DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS

SANGEETH.P.T
• Art of developing new ideas for the
construction of machines and expressing
these ideas in the form of plans and drawings
 FACTORS
• LOAD
• MECHANISM
• SELECTION OF MATERIALS
• MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
• DURABILITY AND RELIABILITY
• COST
• LIFE
• EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT
Design Stress
The designer considering all possible modes of failure and
the stress is allowable for designing a load carrying
member or elements without fail .
Working Stress
The actual stress induced in the machine element under
working or operation .
Factor Of Safety

Ductile material
Factor of safety is defined as the ratio of yield stress to
the design stress.
Brittle material
Factor of safety is defined as the ratio of ultimate stress
to the design stress.
 Fastener

“Fastener” is a general term for a piece of

hardware that mechanically joins two (or more)
components together

Permanent fastenings-creates a permanent joint

between two parts
Temporary fastenings-temporarily binding two
objects together.
Screw thread terms and definitions
1)Major diameter
It is the largest diameter of a screw thread. It is also
called outside or nominal diameter.
2)Minor diameter
It is the smallest diameter of a screw [Link] is also
called core or root diameter.
3)Pitch diameter
It is an imaginary diameter in between the major and
minor diameter. This is also called effective diameter.
4)Angle of thread
It is the angle included between the flanks of the
thread.(flank angle or thread angle)
5)Crest
It is the top surface joining the two sides of a thread
6)Root
It is the bottom surface joining the two sides of a
thread
7)Depth of thread
It is the distance between the crest and root of a
thread measured normal to the axis of screw
8)Pitch
It is the distance from one point on a screw thread to
corresponding point on the adjacent screw thread
measured parallel to the axis of the screw.
9)Lead
It is the distance moved by the threaded part parallel
to the screw axis in one complete turn.
 FORMS OF SCREW THREADS
1)British standard whitworth (BSW) thread
These are in the form of V-threads with an inclined angle between
the flank is 55° and the crests and roots are rounded.
2)British association (BA) thread
These are in the form of V threads have an included angle between
the flanks is 47.5°
3)American national standard thread
These are in the form of V threads have an included angle between
the flank is 60°
4)Unified standard thread
These are in the form of V threads have an included angle between
the flank is 60°
5)Square thread
The root of this threads are strong and it is of square shaped. Used in vice
spindle, lead screw, screw jack etc.

6)Acme thread
Modified form of screw thread .it is very much stronger than square thread
.The angle of thread is 29°

7)Buttress thread
Buttress are used for unidirectional power transmission.

8)Knuckle thread
It is an another modification of screw thread. The roots and crests of this
threads are semi circular
9)Metric thread

It is an Indian standard thread and is similar to B.S.W thread, except that the
angle of thread is 60° instead of 55°
Buttress thread
 Designation of Screw Thread

M14× 1.5 Pitch 1.5mm

Major Diameter 14mm

A metric ISO screw thread is designated by
the letter M followed by the value of the
nominal diameter D (the maximum thread
diameter) and the pitch P, both expressed in
millimeters and separated by the
multiplication sign, × (e.g. M14×1.5).
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Screwed Joints
Advantages
1: Screwed joints are highly relabel in service.
2: screwed joints are easy to assemble and disassemble.
3: A wide range of screwed joints is available to adopted under various
working conditions
4: Screws are relatively cheap.
5: Due to standardization, cheap manufacturing processes can be adopted.
6: Screws can be used to transmit power such as lead screw.
Disadvantages
1: The stress concentration in the threaded portions is variable under variable
conditions
2: he strength of the screwed joints is not comparable with welded or riveted
joints.
3: Screwed joints become loose due to machine vibrations.
WELDED JOINTS
Welding is defined as the process of joining two
similar or dissimilar metal parts, by melting both
materials ,with or without the application of
pressure.
 TYPES OF WELDED JOINTS

1)Butt weld
In butt weld the ends of the plates are shaped and
placed end to end.

2)Lap(fillet)weld
In lap welding the plates are overlapped so that
the edge of each plate is welded to the surface of
the other.
3)Corner joint
The corner joint is obtained by joining the edges of two plates
whose surfaces are right angle to each other.
4)Edge joint
The edge joint is obtained by joining two parallel plates as shown
in fig:
5)T-joint
T-joint is obtained by joining two plates whose surfaces are at
right angles to each other.
Welding Terms
1. The parent metal(Base metal):The metal to be joined by
welding
2. Weld Metal: Metal deposited in the weld zone
3. The face: The outer top surface of the deposited metal
4. The root: The bottom of the weld
5. The reinforcement: Excess metal above the surface of
base metal
6. Leg: The sides containing the right angles are called the
legs of the [Link] is the distance between root and the
toe
7. Toe: Point formed by the intersection of leg and face
8. Size: The minimum length of the leg of a weld.
9. Throat thickness: It is the perpendicular distance between
the corner and hypotenuse of the weld cross- section.(The
thickness of reinforcement is not included)
 Strength of axially
loaded symmetrical welded sections
• RIVETED JOINTS
Machine & Mechanism
 Mechanism
• The function of mechanism is to transmit and
modify motion
• Eg:Slider Crank Mechanism
 Machine
• It is a mechanism or combination of
mechanism.
• It transmits and modifies the available
mechanical energy into some kind of desired
work
 Kinematic link
It is defined as the part of machine which has a relative
motion with respect to some other part of same machine
is called Kinematic link or element.
• [Link] link- In this type of link there is no deformation
while transmitting the motion. Motion between the
piston and crank can be considered as a rigid link.
• [Link] link- In this type of link there is partial
deformation while transmitting the motion. Belt drive
is an example of flexible link.
• [Link] link- In this type of link the motion is
transmitted with the help of fluid pressure. Hydraulic
brake is an example of fluid link.
 Kinematic pair
• The two links or elements of a machine, when in
contact with each other, are said to form a pair.

• Kinematic Chain is the combination of the Kinematic

pairs.
• The Cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft,
Journal bearing in the casing. All together form the
Kinematic chain in the ic engine.
Where the Cylinder and the piston make the first
pair, piston and the connecting rod makes the
second Kinematic pair, Connecting rod and the
Crankshaft makes the third pair and finally, the
crankshaft and the journal bearing in the crank
casing makes the fourth pair.
• Classification of Pair is based on:
[Link] to the type of relative motion
between the elements.
1)Sliding Pair: The two elements have a sliding
motion relative to each other. Example: Piston
and cylinder ,a rectangular rod in a rectangular
hole
2)Turing Pair: When the two elements are
connected such that the element revolves about
the other element.
Example: Shaft rotates in the bearing rotation of
a crank in a slider crank mechanism.
3)Rolling pair: When one element is free to roll
on another element. Example: Ball and Roller
bearings
4)Screw Pair: In this type the contacting surface
is having threads. It is also called a helical pair
one element turns about another element by
means of thread only.
Example: A bolt and nut arrangement screw jack
for lifting heavy weights.
5)Spherical Pair: One element is in the form of
sphere and turns about the fixed element;
Example: ball and socket joint
II)According to the type of contact between the
elements
1)Lower Pair
2)Higher Pair
1)Lower Pair
When the two kinematic links are connected
such that they have a surface contact between
the two links it is called as lower pair.
 2)Higher Pair
When the two kinematic links are connected such
that they have a line or point contact between
the two links it is called as higher pair
III)According to the type of closure.
1)Self Closed Pair: In this pair, two elements are
held together mechanically
Example: All lower pairs
2)Force Closed Pair: The two elements are not
held together mechanically but are kept in
contact by the action of external forces.
Example: Cam and followers.
What is an Inversion of a Mechanism?
when we fix a Kinematic link in the
Kinematic chain will make a mechanism,
The Inversion of the mechanism is nothing
but obtaining more mechanisms by fixing
different Kinematic links in the kinematic
chain.
• Four Bar Chain
• Single Slider Crank Chain
• Double Slider Crank Chain