English Reviewer 3.
Experiences – Personal accounts or first-hand
CO1 experience of events, though subjective, establish the
Discourse credibility and reliability of information presented in any
discourse
- a formal and often lengthy discussion of a
topic, where concepts and insights are arranged Reading
in an organized and logical manner. - A cognitive process of decoding symbols to
derive meaning from a text
- refers to the way how language is used to
convey meanings or to propel action or provoke Schema Theory
a specific response. It is often associated with - Schema theory tries to explain how readers
speech, but it may also be written. utilize prior knowledge to understand and
- usually serves as a writer’s or a scholar’s get new information from the text (Rumelhart,
1980).
analysis of a concept or theory proposed by
- The theory claims that written text does not
another writer.
carry meaning by itself. It only guides readers
to retrieve or construct meaning from the
Purpose of a Discourse structures or patterns of this prior knowledge.
1. to inform These structures are called schemata (singular:
- a discourse that aims to inform provides a schema).
descriptive and comprehensive discussion on
the topic. It points out what one should know
about a topic or subject.
2. to persuade
- a discourse that aims to persuade tries to
convince the readers that the proposed claim or
solution is better than any other proposal.
3. to entertain
- A discourse that aims to amuse provides a
source of entertainment for its readers.
• Analyzing a discourse is usually contextual. The
reader tries to consider several factors that may
have influenced the writer to make certain claims. Bottom-Up Model
Those factors explain the author’s biases, - from text to meaning (which focuses on
philosophy, and educational and linguistic clues, builds literal comprehension of a
professional backgrounds, among other text)
- construct meaning from the most basic units of
Three factors affecting the writer’s claims language, including letters, letter clusters, and
1. Culture – The beliefs, customs, attitudes, words. Specific to general
language, and other things that define culture - the emphasis is on how the reader extracts
may influence the author’s perspective on information from the printed page, and on
several issues. Knowing about the culture the whether or not learners deal with letters and
author belongs to, the reader may understand words in a systematic fashion.
his or her biases.
2. Social environment – The author’s physical Top-Down Model
surroundings and social relationships, as well as - top-down reading contains predicting, inferring,
the culture of the time may have influenced and focusing on meanings (Grabe 1991).
his or her writing. For instance, during the early Reading is actually “a psychological guessing
decades of the 20th century, most writers game”, in the words of Goodman (1970).
produced works that were classified as - emphasizes the use of background knowledge
“modern” because of its distinct feature: stream to predict the meaning of the reading or
of consciousness. listening text. For example, readers develop
hypotheses about the content of a text, which
they have to confirm or reject while reading. - Picture: Form images
The uptake of information is thus guided by an - Relate: draw comparisons
individual’s prior knowledge and expectations - Monitor: Check understanding
that the reader brings to the text. - Correct gaps in understanding
Brainstorming
Interactive Compensatory Model - ”organized ideation”
- recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and - “attempts to solve specific problems or develop
top-down processes simultaneously throughout new ideas by amassing spontaneous,
the reading process unrestrained contributions by members.”
- uses print as input and has meaning as output (Southern Nazarine University)
- the reader provides input, too, and the reader, - informal way of generating topics
interacting with the text, is selective in using
The Rules of Brainstorming (Adams 1979)
just as little of the cues from text as necessary - There are no criticisms, evaluation, judgment,
to construct meaning. (Goodman, 1981) and defense of ideas during the brainstorming
session.
The reading process - Free wheeling and free association is
Prereading encouraged.
- Readers prepare themselves to read - Quantity is more desired than quality.
- Activating prior knowledge (schema) - Building on ideas is encouraged.
- Making predictions
- Goal-setting Methods in Brainstorming
- Scanning and skimming
[Link] list
What do you know about the text
- simply involves listing ideas about a particular topic. It
What do you think will you learn from the text?
Reading also helps you find the main idea and supporting details.
- Actual reading -is appropriate to textual people, or those who are more
- Read independently; with a partner, using comfortable in processing words than visuals.
shared reading or guided reading; or listen to
the text read aloud -simply requires you to write the main topic and them
- Annotating (taking down notes, highlighting) write down all related concepts below it.
Responding
- Reacting to the reading material
- Group discussions 2. Idea map
- Writing in reading journals - also called webbing or clustering
Exploring - is a visual representation of ideas and their
- Rereading the text
- Learning more about the text (new knowledge, connections with one another.
vocabulary words) - more structured and is able to show how one idea
- Making connections to personal experiences subordinates another idea.
and other texts
Applying
- Using the reader’s new knowledge to create an 3. Cubing
output or construct projects - an idea is examined from six distinctviewpoints.
- Reading more books written by the same
author, of the same genre, or any other related You describe the topic (what is it?)
material Compare and contrast it (what is it ike or unlike?)
Understanding the Reading Process What do you associate it with(what does it remind you
- Good readers understand the process of Analyze it (what are its parts?)
reading; hence, they control it.
- Metacognition: ”knowing about knowing” Apply it (in what ways can it be utilized)
- Poor readers focus on facts while good readers Argue for or against it (in what ways can you support or
focus on details that enable them to identify oppose it)?
patterns that lead to the meaning
Five Thinking Strategies of Good Readers
- Predict: Make educated guesses
4. Free Writing
- set a time limit and number of words or pages. Just
write. Do not edit yourself. Types of Graphic Organizer
-it allows someone to work without inhibitions.
-you turn off the editor in you and allow the writer in
you free rein 1. Mind map
Graphic Organizer - A mind map is used to illustrate your knowledge of a
- tools used to visually organize information or ideas. concept or idea
- presents connection of ideas visually. -It is useful for brainstorming and exploring topics and
- graphics organizers enhance students’ thinking skills ideas
(Drapeau, 1998).
2. Venn Diagram
- graphic organizers are visual representation of
knowledge that structures information by arranging - venn diagram is used to show the similarities and
important aspects of a concept or topic into a pattern differences between two or more people, object
using labels (Bromley, DeVitis & Modlo, 1999). - it is uses overlapping circle to represent different
objects or ideas that share similar traits in some way
3. Flow Chart
- flowchart is used to show the different steps in a
process. It contains information on the stages of a
process in the order that is must be completed.
4. Hierarchical Tropical Organizer
- shows that order of ideas and their place in a hierarchy
5. Fishbone map
- cause and effect discovery tool, used to track down
root causes of a prolem and phenomenon
6. Spider map
- used to describe a central idea, a thing (a geographic
region), process (meisis), concept (altruism), or
proposition with support
7. T-chart
- used to analyze similarities and difference between
two things by placing individual characteristic in either
the left or right sections
8. Compare and contrast matrix
- used to show similarities and differences between two
things
9. PMI
- used to show positive, negative and interesting
attributes of a subject, concept, topic, solution, etc. in
order to determine the nature of the outcome and
whether it will be worth continuing or not Outlining (Purdue University Online writing lab)
10. Continuum scale - Used in the writing process to help organize
ideas, plan out the structure of the paper, and
- used for timelines showing historical events or ages,
degrees of something, shades of meaning, or rating conceptualize points
scale - An outline helps generate ideas and organize
11. Ranking them logically
- used when prioritizing elements from most important - An outline is
to least important relative position or standing, a series - A logical general description
of things or persons, or an orderly arrangement from 1st - A chemiatic summary
to last.
- An organizational pattern
12. Cycle
- A visual and conceptual design of your
- used to show how a series of events interact to writing (Purdue University Online
produce a set of results again and again
Writing Lab)
13. KWL/KWLH
- used to help students activate prior knowledge. It is a Why do we outline?
group instruction activity that serves as a model for
active thinking during reading - Aids in the process of writing
Specific
14. Synectics
- Helps you organize your ideas
- provides an approach to creative thinking that
depends on looking at what appears on the surface as, - Present your material in a logical form
unrelated phenomena and drawing relevant - Shows the relationship among ideas in your
connections writing
15. Cerebral Chart - Construct an ordered overview of your writing
- used to quickly amass information or elements, - Defines boundaries and groups
stimulate creative thinking,and develop new ideas, in
an unrestrained and spontaneous manner, generated
Process of outlining
either individually or by a group.
Before you begin
16. Web
- Determine the purpose of your paper
- used to list fast, definitions, attributes, or examples
- Determine the audience you are writing for
related toa single topic, concept, or theme.
- Develop the thesis of your paper
17. Hypothesis Matrix
Then
- allows you to identify the three basic components of
- Brainstorm: list all the ideas that you want to
most hypotheses
include in your paper
18. Questions
- Organize: group related ideas together
- used to list fact, definitions, attributes, or examples
- Order: arrange material in subsection form
related to a single topic, concept, or theme
general to specific or from abstract to concrete
19. Problem-Solution Outline
- Label: create main and sub headings
- used to show the problem-solving process by defining
the components of the problem and attempted
solutions
20. Human interaction outline
- used to organize event in terms of actions and
reactions
21. Bridging snapshots
- used to see changes over time, reveal the sequence of
step-by-step methods, illustrate complex processes and
show cause and effect
4 Principles of Outline Pattern of Development
1. Coordinations Pattern of Development
- requires ideas of the same relevant to be labeled in the - “A pattern of development is the way the essay
same way is organized, from one paragraph to the next, in
order to present its thesis and the relevant,
2. Subordination authoritative support for it, in a coherent and
- shows that minor details must be placed under their meaningful fashion.” - Mt. Hood Community
respective major details College
- These principles allow your material to be ordered in
Cause and Effect
terms of logic and require a clear articulation of the - Detail why something happensand what causes
relationship between component parts used in the it. What are the effects and how are they
outline related to something else
Classification and Division
3. Division - Group items into their parts or types
- requires that no cluster should contain only one item Compare and contrast
4. Parallel Construction - Tells how something is like other things or how
- required all entries in each cluster to use the same something is different from other things
Definition
structure and format - Explain what something is in comparison to
other members of its class, along with any
limitations
Description
Kind of outline according to structure
- Details what something looks like and its
1. Topic Outline characteristics
- Uses words and phrases as its entries Exemplification
- Used if the ideas being discussed can be arrange - Provides typical cases or examples of something
Narration
in a number of ways - Describe what, when, and where something
- Present a brief oberview of work and is happened
generally easier and faster to write than a Persuasion
- Describe an issue and your position or opinion
sentence outline
on the subject
2. Sentence Outline Process
- Uses complete sentences - Explain how something happened, how it
- Present a more detailed overview of work works, or how it is made
,including possible topic sentences, and is easier -
and faster to write the final paper