dl-Block Elements

d-block/Tangikion slemens
Lapt E entar iorbikl
f-block|Jnner Transidio
Copt e nter i - orb tol
Thay are Callu Tran stion elemert Thay ara inns raniho
hesous c-d transihon is Pobpih eemenfs S'o the, a
eucept Cd, H
zn, Platea in runihun elemert
For transition elemant: eld
.in do: d-d ranpihon is nut rpsil
Cy zn C, cdy,
34s2 3d 3/lo

not ransibTon elamert|ion

due ConguraDo
1-1 o-1 2
eleectronic Conhigurahin:(n-1)d1-100-22 h-2)f (n-4) ns
G7ensral
8 N 3 / 452 N
Y345,
4
4st P
Pd:ad9ss
P54, 6s
 dRlock ITiansition Elements.
I4 have four d-Se s
i 3d- Serjes Sc
30

(2) 4-d-Series Cel

39 48

(3) 54-SeresLa, o Ce 99 -Ly Lanthanoid4 Sevi

-LyAinaid 6eyes
4)6ol-Sere , - Uns112Th
89
an om
Tseries/34Series/D-Period
Sachin Tendudkar very (rej19 man free Coeching ifin aT T1 R
J

Sc N C Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Z
SCandeum Teni
L
Tienjum. Vanqiym Chromium man gane ron Cobaly Nicke) Cop a zinc
9 30
23 26 2 20

F: , 32
33 4+535 34
2

3to
Yar
TSeree/4d-Seriea/E
NiBha
Prid4
Z ra Mut Tuk Rukgdot Reh facle aga *T
N Mo Ruu RA
Z:39
yttrir zirconiamn Noibium momolybdanium Te1
4-1 42
ckne rum,6 Ruthenun
4-4
RhRh o ocdliiuumm
45
Plleliam Ce tnium
4-6
Sinreye
EC: 2 ys
VVImb
 3Series /s4SerieslT-Pniod
La
La Hafta warna Re Oshama Takr htayi Ar

AHofmium
La HTa W e Os Ty Au
Landh anym
2:57
Hofmivm Tantalym Tungoden Rha
72
72 73 79 75
Ogmju Triclium tahkiakninuum Aurgm murcuYy
6s,Sy2 6
63,s45 S410
V-v
6

4 Series/64 Seric6V Peiod

Achcha R. D. Sharma Bgok Ho iHicult Renge Cone 6ug
Ac By Ds S B Hs M Ds Cn
Z: 89 104 105 107 100 109 110 111 L12
Nof Sinte 6d-Seies is inconpAa hente net gtiudy
Phy6ical Boberie6 Neurky all Tran piion elomen dispilay
T9Pieal mtalkic propertes bueh s high tepie
shargth, cluihility, malieabilit, hizh thamd
eleetycal Condicehun tmatalte Lusa
 >In leriod
Adomic Radii/Ionie Radii erod
n roup
ntranghon Aenes Atomic aclius ves sls fom Left to igh
Aftey Mn éecome CongantAmost) R
Ten rom y w Zn
Rearoh
gh a tyan bition seyes oh movny om t o R, Atomjc adit es
Snihally as No. d-Eh are luss du h 9hic Zch domi natas
AsY wedan7e on autay Tes
hs
At th miedlk h series athracio,Repultjo (as d-orbkele,
ar half ALd)
Att the end th hxries kince ot-erbibelk an fully diLled z
thenfora Repulhon dominatas o zef ize t .
Repulion/ shreleding by 34- En
ns /nOmi ë aold in (h-1)d sAn movig fom LRI

Zeft Atraskon 6y Nucles (zu on ns" e

3d
N-1)d 49
At: Sige
Vea, beoz, Zeff> Rebulhon by d- Atrahion3Rebulhan
hentt Ath 6ize AReputhos
Scy echiA eHe almqht A 6ige Te
Se Conen
At. Radlii 44 32 Ti>v>cr> Mn Fe
1.22 18
Co NiK ulzn
(A 14 I16 27 29
rsp:
3d: Se Ti V CY Mn Fe CO N C Z
4d Zy N Mo
S
Tc Ry
S
Rh Ay
SS SS
sd: L Ta Re Os Ty A H
due to hanthanoids Conkuetion
Ti Z mte thin etfect afAer a' hene Catle
Calle danthanoids Contxacjoh
Lanthanoids lontrachon t Ihtomi

Zr 4d ss2

Compbtly filles
f-oYbital are large big Bige,
hence r-2 t) (n-2)t (h-)d
2-10 ns
wkune entsr tn (h-1) q-orbital 652
loor shieldry by f-orbhls
4f-Es Poor Ahiel4 tsa
Atkashorn les on autmqst 6s eleshs

odiy ves fadius Ven*

Callad lanthanojidy Condash ta Canuneid ank
rom 34 t +9 6 e 7 At Mize les kt Aftar La
On mov
ige i almepf e)euins é a u
from 4 to sed eres
pou hislelhy oq
4f- ep.

4d-Be9endanjon.
Not
23derien
Ti 18
3

on fe Co N
[Link]-(z)
4el o Se, Nuclear
chavge Tes by 32
units.
 Lonisaion cnery(tE)+|IF«2ye
Greeral rtnd in loradie takkrn I F tZ.1, She
IEV, S2et
Ford-blocK-IF in eioda
Sc IE tSlodly. Cu L Zh
Reasoh: Yaclius ves sloil 3as: Fully hilsd, TE H
hewe enter ino (h-1)q ubshetl

Enepheh
eg0) : Cr M
TE: Z 35 4s1 345 4S
344s1 3 4-s half illa may6as
Fully in
TE: >z
3s 3° 4s
3 4s° 3d 4 s L
fully filla
hmurdabl
TE zn TE
IE Z y
Fuly FMd u
Half hle

TE: z'< a*'> c

3 4s 3 s
3aS 4s
Pully ftey
filled HallFull htod Hal flud
Puly Half pul

1958 173 S92

IE,: Max fov zn*2

3 4
 Sc T V C Min e Co N Zh
631 656 650 653 717 762 75 734 745 o

Don' Remembey laca His tp Only Compr ememba

IE Se <v< cr < T; 5 Mn N < u< fe <Zn

IE in Gdup
3ge t, IF N Cu
Ggensvaliyed
4
igeSi2e i6almogt6amtfor
hut naf
AV
Mo
Ag Col

ome
P Au Hg
hielding by 4f-e2/copfon Ecepio
mTR

53d
1 4BLock matala >S-block matals
 Oxidation State d-bleck elimnds dha variadl Oxi. kteti
due (h-L)d
to hs e orbials have very
Kunge: +1 to +8
les entgG hente
hs a el) n-) ¢-ë oye availake to
bonding ance they 6ho variahe oxipfot
+1

(h-1)d ns 3e +3
En9 944 ie vary les or Amast dam
depending upon EC.
Element [Link] Most Common0. Ste
Sc 3d 4s2 +2,+3 +2, 3
.T34452 +2, *3, ++ +2, +3, + 4

2 3, tS
.V34,4s +2, +3, t4, +s

+3, t6
Cy34 4s1 +1,+2, + 3 , t + s *6

n : 34 ,45 +2, 3, + +, *5, t6, +7

Fe3,4s+1, +2, +3 3 Hal dhitl:gtas +2, 3
344s
Co34?,
4-s 2, +3 +
+ 4
2
N : 3 ' ,4s 2 +4+ +2

+2 3 : erpeal + +2
Cay3, 4s +

+2, kl +2-

Min [Link] givan by n S - E's

Max. n s +(h-1)q-
Transihen mehliong haviy Confgurahon: d, 4,6al
Hiykept [Link];+8, Os, Ru
 Relalive stakilty of ORi Stoth-
S S s*3
T*3 T*
Inext go gtadh Condhigurahs
Mnt6 M
Vt vtS.
M3 M*2dsle than t lonjizuynh
Hal ile
.

Ct2G i s moya tedi han *in ag-6oluhon

N t4N .on the kapis o2 Aum irst touy 2P TE
PtTPt)
No 4-0n movi in Potod Jhabilhy higher ori"shsb vey-
a

CO no, Chavge fer unit vsluma e-

+7
on moving de) the gp, bhbilily higkes oxi? shetfes
46 +6
M.O3
 Compleu formaion - d been ekmenf hore keordensy tofrr
Cormpleo Comp duu h
eg Ifelen)]-3
Amall ige
2
High Nutleay charge (+va), due t skeh
acuept Lonn hiy / fom liyand
Availability vaant dorbitals
Catalydie Boperkics| Achvily
most i TransiHon matol gt as Catayst- L Catalyic autivtyduia
Varjass oni. stat
) Availabilty J Vatanto-ordi' als
Krepenee fee valenejeo oyar mutal u fece (Adssphron fouls
Thepe mak adpots he Yeoecnt yas o y Aurfue 2 Roves
parfeue aya fr #k Kn to ecuun

eg g ehogtnakin- Ungalyrakd ydrlargonP a

Pomahon y N N+3 a>2N
H-H H-H

Chamiserptron
e-mal purface
i vag. Ol+, LVig. Ghee
G) U : ud ay the 3egler- Natta Cataay af- in ta roluseon
olythene
( H , : und os Penton agert fo oxnksiny alc adals
u dekyeen
 Formatioh of alloy
Homogensous olid sol. in hick 1 mdol hoh-mehl is linolva
in anaho mahaß.
d slech elmanh qn quue similay in afome dize repashiey Bo huL
form llay. olue taneena
imilar ize om aom Can Aub sbikug in th Latttu
cyow meal atom

Yroperhesally-n tla alloy-

Rodtio o Comonat od mets
if Ared
Thst arn endanly hard t hau hiyh m-R
PMoe
Yepidtant Corrojn than Parent mesely
Amolanm ally R Conahtuet elemert is Ha.
Some impt alloy
ferrou6 allay: C, Mn, V, w, mo eh aa w hoduce
ocluse Varik-
Varikg-
teels4Kdainles Ateel.
Tyanpiion +Non-tvans ihon mual
allloy
Cu C6oP) +Zn (20-404)
Brone
i Aluminium 75-901)+ Snlto-25)
(iv Gyun mipllked brapp (ro) + M[lo1)
) Cevman ilvey :+Z+Sn) (87:3:/0) smake
make Cer oy heal
Cer Aloy keel
(v AtiAyal quld Zn+Ni ( 66: 20:2)).
C+Al 90: o) /.
(vi) 14 Ccavat
G7old Au+A + 54+: 1430: 12-22)
Aytao/.
8) Cqenny Gold Au+y 11:1)
x) Solder :Pb +Sn
x') Coin 46ivey Ag +y ( 92::7s))
) Coim A
NR) Cain Stel 3.5y. N; h sfeel
 Alloy of Steel- Steel
made o Zron, Cayboh Carboh &teel Hay tee
oher élumtns
CgV, Si, Ni, mn,a,r mild steel maesum
ted
High Caboy
Steel

(Vandolhèamteel: V(0-2-1/.) Stainles aut repiahirg apring Slicon To

Steel teel steel ETeel
1i Chromium :Cr(2-4
i5) Nicke/ »
Ni(3-5))
manganese v: Mn(lo-t
SAainlaga n: Cr (12 14-1)4Nl2-41)
i ) Tang-uatan "; w ( to-2o /)

of Carbon in ditype of Tron-

Name
Cawbdy wnd w make
d) wrougst Tro); tyaajeiey: 0-1 h O.2s : har, boltr, wvel, pipe, brid-
i steel O 25 to 20
u Cost Lran aal ET2-6 to 4-3 wysuzht Zrn fsteel
chE eier 2.3 to 46:steel, Alay, AuomatiA
Crsual 2ya
Casig8
 Formadion of Jnterstitial Compp
Trunihon mutul, hated h noh-matals C H, C, 8, N, e)
tiay get
rappal in Vacat paes g tha lattice 7 ruhler, L
6.P mach anical shangh are Kla Jnterséihal
te Huir o.p
Compls. Trappad a t m
eg TiC, MnN, Fi,<, TH, Wc eh
in intergh4
Prupaxdhr Cemenhid)
mp 1
Horednes Trangiho
metol apm
mesh anital k ?
Britkl e
Duehuby
Chemcallg 1nevt
malaability (
C)
C -(C
Formaion Non-Stoithiomehrie Comp
>+2, +3
+ 3

M
-2
Fe0

1:L
FeO 96O
2:3
0.96:1
Otoichiomadrit Non 6fojAomah

haviny Mmpl Yukio haviy rahonaf vh

To fm hon- 6toichidnudric Compt,Tka metal hould euhise
Vana Valencn
 Chemicol Properties
Comp of Cr- R,C7,Q
lrepayohon Chromte fe C, ore:
Th Chrom/k ore ¢ roagbad lh
re0-C,
yeverk eratry fur hace. [Link], in Prefane 7 air in

e0.C,0++Na,Co + O A> Na, ro,

yellow so)
4Na,(V
Sod chromat (Yorg)
ed dickvomo
K, Cooli KC,0, (cronge)
n Ho
Nok KC e as ut Na,Cr hat use as sandard
Shandandboh ?h itrafio ol in tihraisn tog it i
ogcopjc in Natue
iuuy Why Na,, hat u as
6td 6in Tikakoy oK K, Se abbrb6 atir froy aq8o?

Chemical roperkien K%
Achion of leat-4K Cr, SA
,O+2G,o,+ 30
OXIdhshg Nalaye-At ag shug onolent-in Gyreen
lauy Jps
-2 Gt3 Mdum

Convext F2indo Fe 6+ A no
Conveyt T in I + t6
Tt Ct3
 Chromyl Chlornde tekt Jt io un pr 9dentiticaton gaion
in th SoJufn
2
> Cr0
6o1? Containing joh Bron Yed Vapoure Callad Chromy
sp? Tekroaludral Chlorde gas
Ho t ckzck his yos a chromy
Chlorida CY not
NaoH e
COU >Na,CrO4, yelto o? TT Sy df 6)?
¬ro ¬roe,_8iy aHaroipe
NebeChlorides of Ps, , A, tSh dot Gjve this test a hay
ae Covalint in Natam elont give jons in th éol
ehans) o
Nok Rsn ih QH, OH deep Blue gol?
is ued in drun ken drivey fe
Aiditied KR,ZO, (ovan). Aome krna
Tas, Vebra
4,S S ohers S3

SO+sq Ykoti
Sp3

p
179 Pm

NO >NO O

163

sOsQ CYO4 # 6 C-0 band legh

Chromota jan 1 due to Reponanceeal
Sn2 St4 An Cy-o bone
Lengh anr equal to Regonsnce
A+3
Phy6ital roperkien
J t 16 -red Colaurad Cyyotlt'nR Com
Yangt
CaHOH> [Link] ls moderately 6oludle in told Ho At reely
Soluble in hat 0 L in ds/uble Mohs
in
(reen) 9t melt o 399

A a ValumerNC Vazart, fr Ppurahoneh y evarad Chromjum lonp

Jn dyein, chromutahhjng, Photogrofbhy
oxlnt
In enhey inedveyL an
 Totasnium Permahganate (kMnO) dayk Ce eh
Step-I 2Mn0,+ 4KoH O(aiD/[Link]
Mn Oa+2K,co, O 2K2MnMn +2cO,
xrolakron
RaMnt+ a KMn+ku
KaMn CO KmnA +MP2 ,CO3
DKprophonujn.
Mno(Ceen Mn wp&)
SP3 Sp3
Phyaical Boberirn us Tedrak in~oTvahedyo
urple Colaurad CyydBallint Comp1, modsrately
holsa in watir at

KoDm temp

chemical Properties
HeadingehHect K1nO Knttn+ , 2oportia
-adtón ken
Oxidising NatireAct af e g onident A maali'em) a.
Mt
MIs
Oher Ran KMO oyMn Mt
Mt6

4IKaline/ Neun Mnt 3 M3

Aciclified KM%O,Pauspde) NeuhallAIkaline KMne
HS S
(Jeakusie Medium)
S O2 s2
S2

NOg NO
B B
T
SaO3 s0
clB/T= /Br,/T2
K2 M MnO-|
O2 H,o OHOH
HCOOH CO*HO
HCOg COtH
MnO
7 2
(M+)
 ih Bapic maium
Nert ony9en
KMn+ KOcont)K,Mn+ H,0 +[o7
KMn Ot H,°
Neuh MnO,+ OH
dilukien
.

Brouih PPt

Uaes- tie und as

Stnng owdnt
k a l n KmnO Calteo bayers Reugen
detectiny haliiep, buphitep, oxalater,en
in qualdattvn analyáis fr

Oxidesloxo anionic ofMefals

M + O,-H TP M,0 , Se, n,, fe,9, Cro,
91 V0
V2 Mn,O3, er.

fm MO Oxide, 19hic
ore jont ih
NofaA) meals exept S Nalur
7onic Charaty d3i latron No. TO, VO, MnO, Ao znO
CuO e

Some Imp? Corp frbleek eeb

Green Viris) | E e
Pe sO 7M,,
, A Vmo) | 7
)ZhS
Blue
C , SO sM,o,
ilvay NiNl Lunay Couiydi
guegcenf-Bolr 4
Perric hlerice : clartk d delt
(V) Fek3 ehre s Co valent Comp", élubu indo
 f-BlocK Elementa
Lanbaneid 6eriesLanthanou Actinoid GerieslAchnous
Coniat 14 ¬omndr Conpit 14 ehmen
Lant E entey in tt-0rbital Lapt E eter in sf-orbr'taly
Perra:6 Peri'od:7
oup 3/-B Gyroup: 3/TII-B
Cegs -L
-L03
Tdfeamunt Jdeses Lastelanu Ttemen 4eip Lapt elamat
5Pf54} ss 5
+f s3
Eftlig arder
54'<44 sd6P s <sf *"-
unftasa)Atmgpt all elhment
r unpbeba- tádis
Pmmun muele 1acb'oaehn aehuR

Penulh'mati shel)
Total F-klok elment = 14X2229
nS
Thay hewe 3intompla Valance Aubshel) (h-2f, -1)dhs Balance/
elemurs a
hewy medesly , Ani|repenulhmat lL mat
)-blatk hel)
Shey
Thuy- ho h mp46P
+3
maF tomms) Oxi? gkok
=
h
Thuy fom Co/euyas ompa due ko unhairae A 4-f banikion.
 yaprniu
Ce Nel Sm T3 Ho Tm Y 4

Cerium
2 : 5 8 5 9 60o
W
ateodymimeolymjvP
mromuthim rp
62
iu
rpn
r um yecl
gm qrjum
o in3
umTerfm
6
Holmi
65
unm 66 6 7 6 8 6 9 7

/2 13 14
71

14-
lo 1
4:1 4 5 6 7
222
2 2
45:2 2 2 2
lo 1) /213 4
+ 2 3 + 5
+3 joh, Ori 6tta=3
These 2element r e man-mede
Nataral Rudiouhva Ainoid Radliogetive Calluy Trans-uraniym

Z: 90
Proaden'ur
u
92
r anin Neptu
93
niunm Pl
uub
nin
uiu
94 95
r
mnyAmertjum Curium Beketium Ca
97
lfeorniumZinter
#enjiymAermi'um»
19 0 0 1o
Mandel N
voi
bbeelyummodrencjun
n
10 o3
5f:1 2 3 4 6 7 7 9 lo 12 13 14
6:1 1 1 1

7S:2 2 2 2 22 2
sf:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to 11 12 13 4
+ 3 ioh

Oxidaton Stute Lanhanords Lh: Commun ondrla

L ce, s*Ty +2 hen
Ln ctTt D,t* tendery h Conust inho L
L*3

onin, hey ce L ac as Reduatant

Ln honse. L aaet as oxiunt
 Adinaieh
T PaPo U
Np P
Ne Am C Bx C n M Ne Lr
+ +6 Common Ox/dtet 2 +3 Sdse.
o e Compuya duue to -)d
to+3 ns*>3e
Chemytal roperdies -mosty We din 6ody chemical lrpdtin
lanthaneies nat for Aotinoids &'Co2
myt o An inoidh R ad'ocuehva eumnt

Chemead bopehesf Lanthanoi'dk (+3 onateuta)

A Lenthansid urL repu nefah
Donf Roef i h Cold

Hot (@o in Nataye)

BT Chayaudur veR om Ce #o ly
due to v în fize a l tah.

C) Ron iH aiy (O)

Ln+ O >Ln,og basc oxdk, basl Choraatr te
rom Ce to Ly
U, + Nha 3 ,o
GNL
Gii)Rrn ih N
Lun +N Higsde I.N 94a, Ly(o +N
hiXme PPE
 Ln
BuhBn in
nDa LnLt3

nN wik4 N. c i Halg LhX3

n

LnS3 Lo1), tM
Lh Ca, LngC, LhC3

Lanthaneid Ackneids
most Comndh OR Cdat +3 bu mRt Commn or.6dos 2 +3 hu
Certein elent 6hod +2, + Cerdaih ehnnt hsdt4++
Thuy hawt less tënelenuy éoud ove Thy hue 6dogay benelancy
Conplso fomadion kvur Coplayo dfomahukK
extept h, y ae hon kadv-| 1 a Rado ache
Cuhu
m bazh kag lunhanujka
Oxorleshydvo xiddes are les
hesi