Maths Multiplication Tricks & Shortcuts

COMPREHENSIVE LECTURE NOTES | FACULTY: NAVNEET TIWARI (ADDA247)

These structured study notes outline high-speed mental mathematics and multiplication methods
demonstrated by Navneet Tiwari. By understanding the patterns behind specific number sets, calculations that
typically require traditional pen-and-paper long division/multiplication can be solved within 2 seconds.

1. The 11 Multiplication Technique (Basic & Advanced Carry Over)

Multiplying a multi-digit number by 11 can be resolved easily by separating the boundary digits and adding
adjacent pairs horizontally.

Rule (No Carry): Separate the outer digits of the multiplier, then add the consecutive numbers from right
to left to populate the inside space.

• Example 1: 11 × 12
Keep 1 and 2 at the boundaries. Middle digit = 1 + 2 = 3. Result: 132 [00:00:19].
• Example 2: 11 × 24
Keep 2 and 4 at the boundaries. Middle digit = 2 + 4 = 6. Result: 264 [00:00:32].
• Example 3 (Three Digits): 11 × 712
Boundaries are 7 and 2. Inner steps: 2 + 1 = 3, then 7 + 1 = 8. Result: 7832 [00:00:41].

Rule (With Carry Over): When the sum of adjacent numbers equals or exceeds 10, write down the unit
place values and pass down the 1 to the next higher digit value to the left.

• Example 1: 11 × 86
Boundaries are 8 and 6. Inner sum: 8 + 6 = 14. Leave 4 in the middle, carry 1 to the left boundary (8 + 1 =
9). Result: 946 [00:01:23].
• Example 2: 11 × 643
Boundaries are 6 and 3. Inner steps: 4 + 3 = 7, then 6 + 4 = 10 (Write 0, carry 1 to 6). Result: 7073
[00:01:54].

2. High-Speed Multiplication by 5 (Even vs. Odd Numbers)

Multiplying by 5 is mathematically equivalent to scaling by 10 and dividing by 2 (× 10 / 2).

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 Multiplier
Operative Shortcut Rule Practical Demonstration Examples
Type

Even Divide the number by 2 and append a 0 at the 86 × 5 → 43 → 430 [00:02:53]

Numbers end. 288 × 5 → 144 → 1440 [00:03:07]

43 × 5 → (42 / 2) → 21 → 215
Odd Subtract 1 to make it even, halve it, and append a [00:03:16]
Numbers 5 at the end. 423 × 5 → (422 / 2) → 211 → 2115
[00:03:32]

3. The 25 Multiplication Method (Division by 4 or Fraction Scale)

Since 25 = 100 / 4, multiplying a number by 25 means dividing the number by 4 and appending two zeros.

• Standard Rule (Divisible by 4): Divide the counter-number by 4 and multiply by 100.
64 × 25 = (64 / 4) × 100 = 16 × 100 = 1600 [00:04:26]
248 × 25 = (248 / 4) × 100 = 62 × 100 = 6200 [00:04:45]
• Alternative Fraction Route (Not Divisible by 4): If a number is hard to divide by 4, substitute 25 with 50 /
2.
38 × 25 → 38 × (50 / 2) = 19 × 50 = 950 [00:05:12]

4. The 125 Multiplication Strategy

Using the fractional equivalent 125 = 1000 / 8, multiplication is reduced to dividing by 8 and placing three zeros
at the trailing end.

• 64 × 125 = (64 / 8) × 1000 = 8000 [00:06:13]

• 32 × 125 = (32 / 8) × 1000 = 4000 [00:06:23]

• 248 × 125 = (248 / 8) × 1000 = 31000 [00:06:29]

5. The "Padosan" (Consecutive Neighbors) Approach

This approach applies to two consecutive integers multiplying with each other (n × (n + 1)).

Mathematical Principle: n(n + 1) = n² + n OR (n + 1)² - (n + 1)

• Rule: Take the smaller number, calculate its square, and add the smaller number itself [00:07:38].
• 12 × 13 = 12² + 12 = 144 + 12 = 156 [00:07:58]

• 13 × 14 = 13² + 13 = 169 + 13 = 182 [00:08:10]

• 14 × 15 = 14² + 14 = 196 + 14 = 210 [00:08:15]

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 • 15 × 16 = 15² + 15 = 225 + 15 = 240 [00:08:20]

6. The "Trishul" (Difference of Squares) Trick

When two values share an even numerical gap, they sit equidistant from a center median value. This sets up
the algebraic pattern (a - b)(a + b) = a² - b² [00:08:50].

• Example 1: 12 × 14 (Center median is 13, gap variant is 1)

Formula: 13² - 1² = 169 - 1 = 168 [00:09:03]
• Example 2: 89 × 91 (Center median is 90, gap variant is 1)
Formula: 90² - 1² = 8100 - 1 = 8099 [00:09:35]
• Example 3: 67 × 73 (Center median is 70, gap variant is 3)
Formula: 70² - 3² = 4900 - 9 = 4891 [00:09:44]

7. Numbers Ending in 1

When multiplying two distinct double-digit numbers both ending with the number 1 (e.g., A1 × B1), follow this
matrix [00:10:27]:

1. Write 1 as the units place value.

2. Add the tens digits (A + B) and write the sum in the middle (handling carry values if necessary).

3. Multiply the tens digits (A × B) and append/adjust to the left boundary.

• 41 × 21 → [4×2] | [4+2] | [1] → 861 [00:10:41]

• 31 × 61 → [3×6] | [3+6] | [1] → 1891 [00:10:55]

• 91 × 81 → Units=1; Tens=(9+8)=17 (write 7, carry 1); Left=(9×8)+1=73 → 7371 [00:11:15]

8. Specialized Sub-Patterns: "Duck" and "Turtle" Rules

The Duck Approach

Applies when the **tens digits are identical**, and the **units digits sum exactly to 10** [00:12:49].

• Rule: Multiply the units digits directly to get the last two numbers. Then multiply the common tens digit by
its successive integer (n × (n + 1)).
• 78 × 72 → [8 × 2 = 16] & [7 × 8 = 56] → 5616 [00:13:18]

• 47 × 43 → [7 × 3 = 21] & [4 × 5 = 20] → 2021 [00:13:37]

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The Turtle Approach

Applies when the **units digits are identical**, and the **tens digits sum exactly to 10** [00:14:24].

• Rule: Multiply units digits for the trailing numbers. For the leading numbers, multiply the tens digits and
add the common unit value ((A × B) + ext{unit}).
• 66 × 46 → [6 × 6 = 36] & [(6 × 4) + 6 = 30] → 3036 [00:14:50]

• 72 × 32 → [2 × 2 = 04] & [(7 × 3) + 2 = 23] → 2304 [00:15:13]

9. Intermittent Core Constants Reference Formulas

The instructor highlights core fractions and decimal equivalents vital for solving arithmetic shortcuts efficiently
[00:24:30]:

Decimal Fractional Conversion Decimal Fractional Conversion

Multiplier Value Multiplier Value

5 10 / 2 0.5 1/2

25 100 / 4 2.5 10 / 4

125 1000 / 8 12.5 100 / 8

0.25 1/4 0.125 1/8

10. The 37 Compound Factor Trick ("Don" Approach)

The constant 37 acts as a unique factor in mental math. When 37 multiplies a number that is a multiple of 3, it
divides the multiple by 3 and generates a repeating single-digit triplet sequence [00:30:04].

• 37 × 6 = (6 / 3) = 2 → 222 [00:30:34]

• 37 × 9 = (9 / 3) = 3 → 333 [00:30:39]

• 37 × 27 = (27 / 3) = 9 → 999 [00:30:43]

• With Double Digits (37 × 54): 54 / 3 = 18. Using the inner space expansion technique, write 1 and 8
separated, then add them up (1+8=9) to place twice in the middle spaces. Result: 1998 [00:31:04].

11. Double Value Self-Multiplication

When a number multiplies a value exactly double its size (n × 2n), calculate the square of the base number
and double it [00:32:07].

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 Formula: n × 2n = 2n²

• 12 × 24 = 2 × 12² = 2 × 144 = 288 [00:32:21]

• 32 × 64 = 2 × 32² = 2 × 1024 = 2048 [00:32:26]

• 16 × 32 = 2 × 16² = 2 × 256 = 512 [00:32:38]

• 14 × 28 = 2 × 14² = 2 × 196 = 392 [00:32:45]

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