Pre well control notes/study guide:

Purposes of BOP prevents blow out, circulates through

manifold.

Stack components: rotating head, annular preventer,

blind rams, pipe rams, spool, casing head, and well

head.

-annular preventer:

Seals around DP, Kelly, tool joints, irregular shapes,

open hole.

** Exam tip** Annular preventer usually closes first bc it

can seal around anything .

Pipe rams: Seals only a specific DP.

Variable pipe rams: Fitted to handle a varity of sized

pipe.

Blind rams: Used to shut in well w/o pipe. Cannot seal

around pipe.

Shear rams: Cut drill pipe and seal WB. *** EXAM TIP**

Shear rams can cut pipe and seal well.

Drilling spool: Provides choke/kill outlet. Provides

additional ram space.

Choke line: Routes flow.

SEQUENCE of FLOW: BOP- Choke- Mud/gas separator

Kill line: Pump into annulas during well control, well kill,

bull heading.

Choke manifold: Controls casing pressure maintains

bottom hole pressure and routes returns. Controls

circulation rates.

EXAM TIP:

Choke controls pressure, not pumps.

Accumlator Unit

- Stores hydruallic energy, can operate BOP W/O

Pumps, contains hydruallic fluid.

BOP closing Sequence:

Detect kick-stop pumps-come off bottom-close annular

preventer-open choke-record SIDDP/SICP

Non-mux system BOP

Pannel lights only indicate control valve position, not

actual BOP position. Mux system uses electrical signals

BOP pressure test

Test before drill out, after repairs, federal regs

Pressure test

-Low pressure test first.

Test plug” When pressure testing, open lower side

outlet valves to prevent trapped pressure.

SPP-Slow pump pressure

CLF-Choke line friction

Pressure Basics:

Pressure gradiants: MW X .052= Hydrostatic pressure

grad

Hydostatic pressure is the pressure exerted on a

formation by a column of fluid

Hydrostatic pressure: MWX.052XTVD

Hydrostatic pressure is the primary well control system

Formation pressure- The pressure within pore spaces of

a formation

If formation pressure is greater than the wellbore

pressure, and porosity and permability are

present, an influx of formation fluids will occur.

-If losses are experienced during circulation, but stop

when pumps are off, then we are drilling a

ballooning formation.

- friction- resistance to movement.

Frictional loss=Pump pressure

ECD:

- Friction generated when mud is circulated through

well, APL amount of pressure necessary to overcome

friction in anulas. ECD=Circulating pressure

- ECD=APL/.052/TVD+MW

Bottom hole pressure and EMW

- Hydrostatic pressure accounts for most pressure, ALP

acts on the walls.

- -SIDPP is Shut in drill pipe pressure on drill string side

of well

- SICP, shut in casing pressure annulas side of

pressure.

Total pressure

Surface pressure+hydrostatic pressure+firctional

pressure
EMW is total pressure @ any point in the well

converted PPG.

Surface pressure/.052/TVD+MW

Managed pressure Drilling- an adaptive drilling

process used to precisely control the annual pressure

profile through wellbore

Purpose of MPD: manage annulas hydruallic pressure

profile to fit within allowed pressure window.

7/28: Page 24- 60

Slow circulating rates:

-Main well control methods are drillers and wait and

weight methods

- SCR- Slow circulating rates, well control operations

conducted @ slower rates to easier control bottom

hole choke, lower ECD, allow more time to weigh up,

provide treatment to mud, prevent exceeding

Mud/gas sep. pressure limits

- SCRP, slow circulating rates minimum two

circulation rates must be obtained for all pumps.

Inmoirtant for kill sheets. Should be recorded prior to

drilling out shoe, any significant mud changes,

changes BHA, and at least once per tour while

drilling.

- Largeamount of barite settle and cuttings can lead

to improper SCRP measurements.

PUMP PRESSURE CHANGES NEW SPM FORMULA:

New pump SPM/ OLD SPM^2XOld SCRP= new pump

PSI

Estimate using change of MW

New MW/Old MW XOld press=new pump PSI

Choke line friction is pressure loss observed when

drilling fluids are circulated through choke lime

Maximum allowed choke pressure (MACP)

Maximum surface pressure can be applied to casing

shoe that is full of drilling fluid before formation

fracture occurs.

FIT:

Fracture Pressure- Pressure at which a formation will

start taking fluids from wellbore.

-Pressure intergirty test- Evaltuate strength of casing

cement job as well as strength of formation below.

Must be done 10’ after drilling out, but no more than

50’.

Leake off Test

-Maximum pressure or MW that a formation can

withstand before fracture occurs.

MACP- Maximum allow casing pressure

MAASP- Maximum allowed Annular Surface Pressure

MAMW-Maximum allowed mud weight

MAMW formula: LOT PSI/.052/TVD+MW ( round down)

MACP/MAASP Formula

LOT PSIXtest MWX.052XTVD

MACP must be recalculated everytime MW change

due to the change in hydrostatic pressure.

MACP new MW

MAMW PPG-New MWX.052XShoe TVD

Before test, circulate mud for uniform density and

clean the hole.

- For each casing string, maximum pressure must be

documented and posted in drillers station

- PREPLANING AND DRILLS: Must record time to be

ready to close divertor or BOP, and total drill time.

- Understanding kicks

- Kick- displacement of fluid at top of a hole by an

unwanted influx of formation fluid.

- Blowout- Uncontrolled flow of formation fluid into

wellbore and sometimes to surface.

- Broaching- Fluid escapes F/ open hole and comes

outside of casing.

Mud hydrostatic pressure is the primary barrier

BOP and BOP components are secordary barriers.

Moinitoring pit volumes are a procedural barrier.

I-bop- drill string safety valve

CAUSE OF KICKS

Anytime formation pore pressure is greater than the

column of fluid in the well fluid can flow in the well.

 Causes: Drilling abnormally pressured formation,

insufficient MW, lost circulation, fail to keep hole

filled, swab and surg.

Abornmally pressure formation is any area where

pressure gradiuants are higher than normal.

Drilling window:

Margin between max formation pressure and

minimum frac pressure of section being drilled is a

drilling window.

Wireline ops

Long time of inactivity can cause barite to settle out

and gas can migrate

Casing concerns

Surging, failing to fill.

Warning signs of drilling abnormal pressure

- Gradual ROP changes

- Cutting changes

- Increased torque

Increased drag

Decrease in bulk shear cuttings

 Sloughing shale

- Reducation in MW

- Gas.

Density over SW is 8.5-10 PPG, gas is under 2 PPG

Fluid entered wellbore, MW decrease, vis decrease,

gel and YP decrease

GAS BEHAVIOR:

Gas must expand. As it approaches surface, Pit gain

and choke pressure will increase. Once gas leaves,

pit and choke pressure decrease.

OIL AND WATER BEHAVIOR:

- No significant influx to expand.

- - Hydrostatic pressure in annulas does not change

until kill mud is out of the bit.

- SHALLOW GAS FLOW

- Natural gas that has accumulated at a very shallow

depth from surface.

- FLOW check/shut in

- After observing signs of kick, driller should shut in

and do a flow check.

 FLOW CHECK WHILE DRILLING

-Pick up off bottom, stop rotating, stop pumping,

check for flow.

When doing a flow check, line up to trip tank.

Shut in procedures in order:

Protect people, environment, property

- Stop kick fluid and prevent blowout

- Determine shut in pressure and organize kill

procedures

- HARD VERSUS SOFT SHUT IN

Hard is quick and mimimizes influx. Soft is slower

and minimizes stress on well

FLOW CHECK AND SHUT IN WHILE TRIPPING:

Stop trip, set slips on top of stand @ rotary, install

FOSV, close FOSV, check flow

IF well is flowing, closer annual, open choke line,

open lower kill valve, install IBOP and open valve,

Reconnect top drive, Record shut in pressure. If still

flowing, close ram. If it stops, annular was leaking. If

it still flows, gas may be above BOP.

 Estimated shut in pressure and choke pressure: After

shut in , record SIDDP and choke press every minute.

TRAPPED PRESSURE

Stable wellbore is when BHP is equal to formation

press. Excess pressure is considered trapped

pressure. Will raise SIDPD and SICP.

Surface pressure will increase as gas migrates.

7/29 pae 60-90

Ballooning:

ECD may be high causing returns once ,circulating

stops. Hydrostatic is allow allowing for fluid to return.

_Document trends and volumes. Record SIDPP, SICP,

KLM. If bled off and do not increase, ballooning is

precent. If it increases back, suspect a kick and shut

in,

Verification of shut in.

Important to check leaks. Check flow line, change

manifold, BOP, slip joint, pump pop offs and wash

pipe.

- Fluccuating process.
- After shut in, surface pressure should shut in, if

decrease may be a leak in shoe frac. IF flow stops,

annular was likely leaking. If not, gas may be above

riser.

- Surface pressure usually increased until well

stabilizes. If surface pressure drops and then rises

with no pit gain, it may be a fractured shoe, casing

string, or loss/kick combo.

SHUT IN WHILE RUNNING CASING

- BOP should have casing rams

- Keep casing full to ensure float integrity

SHUT IN WIRELINE

Lubrricator and wireline BOP are mtain two barriers

- Use annualr to shut in wireline

- SHUT IN WITH CASING

- Immediate priority to shut in.

- Surface pressure can include SIDPP< SICP, KLM, DPP,

choke pressure

SIDPP
 Record after shut in. Gauge shows diff in BHP and

hydrostatic

SIDPP=BHP-hydrostatic mud in string

FORMATION PRESSURE= SIDPP+Hydrostatic in string

SIDPP is the measure of underbanace between BHP

and formation pressure

SICP

- Shut in casing pressure can be controlled

- SICP will always be more than SIDPP

TRAPPED pressure

Any excessive surface pressure beyond what is

necessary to balance well against formation

STRIPPING FORMATION

- While POOH and if swabbed kick is detected, run

back to bottom. Only safe way is to strip

- Stripping in the operation of lowering the drill string

in hole when closed on kick

-Circulation must be possible

STRING WEIGHT
- Weight must be sufficient to overcome well pressure

due to buoyancy.

- Buyoancy factor (makes object lighter in fluid)

- GENERIC STRIPPING PROCEDURE

-Annular closing pressure is noticeable set higher

than recommended

_Check all well control equipment

- Ensure IBOP, TIW are good

- Method to accurantley measure bleed offs

- - Choke operator must be appointed

- STRIPPING PROCEDURE

- Confirm string is 0 PSI

- -Redcue annular closing pressure

- Allow surface pressure increase

- Maintain choke pressure constant

- -Perform fill ups

- Repeat Cycle

- Constant bottom hole pressure methods

- Constant bottom hole pressure methods

- Hold constant BHP above or below formation

pressure

- Two methods are drillers method and wait and

weight.

- When in doubt, shut in and address situation

- If SPRS weren’t recorded before kick, circiulate and

record them

- SIDPP

Line up to pump down string

Pump slowly to increase choke pressure

Record increase in CP and observed DPP

Calculate SIDPP by subrating CP from DPP

Spot barite plug above kick zone is recommended for

gas flows

-Increase in DP pressure without casing pressure

increase-Plug jet

- Decrease in Dp pressure without casing pressure

increase, washed out nozzle

Sudden increase in choke and DP pressure Plugged

choke
 Sudden decrease in choke and DP pressure=choke

washout

Choke lime plugging=increase in DPP, drop in CP

Uncontrolled GAS expansion

- Gas expands reduces BHP

- Boyles AW= Pressure of a gas will inversely change

with the volume of the same as a kick if its temp

remains realivty unchanged (volume of gas kick

doubles, pressure of gas will be cut in half)

- Gas compression comes from the mud hydrostatic

column above the gas and surface pressure applied

by the choke

- Reduced in hydrostatic= Applied pressure with choke

to maintain BHP

- Drillers method/IDS

- Gas below shoe and expanding to maintain constant

VHA, shoe will increase

- (pressure above gas will increase hydrostatic,

Hydrostatic next to gas will decrease, Hydrostatic

below gas will stay the same)

-

When running in the hole with dry pipe, calculate trip

tank volumes using metal displacement formula

SICP and SIDPP must be zero if kick is killed.

RCD=Rotating hea d

If a kill pill is circulated from DP to backside, and DP

is being pulled out, BHP will decrease due to slug

being stretched.

A problem with running centrilizers on casing is it’s a

larger diameter and it may cause surge to the

wellbore if ran too fast.

Involving the choke, DP is irrevlant for the most part

in these questions. Open choke decreases pressure,

closing increases pressure.

Gas must expand in wellbore to be circulated out. If it

doesn’t, it will pressure up and break down

formation. Its very important to detect a kick to

reduce risk of formation breakdown during kill

operation.

A negative pressure test is reducing the top pressure

on a plug at a lower value than the bottom pressure.

Postive pressure test is the opposite

IF you are trying to find the difference in ballooning

and a kick, bleed off pressure. If SIDPP remains

constant and SICP is bled off and contined to

increase, then it’s a kick. If it remains the same or

reduces, its ballooning.

Drilling surface hole does not have a stack. If you get

shallow gas, allow it to circulate and direct flow to

the buster

MACP is the total pressure, minus the hydrostatic of

mud, that will cause fluid loses at the shoe.

Volumetiric method

Method used to control gas expansion

Used to control bottom hole and surface pressure

until killing operations start

 Maintain BHP above formation to maintain constant

hole pressure

ALP= Annular lost pressure which is pump pressure –

SPR’s

- First step to calculate kick height is to know annular

capacity around collars then find height

Barrier testing

Barrier=Something that contains formation fluids and

pressure

Mechanical ( physical) packers, bridge plug, BOP

prevents, cement

Operational/procedural: Good practices that assist in

early detection of barrier failures

Positive testing: applying pressure to simulate

anticipated loading condition

-BOP test is positive testing

BOP equipment

MASP (maximum anticipate surface pressure)

MASP- based on total loss of hydrostatic pressure in

the wellbore below BOP

 BOP system components: RAMS, annulars, valves,

accumulator system

System components must be rated higher or equal to

BOP pressure (10K stack=10K lines, 15K stack=15K

lines)

Elastic components very on many conditions. Top

seals and the packer elements are both mounted to

the ram bodies

- Testing of annulars is limited to 70% of working

pressure to prevent premature failure of element

- Drilling spoll= Mud cross, used to space components

in surface BOP

- Flanges are ring gaskets

HCR= Hydrcullicaly controlled remote valve or fail

safe valves

- Both inner valves must be open through choke

- -Fail safe is the ability to close valves by any means

BOP control systems.

- Mux is electrical delicate handling

- ACCULILATOR SYSTEM
- -Hydraullic powered, all BOPS should have sufficient

hydraulic fluid.

SURFACE STACK

MAX closing PSI ANNULARS=1500 PSI, RAMS 3000

PSI

Chokes= Manually or remotely operated by air or

hydraulic pressure

API recommends at least 1 choke for any manifold

rated @ 10K or more

-Choke manifold must have gauges or sensors for

electric gauges

CHOKE MANIFOLD

-Should be fit for the type of fluid expected and

anticipate pressure range

DRILL STRING SAFETY VALVES

- Full opening safety valves (FOSV, which are also

called TIW’s) and IBOP (Inside blowout preventer)

must be kept on rig floor in the open position)

- -required to be pressure tested

- FLOAT AND VALVES

 Placed in string just above the bit. Ported float=

doesn’t need to be bumped to record SIDPP Non-

ported bump= must be bumped to record SIDPP

Return flow indicators

- Indicators any change in flow from well

- Coriolis is used in MPD

- -Surface lines, flow line, solids control equipment

may delay readings.

MATH:::

Rounding rules. Kill MW-round one decimal point

Leak off MW, round down decimal point

Bottom hole pressure: Hydrostatic+SIDPP

Hydrostatic pressure: MWX.052XTVD

Equviulant MW= PSI/.052/TVD

ECD: ALP/.052/TVD+MW

Kill MW: SIDPP/.052+MW