ETHICS

1. "ethos"

2. studies the righteousness or wrongness of

human action
3. how human person ought to act

GREEK TRADITION
4. "Good Life

5. Being happy

6. Eudaimonia

7. How can I become a good and fulfilled person?

8. Emphasizes reason and character

JUDEO-CHRISTIAN
9. "The ideas of righteousness before God"

10. Doing what is right

11. God's Law

12. Moral principle of being happy

13. Emphasizes faith, obedience, and love

WHAT IS REASON?
14. means using your intellect to think carefully

before acting
WHAT IS CHARACTER?
15. refers to the kind of person you become

through repeated actions.

16. Every good action strengthens good habits

17. Every bad action strengthens bad habits
18. Eventually, these habits become your
character
 WHAT IS FAITH?
19. trusting God even when we do not fully

understand everything.
WHAT IS OBEDIENCE?
20. following God's commandments because they

are morally right, even when doing so is

difficult.
WHAT IS LOVE?
21. love is the selfless and unconditional concern

for the well-being of other people

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. METAPHYSICS
1. studies the nature of reality and existence
2. What is ultimately real

2. EPISTEMOLOGY
3. How do we know what we know?
4. Investigates the nature, scope, limits, and
validity of human knowledge and belief
5. What knowledge is; where it comes from; how
reliable it is; how do we know something is
true?

3. ETHICS
6. what is right and wrong
7. Studies moral principles that guide human
 behavior
8. It determines: what people ought to do; what is
morally acceptable; and what makes an action
good or bad

3. LOGIC
9. what makes an argument valid or sound
10. A tool use to construct strong arguments and
detect flaws in reasoning

4. AESTHETICS
11. What is beauty?

12. It explores art, taste, perception, and how we

experience and evaluate the beautiful things in

the world.

CONCEPTS OF PHILOSOPHY
MORAL(ATTRIBUTE)
13. an adjective used to describe things that relate

to right and wrong human behavior.

MORALITY(SYSTEM OF BELIEFS)
14. system of beliefs, values, customs and cultural

rules
15. It is what a community collectively agrees is

good or bad
ETHICS(PHILOSOPHY STUDY)
16. Study why we believe certain things are right

and wrong
17. Frameworks

MORAL STANDARDS(ACTIONABLE RULE)

18. Specific, concrete rule or norm that results

from ethics.
19. Used to judge whether a specific, real-world

action is right or wrong

 CONSEQUENCE STANDARD
20. Depends on result or outcome

21. Greatest good of greatest numbers

NON-CONSEQUENCE STANDARD
22. Based on the natural laws

23. Law of God that is written in ghe hearts of men

24. Based on goodwill

25. Sense of duty that you wish to apply to all

human person
 NON-MORAL STANDARDS
26. Non-moral standards are tules that govern

behavior

1. Social Rules- these are standards established

by a group or society to maintain order.
1. Etiquette - refers to accepted standards of
polite behavior
1. Good manners - these ar ebehaviors showing
courtesy and respect

COMPLIANCE OR NON-COMPLIANCE
MORAL STANDARD
1. Guilt
NON-MORAL STANDARD
2. May only cause shame and embarrassment

BIOETHICS
3. This concerns with ethical issues about life,
biomedical researches, medicines, health

WHY EUTHANASIA IS NOT ALLOWED?

4. dominant religious influence
5. Constitutional and legal protections
6. Medical Norms - to do no harm, contrary to the
healing profession
 Examples of Bioethical Issues
1. Euthanasia
2. Abortion
A. Legal Framework
7. Woman who undergo abortions face two to six
years in
 prison
3. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
8. AI can help diagnose diseases and

recommend treatments.
4. Surrogacy
- when a woman carries and delivers a baby on
behalf of another person
4.1. Gestational Surrogacy
9. The eggs and sperm are sourced from the

intended parents or from donors using in Vitro

Fertilization
4.2. Traditional Surrogacy
10. Is achieved via AI

11. A sperm from the father will be injected to the

surrogate mother

PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICS
1. AUTONOMY
12. Respecting a person's right to make their own

decisions
2. BENEFICENCE
13. Doing good and promoting the patient's well-

being
3. NONMALEFICENCE
14. Do no harm

15. Ex. : Avoiding treatments whose risks outweigh

their benefits
 BUSINESS ETHICS
16. examines moral principles concerning the

business environment, which involves issues

ISSUES IN BUSINESS ETHICS

 1. HONESTY IN ADVERTISING
17. customers have the right to accurate

[Link] about products and services

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
18. It deals with moral issues concerning nature,

animals, ecosystem, and its nonhuman

contents.

ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

1. VEGANISM
19. Avoids meat, fish, dairy, eggs and other animal

products
20. Animals should not be harm or exploited for

human benefit
2. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY

SEXUAL ETHICS
21. it studies moral issues about sexuality and

human sexual behavior

CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES OF
MORALS STANDARDS -GARDNER AND
ROSEN (1967)
CONSEQUENCE STANDARD
22. Teleological

23. The act is wrong depending on the

 consequences of the act
NOT-ONLY CONSEQUENCE STANDARD
24. Deontological

25. Right and wrong depends on tbe sense of duty

26. Natural law

 WHAT MAKES STANDARD MORAL?
THEIST
27. Moral standards are commandments of God

revealed to man through prophet

NON-THEIST
28. Based on sages like Confucius and Kant

MERLEAU-PONTY
29. argues that the personal identity cannot be

sepafated from the physical body as they are

intertwined.
SOCRATES
30. An uexamined life is not worth living.

IMMANUEL KANT
31. Act only according to that maxim

32. Before doing something, ask yourself: what if

everyone did the same thing?

What is Maxim?
33. Your personal rule for acting

FREEDOM
34. exercising our capacity to make decisions,

choose our life faith and direct the course of

our live through our own steering
35. Without freedom, it is impossible to make a

moral choice
 DILEMMAS
1. PERSONAL DILEMMA
1. It occurs when a person's values, desires,
responsibility, or career
2. Internal conflict
2. ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA
- it arises ehen leaders of social institutions
must make decisions that affect the
organisation
3. STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
3. occur when laws, policies, economic systems,
or cultural practices create conflicts that are
difficult to resolve because the problem is built
into the structure itself.
4. MORAL DILEMMA
4. A situation in which two or more moral
principles

FACTICITY
5. refers to the facts or circumstances of our lives
that we did not choose and cannit easily
change.

NEUROTICISM
6. how emotionally stable or emotionally reactive
a person is
7. People tend to: worry a lot; become anxious
easily; feel stressed; experience mood swings;
be emotionally sensitive

EXTRAVERSION
8. Where peoeple get their energy
9. Usually talkative, outgoing, enjoy parties,
comfortable speaking in public, like meeting
people

OPENNESS
10. A person's willingness to explore new ideas

and
 experiences

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
11. How organized, disciplined, and responsible a

person is

Every human act is directed toward end

Summun Bonum
St. Thomas Aquinas

JEAN PAUL SARTRE

EXISTENTIALIST
12. a human person is or becomes what he/she

makes of him/herself by choice

STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT

PRE-CONVENTIONAL
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment
Orientation
13. Behavior is driven bg avoiding punsihment . An

action us perceived as wrong if ghe person

gets punsihed for it.
Stage 2: self-Interest Orientation
14. Behavior is driven by rewards and self-interest

CONVENTIONAL
Stage 3: Interpersonal Accord and
Conformity
15. Good boy/girl
Stage 4: Authority and Social-Order
16. Maintaning Orientation behavior is driven by

respecting laws, performing one's duty

17. The individual believes rules are inflexible

POST-CONVENTIONAL
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
18. Behavior is driven bg democratic processes
and individual rights. While laws are expected
as social contracts
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
19. Behavior is driven by internalized, deeply

personal moral principles

HUMAN ACT
20. it is an action that a person perform

deliberately, knowingly, and freely

ACT OF HUMAN
21. Actiins merely happen jn their body, without

awareness

For an Act to be Morally Good, all three

determinants
1. The object of the act

SELF-PRESERVATION
22. Natural inclination to take care of one's health

or not to kill or to put one's self in danger

JUST DEALING WITH OTHERS
23. Treat others with the same respect that we

accord ourselves
PROPAGATION OF HUMAN SPECIES
24. The reproductive organ is by nature designed
to reproduce and prospagate human species
 ARISTOTLE GOLDEN MEAN
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