Migration

: a person who moves from one place to live in another

: a person who migrates into a country

: a person who migrates out of a country

: an immigrant given special permission to live in

another country because of war, natural disasters or persecution (bad
treatment)

: an immigrant looking to be accepted as a refugee in

another country

: a person who moves from one place to another within

the same country

Types of Migration
-
when one person or family moves from one place to another.
E.g. when Irish people migrate to the UK

-
planned migrations of people carried out by governments or other
agencies. E.g. the Ulster Plantation

-
when individuals or groups make a decision to migrate without an
influence from government.
E.g. when Irish people migrate to the UK.

-
when individuals or groups are forced to migrate when they would prefer
not to do so
E.g. Irish people in Ulster being forced to migrate to Connacht during the
Ulster Plantations

Push factors: factors that make people want to leave a region

Pull factors: factors that attract people to move to another region

Barriers to migration: factors that prevent or discourage migration

from occurring
Push Factors
-
  People leave a place because there are no jobs available and they need work to
live

-
 People leave a place because it has few services such as schools and hospitals

-
 Overcrowded places can be noisy, polluted and congested with traffic. People
sometimes move away from these places

-
 Survival is the primary human instinct. People will leave war zones to ensure
their survival.

-
 A famine is a mass starvation of people. People will move from places without
food to places with food in order to survive

-
 People move away from poor places, where the standard of living is low.

Pull Factors
-
 Cities often have more job opportunities. People often migrate from rural to
urban areas in search of work

-
 Places with better schools, hospitals, transport and entertainment services
attract people looking for a better standard of living

-
 People often move to places with a better environment. Cleaner air, water and
more green space attract migrants.

-
 People migrate to places with temperate climates as it is easier to live and work
than it is in places with extreme climates

-
 As people work and become wealthier, they may move from crowded inner city
locations to live in a suburb which has larger houses and more green space.

-
 People move to places where they have a chance of a better life. Wealthier
locations have a higher standard of living, which migrants seek.

Barriers to Migration
-
 Differences in language, customs and beliefs might prevent people
migrating to some locations
-
 The cost of migrating, especially with a family, can prevent people
from migrating.

-
 Differences in language, customs and beliefs might prevent people
migrating to some locations

-
 The cost of migrating, especially with a family, can prevent people
from migrating.

-
 Some countries might have strict immigration laws or it might be
difficult for a migrant to get a visa

-
 Fear of the unknown, loss of connections with family and friends
may deter people from emigrating

Effects of Migration on the Source Region

-
 18-30 is the age group most likely to migrate. This may leave the
source region with low marriage rates and an ageing population

-
 As young people leave and the population declines, there is less
demand for goods and services.
 This makes the region less attractive to businesses, creating a
vicious cycle where young people leave due to a lack of jobs.

-
 Some migrants send money called ‘remittances’ back to their home
country to support their family and improve their standard of living

-
 In most countries, farming is a male-dominated job. Females often
emigrate for work elsewhere.
 This can lead to lower marriage rates and a lower birth rate
Effects of Migration on the Destination Region
-
 Immigrants usually tend to be attracted to wealthier cities. This can
result in higher population densities in these cities.
 The demand for accommodation may increase rents and property
prices
-
 Migrants are often a source of cheap labour. They provide the
destination region with labour that helps keep wages low for
competing companies.

-
 Migrants from different countries can enrich the society of the
destination region by spreading their culture e.g. their food and
music
 For example many non-Irish people celebrate St Patrick’s Day

-
 Xenophobia is the fear of foreigners. Some people view immigrants
negatively. There can be tensions between migrants and native
people, resulting in discrimination.

Organised Migration: The Plantation of Ulster

Reasons for the Ulster Plantations

-
 King James I of England wanted to rule over the entire island of
Ireland and to put a stop to rebellions taking place.
 Ulster had been the strongest of the four provinces in the struggle
against British rule

-
 King James I wanted to ‘civilise’ Ulster by introducing the Protestant
religion and English customs to the region

-
 England and Scotland were becoming overpopulated and
unemployment was rising.
 The English and Scottish settlers were promised good farmland and
a better life in Ulster

Effects of the Ulster Plantation

-
 Protestantism was introduced to Ulster and this contributed to
unrest between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland that
still exists today.

-
  Before the plantation, Irish was spoken in Ulster. During the
plantation, the English language was introduced and use of the Irish
language declined

-
 English farming methods were introduced to the region, with more
crop-growing and less cattle farming than before.

-
 English and Scottish customs and cultures were introduced to Ulster
during the plantation.