Detailed Lesson Flow and Discussions
Subject: Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion (III)
Content Standard IV: Understanding Ways to Collect Data
Learning Competencies:
At the end of the lessons, the learners should be able to:
Describe adequately the appropriate research design (quantitative or qualitative).
Describe the sample/population of the study.
Explain the different sampling methods.
Describe the data gathering instrument, data collection procedures, and data analysis
procedures.
Prepare a data gathering instrument appropriate to the chosen research design.
SESSION 1: RESEARCH DESIGN
Learning Objective
At the end of the session, learners should be able to:
1. Define research design.
2. Differentiate quantitative and qualitative research designs.
3. Select the most appropriate research design for a given research problem.
I. Motivation (10 minutes)
Activity: "Which Study Fits?"
Present the following situations.
1. A teacher wants to determine whether students' study habits affect their academic
performance.
2. A researcher wants to understand how first-generation college students cope with
academic pressure.
3. A barangay health worker wants to know the percentage of residents who received
vaccines.
4. A psychologist wants to explore the experiences of teenagers who survived bullying.
Ask:
Which situations require numerical data?
Which situations require personal stories?
Why?
Transition:
"The type of information you need determines the research design you should use."
II. Lesson Proper
What is Research Design?
Research design is the overall plan or blueprint of a research study. It serves as the guide in
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to answer research questions.
It answers the question:
"How will the researcher conduct the study?"
A good research design ensures that the study is organized, systematic, and capable of producing
reliable findings.
Types of Research Design
A. Quantitative Research Design
Quantitative research focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis.
Characteristics:
Uses numbers
Large sample size
Structured questionnaires
Objective
Statistical analysis
Examples:
Survey
Experimental
Correlational
Descriptive
Example Topic:
Relationship between Study Habits and Academic Performance
Collected data:
Grades
Test scores
Number of study hours
B. Qualitative Research Design
Qualitative research focuses on understanding meanings, experiences, beliefs, and perceptions.
Characteristics:
Uses words
Small sample size
Interviews
Focus group discussion
Observation
Examples:
Phenomenology
Case Study
Ethnography
Narrative Inquiry
Grounded Theory
Example Topic:
Experiences of Working Students During College
Collected data:
Personal experiences
Feelings
Opinions
Narratives
Comparison
Quantitative Qualitative
Numbers Words
Statistical Thematic
Analysis Analysis
Large Sample Small Sample
Surveys Interviews
Objective Subjective
Guided Practice
Present research topics.
Students determine whether each requires:
Quantitative
Qualitative
Example Topics:
Online gaming and grades
Lived experiences of teenage mothers
Customer satisfaction level
Coping mechanisms of flood victims
Generalization
Research design serves as the roadmap of a study. Choosing the correct research design ensures
that the methods of gathering and analyzing data match the research objectives.
Assessment
Identification (10 items)
Determine whether the situation is best studied using Quantitative or Qualitative Research.
SESSION 2: POPULATION
Learning Objectives
Students should be able to:
Define population.
Identify the target population.
Distinguish population from sample.
Motivation
Activity: "Who Should Participate?"
Present this research title:
"Social Media Usage among Grade 12 Students."
Ask:
Who should participate?
Options:
Teachers
Parents
Grade 12 Students
Alumni
Explain why.
Lesson Proper
Population
Population refers to the complete group of individuals, objects, or events that possess the
characteristics being studied.
It is the entire group from which data may be collected.
Examples
Study:
Academic stress among Senior High School students
Population:
All Senior High School students in the school
Study:
Customer Satisfaction
Population:
All customers of the establishment
Study:
Rice Farmers
Population:
All rice farmers in Barangay San Jose
Target Population
The specific group the researcher wants to investigate.
Example:
Population:
All Senior High Students
Target Population:
Grade 12 STEM Students
Accessible Population
The portion of the target population that the researcher can actually reach.
Example:
Target:
All Grade 12 STEM Students
Accessible:
Grade 12 STEM Students enrolled in one school
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
Entire group Portion of population
Large Smaller
Source of Represents the
sample population
Activity
Students identify:
Population
Sample
Target Population
Accessible Population
from different research situations.
Generalization
Population refers to the entire group involved in the study, while a sample is only a
representative portion selected from that population.
SESSION 3: SAMPLING METHOD
Learning Objectives
Students should be able to:
Define sampling.
Explain different sampling methods.
Select appropriate sampling techniques.
Motivation
Activity:
"If You Cannot Ask Everyone"
Scenario:
There are 2,500 students.
You only need 200 respondents.
Ask:
How can you choose fairly?
Lesson Proper
Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a representative portion of the population.
Purpose:
Saves time
Saves money
Easier data collection
Still represents the population
Probability Sampling
Every member has an equal chance.
Simple Random Sampling
Selection by lottery or random number generator.
Example:
Randomly selecting 100 students.
Systematic Sampling
Every 5th person.
Example:
Every 10th customer.
Stratified Sampling
Population divided into groups.
Example:
Grade levels
Then randomly select from each.
Cluster Sampling
Population divided into clusters.
Example:
Different schools
Randomly choose schools.
Non-Probability Sampling
Not every member has equal chance.
Convenience Sampling
Whoever is available.
Example:
Students inside the classroom.
Purposive Sampling
Participants possess specific characteristics.
Example:
Honor students
Snowball Sampling
Participants recommend others.
Useful for hard-to-find populations.
Quota Sampling
Predetermined number from each category.
Group Activity
Each group receives a research title.
They choose the best sampling method and justify their answer.
Generalization
Choosing an appropriate sampling method improves the credibility and representativeness of
research findings.
SESSION 4: DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Learning Objectives
Students should be able to:
Describe data gathering instruments.
Explain data collection procedures.
Prepare a simple questionnaire.
Motivation
Activity:
"How Will You Collect Information?"
Research Topic:
Students' Learning Preferences
Ask:
How will you gather the needed information?
Possible answers:
Survey
Interview
Observation
Lesson Proper
Data Gathering Instrument
A tool used to collect information from respondents.
Common Instruments
Questionnaire
Most common in quantitative research.
Contains structured questions.
Interview Guide
Used in qualitative research.
Contains open-ended questions.
Observation Checklist
Records behaviors and events.
Focus Group Discussion Guide
Used to gather opinions from a small group.
Data Collection Procedure
Typical sequence:
Step 1
Secure approval from school or institution.
Step 2
Ask permission from respondents.
Step 3
Explain the purpose of the research.
Step 4
Distribute questionnaires or conduct interviews.
Step 5
Retrieve completed instruments.
Step 6
Organize collected data.
Step 7
Analyze data.
Step 8
Interpret findings.
Ethical Considerations
Researchers must:
Obtain informed consent.
Respect confidentiality.
Protect respondents' privacy.
Avoid forcing participation.
Report findings honestly.
Performance Task
"Create Your Own Data Gathering Instrument"
Directions:
Working in pairs, prepare a simple data gathering instrument based on your proposed research
topic.
Your instrument should include:
Research title
Type of instrument
10 well-written questions
Brief explanation of how the data will be collected
Afterward, exchange instruments with another pair for peer review, revise them based on
feedback, and submit the final version.
Generalization
Reliable research depends not only on asking the right questions but also on using appropriate
instruments and following ethical, systematic procedures in collecting data.
Culminating Performance Task (End of Unit)
Mini Research Proposal: "Planning My Data Collection"
Learners will prepare a short research methodology section for a proposed study that includes:
1. The chosen research design and its justification.
2. The population and sample of the study.
3. The appropriate sampling method with an explanation.
4. The data gathering instrument to be used.
5. A step-by-step data collection procedure observing ethical standards.
Suggested Rubric (100 points):
Appropriateness of Research Design – 20 pts
Accuracy of Population and Sampling Method – 20 pts
Quality of Data Gathering Instrument – 25 pts
Clarity and Completeness of Data Collection Procedure – 20 pts
Organization, Grammar, and Presentation – 15 pts