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The document discusses the setting of Zone-1, Zone-2, and Zone-3 in Distance Protection for transmission lines, emphasizing that these zones are not always precise and may not cover 100% of the line length due to various factors such as CT/PT inaccuracies and environmental variations. It highlights the importance of setting Zone-1 below 100% to prevent overreach and the necessity of Zone-2 to ensure complete line protection. Additionally, it contrasts the clear boundaries of differential protection with the ambiguities present in distance protection zones.

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Piyush Kumar
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2 views1 page

a

The document discusses the setting of Zone-1, Zone-2, and Zone-3 in Distance Protection for transmission lines, emphasizing that these zones are not always precise and may not cover 100% of the line length due to various factors such as CT/PT inaccuracies and environmental variations. It highlights the importance of setting Zone-1 below 100% to prevent overreach and the necessity of Zone-2 to ensure complete line protection. Additionally, it contrasts the clear boundaries of differential protection with the ambiguities present in distance protection zones.

Uploaded by

Piyush Kumar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DISTANCE PROTECTION:

03 July 2026 09:14

- How to set Zone-1, Zone-2 and Zone-3 in Distance Protection. All are in forward direction. Is the Distance protection going to cover 100% of the length if not
what might be the reason. If we couldn’t cover 100% what we should do to cover 100%?

- OC and EF relays do not have a clear zone whereas Differential has a clear boundary and distance is in between the both.

- If I have differential protection the zone is pretty clear, it is in between


two CTs.
- Any fault between these two CTs across this TL that is within the zone.
- Distance doesn’t have a well precise zone.

Calculated Parameters:
(At a given Temp & Freq)
10 Ohm 20 Ohm 30 Ohm 40 Ohm 50 Ohm 60 Ohm - Z = V / I, by means of measuring impedance it is measuring the length.
10Km 20Km 30Km 40Km 50Km 60Km - When measuring Voltage and Current what are the ambiguities which can
come
○ Inaccuracy in CT and PT ratios. ( Not 100% Ideal)
I ○ When we use FOCS optical sensor error can reduce.
○ Ambiguity about line parameters.
v R ○ Variation of line parameters with atmospheric conditions and
frequency.
○ I consist exponentially decaying DC component. (Overreach)
○ Transient response of Capacitive voltage Transformers.(Overreach)
○ If Zone 1 is set 100%, if there is fault in next section, it may trip.
○ 100% setting will definitely cause overreach. So we do not set 100%.
○ To cover the entire line we have to go to Zone 2. It is required in
Term Condition Effect Common Cause
order to provide primary protection to the remaining length.
○ Zone 2 has to cover 100% of line length. It includes busbar and some
Overreach Measured impedance Trips beyond DC offset, CT/PT
< Calculated impedance zone error part of next line.
Underreac Measured impedance > Misses faults Fault resistance,
○ In zone 2 if there is one short and one long line in the remote station
h Calculated impedance inside zone conservative then it is impractical to cover 100% of line.
settings - With Zone 1 set at 80%. It guarantees that if fault is at next section the relay
will not overreach.
Overreach - Too much action → exceeding boundaries.
Underreach - Too little action → not covering what’s required.

No clear boundary.
70% 95%
Meas. Value may
jump left or right of
actual value.

v R

Perfectly Definitely Non-


Operating Zone Operating Zone

Depends

TRANSMISSION LINE AND CABLE PROTECTION Page 1

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