I.

BALANCING CHEMICAL  3 O atoms

EQUATIONS Subscript
A. Principle of Conservation of The small number written inside a chemical
formula.
Mass Example:
Law of Conservation of Mass H₂O
The Law of Conservation of Mass, proposed by Subscript = 2
Antoine Lavoisier, states that: Meaning:
Matter cannot be created nor destroyed during a  Each water molecule contains 2 hydrogen
chemical reaction. atoms.
This means: Never change subscripts while balancing
 The number of atoms of each element equations.
before the reaction must equal the number Changing a subscript changes the substance itself.
after the reaction. Example:
 Although substances change into new H₂O ≠ H₂O₂
products, the total mass remains constant.
Example C. Steps in Balancing Chemical
Unbalanced
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O Equations
Hydrogen: Step 1
 Left = 2 Write the correct chemical equation.
 Right = 2 ✔ Example:
Oxygen: Fe + O₂ → Fe₂O₃
 Left = 2
 Right = 1 ✘ Step 2
Since oxygen is not equal, the equation is not Count atoms on both sides.
balanced. Element Reactants Products
Balanced Fe 1 2
2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O O 2 3
Hydrogen:
 Left = 4
Step 3
 Right = 4 ✔
Add coefficients to balance atoms.
Oxygen: Balanced:
 Left = 2
4Fe + 3O₂ → 2Fe₂O₃
 Right = 2 ✔

Step 4
B. Important Terms Recount all atoms.
Reactants Everything must match.
Substances present before the reaction.
Example: Step 5
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O Reduce coefficients if possible.
Reactants: Always express coefficients in the lowest whole-
 H₂ number ratio.
 O₂
D. Helpful Tips
Products  Never change subscripts.
Substances formed after the reaction.  Balance one element at a time.
Example:  Leave hydrogen and oxygen for last when
H₂ + O₂ → H₂O possible.
Product:  Treat unchanged polyatomic ions as one
 H₂O
unit.
 Check your work by recounting every atom.
Coefficient
The number written before a chemical formula.
Example: E. Critical Thinking in Balancing
3H₂O Equations
Coefficient = 3 Sometimes students encounter incomplete
Meaning: equations.
 3 molecules of water Example:
 6 H atoms __Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl
Question: Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen Gas
What coefficient belongs before Na? Example
Answer: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl
Applications
Example  Cleaning metal surfaces
CaCO₃ → CaO + __  Laboratory hydrogen production
Missing product?  Metal processing
Answer:
CO₂ Positive Impacts
 Removes rust
Example  Produces useful hydrogen gas
__Al + 3Cl₂ → 2AlCl₃  Industrial metal treatment
Answer:
2Al Negative Impacts
 Corrosion
Always ask:  Infrastructure damage
 Which atoms are missing?
 Hydrogen gas is flammable
 Which side has too many?
 Can I balance without changing subscripts?
3. Acids Reacting with Carbonates
General equation
II. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon
AND THEIR Dioxide
Example
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂
Many chemical reactions have both positive and
negative effects.
Applications
This is called their dual nature.
 Antacids
 Limestone processing
1. Combustion  Cement production
Definition
Combustion is the rapid reaction between a fuel and Positive Impacts
oxygen that releases heat and light.  Neutralizes excess stomach acid
Example  Construction materials
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O  Agriculture

Applications Negative Impacts

 Cooking  Releases CO₂
 Transportation  Acid rain damages limestone buildings
 Electricity generation  Cave erosion
 Industrial heating
4. Photosynthesis
Importance Equation
 Provides energy 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
 Powers vehicles (light energy)
 Generates electricity
Applications
Positive Impacts  Agriculture
 Energy production  Forestry
 Manufacturing  Food production
 Food preparation
Importance
Negative Impacts  Produces oxygen
 Air pollution  Removes carbon dioxide
 Carbon dioxide emissions  Source of food
 Climate change
 Smog formation Positive Impacts
 Supports life
2. Acids Reacting with Metals  Maintains oxygen supply
General equation  Reduces greenhouse gases
 C. Oxidizing Agent
Negative Impacts  Causes another substance to be oxidized.
Photosynthesis itself has no harmful effects, but:  Gains electrons.
 Deforestation decreases photosynthesis.
 Is reduced.
 Climate change reduces plant productivity.

5. Cellular Respiration D. Reducing Agent

 Causes another substance to be reduced.
Equation  Loses electrons.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy  Is oxidized.
(ATP)

Applications E. Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Occurs in all living cells. Rules
1. Free elements = 0
Importance Na, Cl₂, O₂
 Produces ATP
 Enables movement 2. Monatomic ions = charge
 Supports body functions Na⁺ = +1
Cl⁻ = –1
Positive Impacts
3. Oxygen = –2
 Sustains life
Exceptions:
 Powers all body activities
 Peroxides = –1

Negative Impacts 4. Hydrogen

 Releases CO₂ +1 with nonmetals
 Excessive respiration by decomposers can −1 with metals
reduce oxygen in water
5. Fluorine = always -1
Photosynthesis vs Cellular
6. Follow common trend with valence
Respiration electrons
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Stores energy Releases energy 7. Sum equals charge.
Uses CO₂ Produces CO₂ Example
Produces glucose Breaks down glucose SO₄²⁻
Produces oxygen Uses oxygen 4 oxygen = –8
Occurs in chloroplasts Occurs in mitochondria Overall charge = –2
Sulfur = +6
III. OXIDATION AND
F. Oxidation Number Changes
REDUCTION Increase = Oxidation
A. Definitions Decrease = Reduction
Oxidation Example
Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
Loss of electrons.
Zn
Oxidation number increases.
0 → +2
Example
Oxidized
Na → Na⁺ + e⁻
Cu
+2 → 0
Reduction Reduced
Gain of electrons.
Oxidation number decreases.
Example G. Identifying Redox Reactions
Cl₂ + 2e⁻ → 2Cl⁻ A reaction is redox if at least one oxidation
number increases and another decreases.
If oxidation numbers remain unchanged, it is not a
B. Remember redox reaction.
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Loss
Reduction Is Gain IV. BALANCING REDOX
REACTIONS
Oxidation Number Method +2→+4
Step 1 loses 2 electrons
Assign oxidation numbers. Each CO contains one carbon.
Total loss per CO:
Step 2 2e
Identify oxidation and reduction.
Step 4. Equalize Electron Transfer
Step 3
Determine oxidation number changes. Electrons gained = 6
Electrons lost = 2
Step 4 Find the Least Common Multiple (LCM):
Multiply to equalize electron loss and gain. LCM(6,2)=6

Step 5 Multiply carbon's change by 3.

Balance all remaining atoms. This means:
3CO
Step 6
Check atoms and charge. Now,
Carbon loses
Example 3×2=6e
Fe₂O₃ + CO → Fe + CO₂33
Electrons are balanced.
Step 1. Assign Oxidation Numbers
Step 5. Place the Coefficients
Element Befor After
e So far we have
Fe +3 0
C +2 +4 Fe2O3 +3CO → Fe + CO2
O -2 -2 Notice:
Step 2. Identify Oxidation and Reduction Two Fe atoms on the left
Iron Therefore, place 2Fe on the right.
+3→0
Oxidation number decreases. Step 6. Balance the Remaining Atoms
This is Reduction (gain of electrons). Carbon
Carbon Left:
+2→+4 3 carbons
Oxidation number increases.
This is Oxidation (loss of electrons). Right:
Need 3 CO₂
Step 3. Determine Electron Change Now the equation becomes
Iron Balanced
Each Fe atom: Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂
+3→0
gains 3 electrons Step 7. Check Everything
There are 2 Fe atoms in Fe₂O₃. (hahaha prayers nalang)
Total electrons gained:
2×3=6e

Carbon
Each carbon atom:
V. FACTORS AFFECTING Surroundings become warmer.
Examples
REACTION RATES  Combustion
Reaction rate is the speed of a chemical reaction.  Cellular respiration
According to Collision Theory, particles must:  Freezing water
 collide  Neutralization
 have enough energy
 collide with proper orientation
B. Identifying Using Energy
1. Temperature Levels
Higher temperature Endothermic
✔ Faster particle movement Products have higher energy than reactants.
✔ More successful collisions Energy is absorbed.
✔ Faster reaction Reactants → Products
Example Low Energy → High Energy
Hot water dissolves Milo faster than cold water.
(Δ this means “change of”. Mathematically it’s the
final value minus the initial value.)
2. Concentration
Higher concentration ΔH = Positive (+)
✔ More particles
✔ More collisions Exothermic
✔ Faster reaction Products have lower energy than reactants.
Example Energy is released.
Concentrated HCl reacts faster than dilute HCl. Reactants → Products
High Energy → Low Energy
3. Surface Area ΔH = Negative (−)
Smaller pieces
✔ Greater exposed area C. Identifying Using Energy
✔ More collisions
✔ Faster reaction
Transfer
Example Endothermic Exothermic
Powdered calcium carbonate reacts faster than large Absorbs heat Releases heat
marble chips. Heat enters system Heat leaves system
Surroundings become Surroundings become
4. Catalyst colder warmer
A catalyst: ΔH positive ΔH negative
 speeds up reactions
 lowers activation energy VII. MEMORY AIDS
 is not consumed Balancing Equations
Examples  Never change subscripts.
 Enzymes  Only change coefficients.
 Platinum in catalytic converters  Count atoms after every adjustment.
 Manganese dioxide in hydrogen peroxide
decomposition Oxidation
OIL
VI. ENDOTHERMIC AND Oxidation Is Loss
EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS Reduction
A. Definitions RIG
Endothermic Reaction Reduction Is Gain
Absorbs heat from surroundings.
Surroundings become cooler. Reaction Rates
Examples TCSC
 Photosynthesis Temperature
 Melting ice Concentration
 Evaporation Surface Area
Catalyst
Exothermic Reaction
Releases heat to surroundings. Energy
EXO = EXIT
Energy exits the system.
ENDO = ENTER
Energy enters the system.

VIII. COMMON EXAM

QUESTIONS
(P.S. from teacher Early. I haven’t seen the actual
summative test haha tinago saakin. So, this is just
general)

✔ Assign oxidation numbers.

✔ Determine whether oxidation or reduction
occurred.
✔ Identify oxidizing and reducing agents.
✔ Balance chemical equations.
✔ Balance redox reactions.
✔ Predict whether a reaction is redox.
✔ Explain environmental impacts of chemical
reactions.
✔ Explain why increasing temperature,
concentration, surface area, or catalysts increases
reaction rates.
✔ Differentiate endothermic and exothermic
reactions using energy diagrams and heat transfer.

IX. QUICK SUMMARY

Topic Key Idea
Conservation of Atoms are neither created nor
Mass destroyed.
Balancing Only coefficients may be
Equations changed.
Produces energy but also CO₂
Combustion
and pollutants.
Acid + Metal Produces salt and hydrogen gas.
Produces salt, water, and carbon
Acid + Carbonate
dioxide.
Stores energy and produces
Photosynthesis
oxygen.
Respiration Releases energy from glucose.
Loss of electrons; oxidation
Oxidation
number increases.
Gain of electrons; oxidation
Reduction
number decreases.
Oxidizing Agent Gains electrons; is reduced.
Reducing Agent Loses electrons; is oxidized.
Affected by temperature,
Reaction Rate concentration, surface area, and
catalysts.
Endothermic Absorbs energy (ΔH positive).
Exothermic Releases energy (ΔH negative).

Good Luck, don’t forget some rest. :>