Warm up with Python

CL249
Try the following
1.
print(“Hello World”)

2. To print a number or any variable

x=9
print(f”x = {x}”)
Print(“x = ”, x)
3. Boolean
4>3
 Functions
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a single, specific task. It is like a
recipe or an automated machine

•Inputs (Parameters): Ingredients you feed into the machine.

•Process: The instructions inside the machine that do the work.
•Output (Return Value): The finished product handed back to you.

def function_name(parameter1, parameter2):

# Code block (indented)
result = parameter1 + parameter2
return result
 Functions

def greet(name):
print(“Hello ”, name)

To Run:
name = “Anita”
greet(name)
 More Examples
def greet_user(name):

#Generates a personalized greeting message.

greeting = f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to Python class.“
return greeting
Calling the function:
message1 = greet_user("Aditi") Output: Hello, Aditi! Welcome to Python class.
message2 = greet_user(“Tanmay")
print(message1) Output: Hello, Tanmay! Welcome to Python class.
print(message2)
 Conditions- Functions
Check if a number is divisible by 11
def check_eleven(x):
To Run it:
# set result to False
result = False
if (x%11)==0: x=22
print(f”{x} is divisible by 11”)
result = check_eleven(x)
result = True
else:
print(f”{x} is not divisible by 11”)
return result
Why Use Functions?
• Avoid Repetition (DRY - Don't Repeat Yourself): Write code once, use
it as many times as you want.
• Organization: Break a complex program down into smaller,
manageable pieces. Easier to debug if you are dealing with smaller
pieces.
• Readability: Named functions act like self-documenting steps.
Drill 1.1

• Write a code to check if a number is even or odd. Use a function

Lists
# Creating a list of fruits
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "date"]
# Accessing elements by index
first_item = fruits[0]
#Output: 'apple’
last_item = fruits[-1]
# (negative index counts from the end)
# Slicing a subset of the list [start:stop]
subset = fruits[1:3] # ['banana', 'cherry']
Access to items in lists
numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50] # Last item using negative index (-1
# First item (Index 0) starts from the end)
first = numbers[0] last = numbers[-1]
print(first) # Output: 10 print(last) # Output: 50
# Third item (Index 2) # Second to last item
third = numbers[2] second_last = numbers[-2]
print(third) # Output: 30 print(second_last) # Output: 40
More examples: shorthand operations on all
items in the list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
# Double every number
doubled = [x * 2 for x in numbers]
# Keep only even numbers
evens = [𝑥 for 𝑥 in numbers if 𝑥%2 == 0 ]
print("Doubled:", doubled)
# Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
print("Evens:", evens)
# Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
Drill 1.2
Given a list of scores, count how many students scored 70 or above.
# Sample scores
student_scores = [85, 62, 70, 95, 45, 78, 69, 100]
Convert between variable type
𝑎 = "12” :What type is 𝑎 ?

To check type:
𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑎

Now change it to integer:

𝑎 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑎)

Check again
Drill 1.3
name = "Alice“
age_str = "21“
gpa = 3.8
is_student = True
# TODO: Convert age_str to an integer
# TODO: Calculate age next year
# TODO: Print the converted age and its type
 Drill 1.4

Write a function safe_divide(a, b) that takes two

numbers and returns 𝑎/𝑏.

If 𝑏 is 0, return "Cannot divide by zero" instead of

throwing an error.
 For loops

for i in range(0,5):
print(f”Iteration {i}”)

for i in range(0,5):
print(”Iteration “,i)

Drill 1.5: Write a function to print the multiplication table of 5

Drill 1.6
# Sample dataset of Celsius recordings
celsius_readings = [12.5, -3.0, 0.0, 25.4, -10.2, 18.1]

1. Filter out any temperature that falls below freezing < 0°𝐶).
2. Convert the remaining temperatures to Fahrenheit using the
formula:
3. 𝐹 = 𝐶 × 1.8 + 32
4. Return a new list containing the converted temperatures
rounded to 1 decimal place.
Drill 1.7

Calculate 𝑒 𝑥 using series expansion-

𝑥2 𝑥3
1 + 𝑥 + + + ⋯.
2! 3!
You need a function to calculate factorial 𝑛! And a function for power
Plotting
import [Link] as plt # 4. Add labels, grid, and reference axes
import numpy as np [Link]('Plot of y = 2x + 3', fontsize=14)
#1. Generate x values (100 [Link]('x', fontsize=12)
#evenly spaced numbers from -
#10 to 10) [Link]('y', fontsize=12)
x = [Link](-10, 10, 100) [Link](0, color='black', linewidth=0.8,linestyle='--’)
# 2. Define the function #x-axis line
#y = 2x + 3 [Link](0, color='black', linewidth=0.8, linestyle='--
’)
y=2*x+3
# y-axis line
# 3. Create the plot
[Link](True, linestyle=':', alpha=0.7)
[Link](figsize=(8, 5))
[Link](fontsize=12)
[Link](x, y, label='y = 2x + 3',
color='blue', linewidth=2) # 5. Show the plot
[Link]()
 Plotting with python
Matplotlib
- (basic)

Low-level precision
control. Ideal for exact
layout customizations,
Seaborn
custom multi-panel
High-level statistical library built
figures, and scientific More-
on Matplotlib. Integration with Plotly ….
graphics.
Pandas DataFrames and elegant
default visual themes.
Matplotlib Concepts
Pyplot Module: standard import
import [Link] as plt
provides a stateful interface for plotting.

Figure vs Axes: The Figure acts as the

canvas; Axes represent individual subplot
regions containing data elements.

Essential Charts: Create line plots with

[Link]() and scatter plots with [Link]()
effortlessly.
Plot Annotations: Add clarity using [Link](),
[Link](), and [Link]().
Parts of a Matplotlib Figure

Figure Canvas: Top-level container holding all axes, titles, legends, colorbars,
and nested subplots.

Axes & Axis Objects: The plotting space where data points live, managing ticks,
limits, scale, and grid lines.
Custom Styling: Configure markers, line styles, transparency (alpha), and
colormaps for maximum visual impact.

High-Res Export: Save graphics to PNG, SVG, or PDF formats using

[Link]('[Link]', dpi=300).
Setup & Data Generation
What Happens Here?

• Libraries: pyplot gives us standard

import [Link] as plt
plotting routines, while numpy handles
import numpy as np
array calculations efficiently.
#1. Generate x values
x = [Link](-10, 10, 100) • [Link](-10, 10, 100): Creates an

# 2. Define the function array of 100 numerical points equally

y=2*x+3 spaced from -10 to +10.

• Vectorized Operation: y = 2 * x + 3
evaluates the formula across all 100 values
simultaneously without needing a slow
Python loop.
 Key Parameters Breakdown
# 3. Create the plot
[Link](figsize=(8, 5)) • [Link](figsize=(8, 5)): Initializes a new figure
canvas with an aspect dimension ratio of 8
[Link](x, y, label='y = 2x + 3', color='blue', linewidth=2)
inches wide by 5 inches tall.
• [Link](x, y): Maps array x to the horizontal
axis and array y to the vertical axis.
• label='y = 2x + 3': Assigns a text label
stored for the legend box.

• color='blue', linewidth=2: Sets the line

color and increases thickness for
readability.
 Adding Context & Reference Lines

• [Link]() & Labels: Clarify what dataset is

being presented with custom font sizing.
• [Link](): Draws a dashed background
grid ('--') with 70% opacity (alpha=0.7) to
help gauge values.
• [Link](0) & [Link](0): Draws
# 4. Add labels, grid, and reference axes thin black reference axes through (0,0)

[Link]('Plot of y = 2x + 3', fontsize=14) highlight origin intercepts.

[Link]('x', fontsize=12)
[Link]('y', fontsize=12)
[Link](0, color='black’, linewidth=0.8, linestyle='--’)
[Link](0, color='black', linewidth=0.8, linestyle='--’)
Legend & Final Display

[Link]() [Link]()

Scans all active plot elements for Displays the completed figure window
defined label strings and automatically or inline rendering in Jupyter
builds a clean legend box inside the plot Notebooks and frees memory
bounds. resources.
Plotting
import [Link] as plt # 4. Add labels, grid, and reference axes
import numpy as np [Link]('Plot of y = 2x + 3', fontsize=14)
#1. Generate x values (100 [Link]('x', fontsize=12)
#evenly spaced numbers from -
#10 to 10) [Link]('y', fontsize=12)
x = [Link](-10, 10, 100) [Link](0, color='black', linewidth=0.8,linestyle='--’)
# 2. Define the function #x-axis line
#y = 2x + 3 [Link](0, color='black', linewidth=0.8, linestyle='--
’)
y=2*x+3
# y-axis line
# 3. Create the plot
[Link](True, linestyle=':', alpha=0.7)
[Link](figsize=(8, 5))
[Link](fontsize=12)
[Link](x, y, label='y = 2x + 3',
color='blue', linewidth=2) # 5. Show the plot
[Link]()
Numpy for functions. Plot a sinusoidal function

import numpy as np
import [Link] as plt Practice: Try changing the plot,
x = [Link](0, 10, 100) change the type of line, color,
add axis labels, change font size.
y = [Link](x) Try plotting [Link](x)
[Link](x, y)
[Link]('x’) Eg-# Red dashed line ('r' for red,
'--' for dashed)
[Link]('sin(x)’)
[Link](x, y, 'r--’)
[Link]('Sine Wave’) Or green circles
[Link]() [Link](x, y, 'g:o')
Drill 1.8
Plot 𝑦 = 𝑥 ∗∗ 2 or 𝑦 = cos(𝑥)
Use. 𝑛𝑝. cos(𝑥)
Choose the range of x values.
Random numbers
import random
[Link](0,1)
print([Link](0,1))

num = [Link](0,100)
print(num)
 Drill 1.9
Write the Vibonacci series

Fibonacci series- 1,1,2,3,5,8,13 etc.

Each term is the sum of the previous two terms

In Vibonacci series- use a random number to decide if you want to

add or subtract
Plot it as a function of iteration.
What is NumPy?

The ndarray Object Blazing Fast Performance Vectorized Operations

The core building block is the N- Written under the hood in C, NumPy Apply mathematical functions across
dimensional array. Unlike standard arrays use continuous memory layouts, entire datasets at once (e.g., y = 2 * x +
Python lists, all elements must share the performing mathematical operations up 3) without writing tedious for loops.
same data type for maximum efficiency. to 100x faster than raw Python loops.
 # Add an element [Link](5) print(a)

Arrays, Numpy arrays

import array as arr #Accessing
# Create an array of integers print(a[2])
a = [Link]('i', [1, 2, 3]) #index starts at 0
# Access elements
print(a[0])
#Append an element
[Link](5)
print(a)
Numpy arrays
“””
import numpy as np Basic operations on
Numpy Arrays
# create a numpy array from a list
“””
arr = [Link]([1,2,3])

#Multi-dimensional array a = [Link]([1, 2, 3])

b = [Link]([4, 5, 6])
mat = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) print(a + b) # [5 7 9]
print(mat) print(a * 2) # [2 4 6]
print([Link]) print(a ** 2) # [1 4 9]
print([Link])
Zero Array, Empty Array
import numpy as np
arr = [Link](5)
print(arr)
barr = [Link](5)
print(barr)
carr = [Link](5,dtype=int)
print(carr)
NumPy in Action
Key Operations Explained

• [Link](...): Converts a Python list into a

high-performance ndarray.
import as

# 1. Create 1D and 2D arrays

• [Link](start, stop, num): Generates
array 10 20 30 40
linspace 0 1 5 num evenly spaced numbers over a

# 2. Vectorized arithmetic specified interval.

2

# 3. Built-in statistics
• Element-wise Math: arr1 ** 2 squares
mean
max
every single number individually: [100, 400,
900, 1600].
• Fast Aggregations: Functions like [Link]() calculate
summary stats across millions of values instantly.
Drill 1.10

•Create a Python list of numbers and print each element by index.

•Make a NumPy array from [1][2][4], print its dtype, and add 1 to every element.

•Create a 2D NumPy array (3x3) filled with zeros, then fill its diagonal with ones.
Series vs. DataFrames

Pandas Series Pandas DataFrame

A 1-Dimensional labeled array capable of holding any data type A 2-Dimensional tabular data structure with labeled axes (rows
(integers, strings, floats). and columns).
Think of it as a single column in a spreadsheet, accompanied by Think of it as an entire Excel spreadsheet or SQL table built
a explicit row index. right into Python.
Pandas in Action
Step-by-Step Breakdown

• Dict to DataFrame: Keys become column

headers ('Name', 'Age', 'Score'), and list
values populate the columns.
import as

# 1. Create a DataFrame from a dict • Indexing: Rows are automatically

'Name' 'Alice' 'Bob' 'Charlie'
assigned integer index IDs starting at 0.
'Age' 25 30 35
'Score' 88.5 92.0 95.5

DataFrame
• Expressive Filtering: df[df['Score'] > 90]

# 2. Filter rows conditionally

filters the table to return only records
'Score' 90
where Score exceeds 90 (Bob and Charlie).
NumPy vs. Pandas Comparison

Feature NumPy Pandas

Primary Object ndarray (N-dimensional array) DataFrame & Series

Data Types Homogeneous (single type per array) Heterogeneous (mixed column types)

Best Used For Linear algebra, matrix math, raw computations Tabular data analysis, CSV/SQL importing, cleaning

Indexing Integer-based positions arr[0, 1] Named columns & custom row labels df['Score']
Drill 1.11
Array Creation & Shapes
[Link] a 1D NumPy array with numbers from 10 to 49
(inclusive).
[Link] this array into a 5x8 matrix.
[Link] the array's shape, data type, and total number of
elements.
# Drill 1.11
arr = [Link](10, 50)
matrix = [Link](5, 8)
print("Shape:", [Link])
print("Dtype:", [Link])
print("Size:", [Link])
#Also try
print([Link][0])
print([Link][0])
Drill 1.12
Given the matrix:

import numpy as np
matrix = [Link]([ [5, 10, 15, 20], [25, 30, 35, 40], [45, 50,
55, 60]])

•Extract the element 35.

•Extract the second column ([10, 30, 50]).
•Extract the bottom-right 2x2 sub-matrix ([[35, 40], [55, 60]]).

# Drill 1.12
matrix = [Link]([ [5, 10, 15, 20], [25, 30, 35, 40], [45, 50, 55, 60] ])
print("Element 35:", matrix[1, 2])
print("Second column:", matrix[:, 1])
print("Bottom-right 2x2:\n", matrix[1:, 2:])
 Drill 1.13: Masking & Vectorization
[Link] an array of 20 random integers between 1 and 100 using
[Link]().
[Link] all values greater than 50 using a boolean mask.
[Link] all values less than or equal to 50 with -1.

# Drill 1.13
[Link](42)
# For reproducible output
data = [Link](1, 101, size=20)
print("Over 50:", data[data > 50])
data[data <= 50] = -1
print("Modified:", data)
# To convert array into numpy array
data=[Link](data)
 Basic File Handling

A step-by-step introduction to reading text files, writing data, and loading

multi-column files into Pandas DataFrames.

Common Access Modes:

Read Mode
Write Mode
Append Mode
Files
# Syntax:
file_object = open('[Link]', 'mode')

Mode – ‘r’, ‘w’, ‘a’

Other modes are also available.
Reading a File in Python
Key Reading Concepts
open(filename, 'r'): Opens file in Read
mode (`'r'`).

# Method 1: Using 'with' (Recommended)

with open '[Link]' 'r' as The with statement: Automatically
read
print closes the file when done, preventing
# Method 2: Reading line by line resource leaks.
with open '[Link]' 'r' as
for in
print strip

read(): Reads the entire file as a single

string.
for line in file: Iterates line-by-line, ideal
for memory efficiency on large files.
Writing & Appending to Files
Write Modes Explained

Write Mode ('w'): Creates a new file or

# Overwriting / Creating a new file

completely overwrites the existing file.
with open '[Link]' 'w' as
write "Hello, Python!\n" Append Mode ('a'): Adds new data to the end of
write "Writing line two."
the file without deleting existing text.
# Appending to an existing file
with open '[Link]' 'a' as
write "\nAdding a new line!" \n Character: Adds a new line break after your
text string.

Automatic Creation: Both 'w' and 'a' create

the file if it doesn't exist yet.
 Read a single column file
def read_single_column_file(filepath, has_header=True):
with open(filepath, 'r', newline='') as file:
reader = [Link](file)
if has_header:
header = next(reader)
# Skip header
data = [row[0] for row in reader]
return data

# Example usage: filepath = 'your_file.txt’

# Set has_header to True if file has a header, False otherwise
data = read_single_column_file(filepath, has_header=True)
print(data)
Loading CSV Files into DataFrames

Why Use Pandas for Files?

Handles Headers: Automatically treats
the first row as column titles (e.g., ID,
import as
Name, Grade).
# Load a multi-column CSV file
read_csv '[Link]'
Data Type Detection: Automatically
# Inspect the dataset
print head parses numbers, strings, and dates into
# Access specific columns correct formats.
'Name'
'Grade' Multi-Column Support: Easily manages
thousands of rows and columns with
minimal memory overhead.
Handy read_csv() Parameters

Parameter Example Usage Description

sep or delimiter pd.read_csv('[Link]', sep='\t') Specify custom separators like tabs (\t) or semicolons (;).

usecols pd.read_csv('[Link]', usecols=['Name', 'Age']) Load only specific columns to save memory.

header pd.read_csv('[Link]', header=None) Use when file has no column names (assigns 0, 1, 2...).

index_col pd.read_csv('[Link]', index_col='ID') Set a specific column as the DataFrame index.

Exporting DataFrames to Files

import as

# Sample DataFrame creation

'Name' 'Alice' 'Bob'

'Age' 21 22
'Major' 'CS' 'Math'

DataFrame

# Save back to a multi-column CSV

to_csv 'output_data.csv' False
Resources for further learning:

•NumPy official beginner guide

•GeeksforGeeks NumPy basics

Codecademy & W3Schools for hands-on tutorials