Programming using Python:

Variables in Python:

 Variable is like a container that stores data.

 In Python, you don’t need to declare its type

explicitly — it’s decided automatically when you
assign a value

Examples:

1.1 Assign and Print Variables

name = "Hasaan"
age = 21
weight = 82
print("My name is:",name)
My name is: Hasaan
print("My age is:",age)
My age is: 21
print("My weight is:",weight)
My weight is: 82

#1.2 Updating Variable Value

counter = 5
print("Initial Value:",counter)
Initial Value: 5
counter = counter + 5
print("Updated Value is:",counter)
Updated Value is: 10

#1.3 Multiple Variable Assigment

x , y , z = 5 , 10 , 15
print(x,y,z)
5 10 15

#1.4 Swapping Variables

a = 100
b = 200
a,b=b,a
print("The value of a after swapping is:",a)
The value of a after swapping is: 200
print("The value of b after swapping is:",b)
The value of b after swapping is: 100

#1.5 Using Variables in Calculations

lenght = 12
width = 8
area = lenght * width
print("The area of rectange is:",area)
The area of rectange is: 96

#1.6 String Concatenation

first_name = "Hasaan"
last_name = "Mansuri"
full_name = first_name + '' '' + last_name
full_name
'HasaanMansuri'

Data Types in Python:

 Data types in Python are a way to classify data

items.
 They represent the kind of value, which determines
what operations can be performed on that data.
 Since everything is an object in Python
programming, Python data types are classes and
variables are instances (objects) of these classes.
Practical:

#2.1 Numbers (int, float, complex)

name = "Hasaan"
print(type(name))
<class 'str'>
age = 21
print(type(age))
<class 'int'>
pi = 3.14
print(type(float))
<class 'type'>
z = 2 + 3j
print(type(z))
<class 'complex'>

#2.2 String

name = "Hasaan"
print([Link]())
HASAAN
print([Link]())
hasaan
print([Link]())
Hasaan
print([Link]("Hasaan","Nabil"))
Nabil
print([Link]())
['Hasaan']
word = ["python","is","fun"]
print(" ".join(word))
python is fun
print([Link]("Hasaan"))
0
print([Link]("Nabil"))
-1
print([Link]("l"))
0
print(len(name))
6
print("python".capitalize())
Python
#[Link]
#3.1 List Example

fruits = ["apple","banana","orange"]
fruits
['apple', 'banana', 'orange']
print(type(fruits))
<class 'list'>
[Link]("mango")
print(fruits[1])
banana

#[Link]

coordinates = (10,20)
coordinates
(10, 20)
print(type(coordinates))
<class 'tuple'>
print(coordinates[0])
10
print(coordinates[1])
20

#[Link]

unique_numbers = {1,2,3,4}
unique_numbers
{1, 2, 3, 4}
print(type(unique_numbers))
<class 'set'>
unique_numbers.add(5)
unique_numbers
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

#[Link]
student = {"name": "Hasaan" , "age": "21" , "marks":
"80" }
student
{'name': 'Hasaan', 'age': '21', 'marks': '80'}
print(type(student))
<class 'dict'>
print(student["name"])
Hasaan
student["marks"] = 90
student
{'name': 'Hasaan', 'age': '21', 'marks': 90}
#[Link]
is_active = True
print(type(is_active))
<class 'bool'>
print(5 > 3)
True

Operators in Python:

 Operators are used to perform operations on

variables and values.
 They are used to evaluate different types of
expressions and to manipulate the values of
operands or variables by performing different
operations on them.

Different Types of Operators:

(1) Arithmetic Operators

(2) Comparison Operators
(3) Assignment Operators
(4) Logical Operators
(5) Bitwise Operators

#Operators in Python
#[Link] Operator
a = 20
b = 10
print(a+b)
30
print(a-b)
10
print(a*b)
200
print(a//b)
2
print(a%b)
0
print(a**b)
10240000000000
#[Link] Operator
print(a==b)
False
print(a!=b)
True
print(a>b)
True
print(a<b)
False
print(a>=b)
True
print(a<=b)
False
#[Link] Operator
x=2
x
2
x += 1
x
3
x -= 1
x
2
#[Link] Operator
x=2
y=4
z=4
x is y
False
y is z
True
z is x
False
#[Link] Operator
a = 10
b=4
print("a & b =" , a&b)
a&b=0
>>> print("a | b =" , a | b )
a | b = 14
print("a | b =" , a | b )
a | b = 14
print("a ^ b =" , a ^ b)
a ^ b = 14
print("~a=",~a)
~a= -11

Decision Making Statements in Python:

 Decision making statements in Python primarily

use conditional statements to execute different
blocks of code based on whether a condition is true
or false.
 The main decision-making statements in Python
are if, if...else, if...elif...else, and
nested if statements.

Practical:

#[Link] statement
#Example 1: Check positive number
number = int(input("Enter number: "))
Enter number: 5
if number > 0:
print("Positive Number")

Positive Number
#Example 2: Eligiblity for voting
age = int(input("Enter age: "))
Enter age: 18
if age >= 18:
print("Eligible to vote")

Eligible to vote
#Example 3: Check if number is divisible by 5 or not
x = int(input("Enter value of x: "))
Enter value of x: 5
if x % 5 == 0:
print("Number is divisible by 5")
#[Link]-else statement
#Example 1: Check if number is odd or even
number = int(input("Enter number: "))
Enter number: 3
if number % 2 == 0:
 print("Even Number")
else:
print("Odd Number")

Odd Number
#Example 2: Check if student is pass or fail
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
Enter marks: 78
if marks >= 35:
print("Pass")
else:
print("Fail")

Pass
#Example 3: Check login
username = input("Enter username: ")
Enter username: hasaan
password = input("Enter password: ")
Enter password: 123@itims
if username == "hasaan" and password ==
"123@itims":
print("Login Succeded")
else:
 print("Login Failed")

Login Succeded
#Example 4: Tempreature Check
tempreature = int(input("Enter tempreature: "))
Enter tempreature: 35
if tempreature >= 30:
print("Hot Day")
else:
print("Cold Day")

Hot Day

#[Link]-elif-else statement
#Example 1: Check if number is positive , negative or
zero
number = int(input("Enter number: "))
Enter number: 4
if number > 0:
print("Positive Number")
elif number < 0:
print("Negative Number")
else:
 print("Zero")

Positive Number
#Example 2: Grading System
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
Enter marks: 85
if marks >= 90:
print("Grade A+")
elif marks >= 80:
print("Grade A")
elif marks >= 70:
print("Grade B")
elif marks >= 60:
print("Grade C")
elif marks >= 50:
print("Grade D")
else:
print("Fail")

Grade A

#Example 3: Check if the day is weekend or weekday

day = 3
if day == 1:
print("Monday")
elif day == 2:
print("Tuesday")
elif day == 3:
print("Wednesday")
else:
print("Other day")

Wednesday

#[Link]-if else
#Example 1: Check age and gender
age = int(input("Enter age: "))
Enter age: 21
gender = input("Enter gender: ")
Enter gender: Male
if age >= 18:
if gender == "Male":
print("Adult Male")
else:
print("Adult Female")
else:
 print("Minor")

Adult Male
#Example 2: Exam eligibility
attendance = int(input("Enter attendence: "))
Enter attendence: 75
marks = int(input("Enter marks: "))
Enter marks: 40
if attendance >= 75:
if marks >= 50:
print("Eligible for exam")
else:
print("Not enough marks")
else:
print("Attendance too low")

Not enough marks

Loops in Python:

 A sequence of statements are executed until some

condition for termination of the loop are satisfied is
called looping.
 Loop Statements allow us to execute single
statement or multiple statements and it’s is the
 general form of looping in most programming
languages.
 Loops can execute a block of code number of times
until a certain condition is met. Their usage is fairly
common in programming.
 There are two types of loops in python: while loop
and for loop.

While Loop:

 While Loop is used to execute a block of

statements repeatedly until a given condition is
satisfied.
 When the condition becomes false, the line
immediately after the loop in the program is
executed.

Syntax:
while expression:
Statement(s)

For Loops:

The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a

sequence (list, tuple, string) or other iterable objects.
Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.
Syntax:
for val in sequence:

Body of for

#Loops in Python
#While Loop
#Example 1: Print Numbers 1 to 10
number = int(input("Enter number: "))
Enter number: 1
while(number<=10):
print(number)
number = number + 1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
#Example 2: To print python program 10 times
number = int(input("Enter number: "))
Enter number: 1
while(number<=10):
print("Python Program")
number = number + 1

Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
Python Program
#Example 3: Program to add natural numbers up to n.
n = int(input("Enter n: "))
Enter n: 5
sum = 0
i=1
while(i<=n):
sum = sum + i
i=i+1

print("The sum is:",sum)

The sum is: 15

#1.4 Multiplication table using while loop

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
Enter a number: 3
sum = 0
i=1
while(i<=10):
print(f"{num} x {i} = {num * i}")
i=i+1

3x1=3
3x2=6
3x3=9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
3 x 10 = 30
#1.5 To reverse a number
'
num = 1234
rev = 0
while(num>0):
rev = rev * 10 + num % 10
num //= 10

print("The num is:",rev)

The num is: 4321

#[Link] loop
#Example 2.1
fruits = ["apple","banana","orange"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)

apple
banana
orange
#Example 2.2
for x in "orange":
print(x)

o
r
a
n
g
e
#Example 2.3
fruits = ["apple","orange","banana"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "orange":
break

apple
orange

#Example 2.4
fruits = ["apple","orange","banana"]
for x in fruits:
 print(x)
if x == "orange":
continue

apple
orange
banana
#Example 2.5
for x in range(6):
print(x)

0
1
2
3
4
5
#Example 2.6
for x in range(2,6):
print(x)

2
3
4
5

#Example 2.7
adj = ["red","orange","blue"]
... fruits = ["apple","orange","mango"]
... for x in adj:
... for y in fruits:
... print(x,y)

red apple
red orange
red mango
orange apple
orange orange
orange mango
blue apple
blue orange
blue mango

Functions in Python:

Functions in Python:
  A function is a block of code that performs a specific task.
 Functions help break our program into smaller and modular chunks.
 As our program grows larger and larger, functions make it more organized
and manageable.
 It avoids repetition and makes code reusable.

Defining a Function:

 We can define function using def keyword

 A function might take input in the form of
parameters.

Syntax to declare function is:

def fun():
print("Welcome to GFG")

Calling Functions:
Once we have defined a function, we can call it from
another function, program or even the Python prompt.
To call a function we simply type the function name
with appropriate parameters.

>>> greet(‘Raj’)
Hello, Raj. Good morning!

#Functions in Python
#Example 1: Simple Function
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Hasaan")
Hello, Hasaan!
greet("Jethalal")
Hello, Jethalal!
#Example 2: Function with return value
def add(a,b):
return a+b

result = add(5,15)
print(result)
20
#Example 3: Default Parameters
def power(base,exponent=2):
return base ** exponent

print(power(5))
25
>>> print(power(5,3))
125
>>> #Example 4: Multiple Returns
>>> def divide(a, b):
... if b == 0:
... return "Error: Division by zero"
... return a / b
...
>>> print(divide(5,10))
0.5
>>> print(divide(10,0))
Error: Division by zero
>>> #Example 5: Lambda (Anonymous Function)
>>> square = lambda x: x * x
>>> print(square(6))
36