GEOMETRIC DESIGNS
Polygons
- a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a
loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.
- These segments are called its edges or sides, and the points where two edges meet
are the polygon's vertices or corners. The interior of the polygon is sometimes
called its body.
- An n-gon is a polygon with n sides (e.g., a triangle is a 3-gon).
- polygon is a two-dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number
of dimensions.
Solids
- Geometric Solids are 3-Dimensional (or “3-D”) shapes – which means they have the
3 dimensions of width, depth, and height.
2 Types of solid
• Non-polyhedra - describes any geometric solid that has any surface that is not flat, like
a sphere, cone, or cylinder
• Polyhedra - describes a geometric solid that has all flat faces (but the faces don’t have
to be the same size or shape). Polyhedra must have at least 4 faces (but there is no
limit to how many faces they can have).
- Some polyhedra are called truncated. Truncated means that something is cut
off(corners/vertices are cut replaced by faces)
Platonic Solids
- a special type of Polyhedra, in which each face is exactly the same, and the same
number of faces meet at each corner, or vertex
Transformations (flips, slides, turns, resize)
- Figures in a plane can be reflected, rotated, slid (translated) or resized (dilated) to
produce new figures.
- The new figure is the image, and the original figure is the pre-image
- The operation that maps (or moves) the preimage onto the image is called a
transformation
Definition of Isometry
- A rigid transformation is called an isometry
- A transformation in the plane is an isometry if it preserves lengths. (That is, every
segment is congruent to its image)
- It can be proved that isometries not only preserve lengths, they also
preserves angle measures, parallel lines, and betweenness of points
Patterns and Diagrams
• Symmetry is the beauty of form arising from balanced proportions
3 types of Symmetry
1. Reflectional symmetry - kind of symmetry in which half of the image is exactly
same as the other half
2. Rotational symmetry - is a type of symmetry in which the image is rotated to a
certain degree about at axis (generally center) and still look same as previous.
3. Translational symmetry - is a kind of symmetry in which a particular pattern or
design is shifted from one place to another
Rosette Pattern
- a moiré pattern whose high frequency reduces its visibility. Rosette patterns have
been used as architectural and sculptural decorations of the new century.
- symmetry group is the collection of all symmetries of a plane figure.
- Cyclic symmetry group has rotation symmetry only around a center point. If the
rotation has n order, the group is called Cn.
-Dihedral symmetry group has rotation symmetry around a center point with
reflection lines through the center point.
Frieze Pattern
- infinite strip with repeating pattern is called a frieze pattern, or a border pattern or
an infinite strip pattern.
frieze group is the set of symmetries of a frieze pattern, i.e., geometric
transformations built from rigid motions and reflections that preserve the pattern.
Tessellations
- Tessellation (or Tiling) is when we cover a surface with a pattern of flat shapes so
that there are no overlaps or gaps.
- regular tessellation is a pattern made by repeating a regular polygon. There are
only 3 regular tessellations: triangle, squares, hexagons
- A vertex is just a corner point.
- semi-regular tessellation is made of two or more regular polygons. The pattern at
each vertex must be the same. There are only 8 semi-regular tessellations
• There are also “demi-
regular” tessellations, but mathematicians disagree on what they actually are. Some
people allow curved shapes (not just polygons) so we can have tessellations like these:
Mindanao Designs, Arts, and Culture
- Mindanao is the home of 18 tribal groups which have made weaving their identity,
culture, and way of life
- The Mandaya people of Davao Oriental are known for their weaving pattern
called ikat using abaca fibers.
- The Maranao are famous for their sophisticated weaving with design and
colors. A versatile garb called malong is a hand-woven fabric with beautifully
patterned designs.
- The Yakan people of Basilan are recognized for their remarkable technicolor
geometric weaves and distinctive face decorations used in their traditional
ceremonies.
- The ) are an indigenous group from Southern Mindanao whose name comes from
Bla and An, meaning “Opponent People.” They are known for their traditional abaca
weaving, which involves sacred rituals known only to the weavers. Before creating
designs, they seek divine guidance, as patterns are believed to be taught to
dreamers by l’nilong (nature fairies).
- Bagobo constitute one of the largest groups among the indigenous peoples of
southern Mindanao. They are composed of three (3) sub-groups, namely the
TAGABAWA, the CLATA or GUIANGAN and the UBO