4. 5, Fibré yielding plant - Chloramine Hardwood | ~ Spice ‘Neem ~ Hemp Clove - Cereals let - Teakwood Answer: |. Fibre yielding plant - Hemp . Hardwood = Teakwood 3. Neem - Chloramine .. Clove = Spice = Cereals Give very short ans Whatare food plants? Plants are the main source of food for humans. These plants are known as food plants. What are medicinal plants? ‘Some of the plants around us are good in healing our diseases. We call these plants as medicinal plants. They alleviate burns, cut, cold, fever, sneezes and more. How is hardwood differ from softwood? Hardwood is stronger and more durable than softwood. Flowering plants called angiosperms produce hardwood and non-floweing plants called gymnosperms produce softwood. 292 + banana - fruit isa spice? Spices are arom: the food. Spices cone not ‘ropical plants traditionally used to flavour flowers, or stene mn the bark or roots of certain plants, leaves, Colouringorpreserving food,” ° Primatily used for flavouring, Spices used in India: Fe lowing spices Cardamom, black pg leaves, cumin, cinnamon, of plans, They included in a variety of indian dishes: conan ut leaves, fenugreek, fennel, ajwain, bay t seeds, turmeric, cloves, ginger, nutmeg, and Name any three Tulasi, Neem, Aloe, sinal plants, which areavailablein yourarea? What are the uses of timber? The wood needed for the construct furniture is obtained from certain due to, their features like di temperature changes, ion of buildings and making of plants. We use wood for these purposes ty, stylish finishing and resistance to Give short answer : Symbiotic relationship is a special type of interaction between species. ‘The mutual relationship between plants and animals is an example for symbioticrelationship. Write the uses of neem. The leaves of neem are used as mosquito repellent. Moreover they are used as germicide and disinfectant. Neem oil is used as medicine and fertilizer. Neem wood is used for making furniture. Name any five plants and their parts that we eat. cauliflower flower carrot - root potato - stem cabbage - leaves = VILE, Answer in detail: 1. Write short notes on — ¢ plants. ; ‘The wood needed for the construction of buildings and making of funiture is obtained from certain plants. We use wood for these purposes jing and resistance to into two classes as Hardwoods and structure. Hardwoods : Hardwoods are angiosperms (flowering plants), group of land plants. High-quality furniture, decks, flooring, and wooden construction are being made only using hardwood. eg. Teak, Jacksruit. Softwoods : Softwoods come from gymnosperm (non-flowering plants) trees. Certain angiospermsalso yield softwood Softwoods have a wide range of applications such as making plywood, wooden boxes, medium-density Fibreboard (MDF) and paper making, eg: Katampu, Pirie. ‘Comment on importance of plant animal interaction. Animals rely on plants for their food and shelter. This relationship benefits not only animals but also plants. Such rel ‘economically significant. sworms feed on mulberry leaves ani jonship between a worm and a pla Ik production. For example, plants. This rel useful forus Animals, pests, and birds are essential for cross-pollination ofplants. 294 . Plants and algae living in coral reefs are the food for variety of fishes. Fisheries workis done in theseareas. ‘Animals and birds play an important role in spreading seeds of various plants. The digestive enzymes in the digestive system of the birds soften the protective layer of the sceds and make it easier to germinate. shows its impact on economy too. (35) x Questions based on Higher Order Th 1 hy? Give 4 does not have water. Why? , Dae do not have lakes, seas or rivers. So evaporation of water, Peskttion of clouds and precipitation do not take place here. As water jg, fo ‘The rays of the hot ve ‘ce forests in deserts. The rays of the hot sun scarce in deserts we cannot s Heat an hit the earth directly. As the earth in desert is very hot very available here. Palm treeis tall trees tg ith her statement or not ? Explai The pal s tall but it does not give hardwood. The trunk is hollow and soft. So it is not used to make durable wooden furniture. Some kinds of bacteria (like rhizobium) fix atmospheric nitrogen. The nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules of leguminous plants. absorb atmospheric nitrogen and store it in the nodules. This kind of nitrogen fixations very useful for plants, b. Honeybees are essential for the reproduction of the plants Why? Honeybees visit many flowers in search of nectar. Every time they isita flower the pollengrains in the flower: this flower. Thus cross pollination takes place. This cross pollination results in formation of seeds and saplings, 296) IN Unit \6| Introduction : Hardware and Software A computer consists of software and without theh hardware. One cannot function 1p of other. Hardware and software are like body and soul, Free and open software is available at free of cost and can be shared to many end users. Free software is editable and customizable by the user and this leads to updation or development of new software. Examples of Free and Open source software: LINUX, Open offi ce, Operating System, Geogebracte, Types of Software The software is divided into two types based on the process. They are I. System Software (Operating System) 2. Application software System Software: ~ System Software (Operating system) is software that makes the hardware devices process the data inputted by the user and to display the result on the output devices like Monitor. Without the operating system, computer cannot function on its own. Some of the popular operating system are Linux, Windows, Mae, Android ete, Application Software: Application software is a program or a group of programs designed for the benefit of end user to work on computer. The application programs can be installed in the hard disk for the usage on a particular computer. This type of ion program completes one or more than two works ofthe enduser. The program: Video player, Audio player, Editing software, ete following are the examples of applicat Word processing software, Drawing tools, 297 n Software types : ‘System and App! . jon software are available intwo forms, They The operating system and appli are: Freeand Opensource 2. Paidand Proprietary Software Freeand Opensource: Free and open softwareis available free of costand can be shared to many end users, Free software is editable and customizable by the user and this leads to updation or development of new software. Examples of Free and Open source software: LINUX, Open offi ce, Operating System, Geogebra cte, Paid and Proprietary Software: There is softwafe that is to be paid to use temporarily. These types of software are paid and need a license to use it. The license of the software would not be provided unless it is purchased, Sis the end users are legally probibited to steal the software program or to use the pirated version of the Paid and Proprietary Software. Some of the examples of Paid & Proprietary Software are: Windows, Microsoft office, Adobe Photoshop, etc. EVALUATION I. Choose the correct answer : 1. Find out the part that is not found in CPU? a, Mother Board b. SMPS ce. RAM d. Mouse 2. Which of the following is correct? a. Free and Open source b. Free and Traditional software c. Passive and Open source . Passive and Tra 3. LINUXisa a, Paid Software c. Free and Proprietary software b, Licensed Software d. Free and Open source softwar’ 298 2. 3: 4. 5. Find out Paid and Proy a, Windows ©. Adobe Photoshop prictary software from the given list b. MACOS “[Link] the above isan Operatin a Anda" OPA Sse . re c. Internet 4. Pendrive ‘Answer : 1.d) Mouse 2. a) Free and Open souree 3. d) Free and Open soureé ae esoftware 4. d) All the above Match the foll MAC OS _ - Free and Open source Software Software -, Paid and Proprietary Software Hardware - Input Device Keyboard - RAM LINUX — - Geogebra Answer: 1. MACOS - Paid and’Proprietary Software Software - Geogebra Hardware - RAM Keyboard - Input Device LINUX - Free and Open Source Software 25 3. 4. 5. MIL. . Short answer : What is Hardware and Software? Hardwa : Hardware is the part of the computer which we can touch and feel. Hardware inchides Input and Output devices, Cabinet, Hard Disk, Mother Board, SMPS, CPU, RAM, CD Drive: and Graphics Card. 3. software in a computer. Software arg to process the input information, ing or programmed language. : eet ee ve ean see te functions ofthe software in the form of {What do you mean by Operating System? How does it work? system Software (Operating system) i software that makes the hardware devices process the data inputted by the user and to display the result on the output devices like monitor. Without ‘the operating system, computer cannot function on its own. Some of the popular operating systems are Linux, Windows, Mac, Android etc. ‘What is Free and Open Source Software? Give any two examples. Free and Open software is le free of cost and can be shared by ‘many end users, Free software is editable and customizable by the user and this leads to updation or development of new software. Examples of Free and Open source software: LINUX, Open office, Operating System, Geogebractc,

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