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The document discusses the properties and structures of crystalline and polycrystalline semiconductors, including their electrical characteristics and the effects of temperature and impurities on conductivity. It covers concepts such as Miller indices, energy bands, and the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Additionally, it outlines methods for manipulating semiconductor properties through doping and temperature adjustments.

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23. Sentamil Iniyan C
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3 views50 pages

SSD notes

The document discusses the properties and structures of crystalline and polycrystalline semiconductors, including their electrical characteristics and the effects of temperature and impurities on conductivity. It covers concepts such as Miller indices, energy bands, and the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Additionally, it outlines methods for manipulating semiconductor properties through doping and temperature adjustments.

Uploaded by

23. Sentamil Iniyan C
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Dp Dnteeaten CORcuiTs Crystalline ( on arranyed’) ie ee Solid State Poly - crystal Arnor pros (No Fey Or ont) KModenal Sra wade xf defor Sayre Ceca e Shug ve oe ao cotain type: By changing the guangimurt we can rang® alrotricol Lagi ; Tr o crypt Aw, corrangenu ef oxome ee a A rruchre Colle Loko atru: < oas ee about property of crystal ine semi. cerousctor material, the. araollut Peet ete mae cour =, ene ed. cneutta,| des, (Bose) “7 Began! ane qnewn en oupstnls Mave & Yopuldy 1 ouystal atyucture . > pn tha wah , 1¢ (Drteg rated dreuits) ts fabri > when wafers au AMited from thu Crystal | direction Us Umporteunk in gleotrenic proopuntiy, oy the jose (urakt) called eientaton . Y © Direction ef at areutd change, itt yrreyurtien . | [A A 2) sypare brackets wd Peptavatert [Trivalenk eerunt deen also nave X [Link] Preputy x oe. of tottice - (A & 4) = i ae zZ. tiie ” 3 wo P = Hotes The ane the MILLER INDICES givectin| plawe - Milley Dndics > FOR 2P oO ° oO ° | Resin vector Yano +2 a \ gfe | R408 - orgies Mulr Drdiug 1 FoR 2D fortion vedor } v= na nb : | Anse os Milley Drdius of the plane * Step > 2 —_— Note Lattice wematent of Sco mm Sagas | Toul no’ fh atoms = At 4 Rete A a aga One Ee ah Peoreevies Or Siricon + > St ws a Aemeonduclr, > Pyh aviativity in Keon Hemputature. Cire on) +> Dt haw cenduction es tela - => Rerdtivity lemcuetvity can be changech * Drevearing temputaturr . “fOr Some —tong * Adding sinpucuty - Cvduck vitg F Applytng electric ful | yaciation Tse - i oe rh pene * e-va0kitHen . | eh 4 niche Tit plete = TO v “ The outermart chill , B c N | 1 P | fe As. At reem temp + oo, pe BM (Code ate 2a + ° ei AAALAC » : ores te 8; ‘ demprtadane Sis oat = “Sc. 28 4. SE. Rw: trating, bend \nea! a Bi = j - & “BAND MODEL © AN A = tenduchenm band CHA nr :) Forbidden | ene "td aor , —7? Vatnu band * — PNG) he Bae Beha cite 2° | +0" “lower egy Larveh . fencts to go ty gh hd eiutgd eel a st applies when SE Uk un reo temperature when we noe the derptoture, Ape tonolencirs changes Un orrdln do tnevtase conductivity . Genrtation 4 Recemleimation > Gensotion “wore afaclren galas enunggy vant ccc je Me cconduction Ind for conduction ee pase fo He yeteneg bord” ae pe api - patel ‘ob eae genmrativn F peembination ype BASED UW IMPURITY ADDED + aa (N- tyue) @ EXTRINSIVE SEM ‘CONDUCTOR + => Trqutty aAnwst be penta valent Eq Bb, P ste. => tune change eonns are sugecticly chases. tas) 2, ts 1 Se, ap # valence €° hae ost ahah: Ae thot © acts 08 wn, f Charge corrin . oy.” t @ INTRVISWE SEM1 conpuctoe + (P- Type) — TDrpuaruty wmust Le trivalent - £9* 6, AL 2te.; ; > tee change cavurs or petit vdy charged - re pels ware fay oon herge Umductor > Wistry Fass. Seri: Typ of; beynwta — kred em change T de SEmcow DUCTO > . clectent Sen tt ‘ . n am “he Elemual semicorductor — >» Ge, ph eavestth C Aerie artsy —— > Gals ,2nSe te Nate} Electron change, GEO 16 C Rowminniny oh fue pact, Eo = 8.884 x15% Elon, Bokkzmanm cumsionk Ko = Q-62 xo ev ke. Beeeee FH aw il ovis; Sinn + 28 2 oa Pees io Pac aS "No Se veg i salts Aengy-rauge eg = Oded in Aeypmuts (pebyousstallin) Ernie porch UU oranged EGxystotins) | > Nowadays ene AeNicis employ Crestline ss The purioclicitiy uw a wougstod 4s ified an trum 4 Dies it eile Aotizin We Oat mh 4 ‘ 4 (ube becbhices + pdattin dr the querubucal suprusurtetion OF artangommt of atdms » X On erdnly, BD wrrey of pond jn Apa: Ad oter7rs ore sparked into the dab, de 26% af thud adnangumints ‘fou aia odsest, AO rnightring atoms ui be eudeeioel h SN TE a OE ca Brag Bed ban jaar eo Se OP w. ww =hloseT * Pe ee a seieraa aire er paeh ee ie sewn. tee, abebesiete, ATS bey positive charged machi 4 electven cloud of eta quills alist bw ‘mighbouriyy attm+ i pout um aa lathe - yea te Gabter “d=lattice pavamseey , y > atomic yadkivs fiom are ot Corn, (oar) ap eccy — Diagendt olka _ S ee (ee nowt dutane in tou dr pile Ma galag 9-4 PCC el ge we a > Wet an Yum om CNY Hels the h Strucere. prin ia! He aurace to os aa Oust, pilekin-. Airections, called Puntalion ‘on, . || Menkation iy 7% Ouintation of Slidew toogiel dil *Pbccnenipall — Maveed unig Mutog INDICES, | MULLER INOICEs = TO GET DIRECTION: AND plan or ce4srtac: ant Cortada , PROLE DURE > Ry sabyma geet? putmane 5 stn fu fen Srp ot Tate rediprocals of tne dintorarls Rte 2 Clear rock out [rte ’ "7 Stepat Onctore ith parent jroprees ¥ ees oF MULLER —> pu parallel ad ’ ntouedion ant sie —> Plan Yr on = _ ‘ ee, Suis prowe ane o [24 ayer [t >! —» Heo pillar un dey” He, ponadus 4 eee en aed pawall ea Fs play ef ets ma Stepas Mutiny by con (h K2) plone jy Ae [hea] tise tin tho forty f sas Jordy Ff aapervatunt ater Divide by Uwt treurslatton + Speer Vecipresh kd 4 uw nb bo i aPrtoU Vectors an sums of; trey, Kloet thu tite mt Yaa Specific died? [gt 22S (hike t) WieT, eso wor"p + tyr. ann’ 1% Gp “gr + Soe i a 2 r ’ e , W hnraw* OM fn of | OF pee \*/ iia aE cayital Yow KS, 2" plounctand sled - x Cre as silica ¢siods a x Novr oceurs dn fue eur Sto we wittten ain dune emer, Si pom its wompounds and paprtyarg | fhe parted motatol . pn fie suaat S102. with C. (doum of tate) An one ume gt veg digh kompuradune (el8 occ) ain guduce | Si02 Xv os Siand 200 - Sits th ey amp form: (Mas) Metallurgical qrade Sx used Aor nating, bran lem Beeb. , MAS ——» ES (Eleckrouies oyrade s) (py raehor tate Het) Frichlerestlans contuis chilis af Imyurtin Wee Ag deaaad bry factional oirtillecson guia SO Aepuna ting P wr to YO 3 ee mot eNioy My de ncconany to Reve ® ated ape sag tole a template fer growth . 7 xWe mult EGS in quartz - tuted graphite Auoting lig ty melting point ob 81 (l4r"cy ae ae aand Gryetet ws sowed girto Pro hea dad tour Ja rovied Mowly, oltowing Crystel © opp ots tu reed. 4 KK Otys tel ub rotted Hour Oo dk lows to ag Mi the melt ancl te -wrage uk thy L \ eli, Tae INBOMOS MENUS SOLIDIECATION * Dr Aalertcatin wt TC, > el YA CCoMorical ty oe Veuy lorge sintunten, | So thet Ichip com pe Mace Pulls Oyster 4 Sed Greuty Crucible “ Newr 8) wahurrs au sound along He sqed be minimize the lubetidend of wchuryung ssofery durung yousemnny 7 > Finally, woe sundrigo Cuemian.- mecHANicnt , palishung wong a Madny af wing fire , S}0, Hanbidles © in Joie NaOH Bs)? degre spovd ruafar 1% aeles ithe purer Ake paiuiyh. Wofus or suacky hor 1¢ 4olrucako) DOPINh + Ada tut bulion cnunss (Ka = GI Kas = til Ce duels ienpuarits nGulritioy yuo bd 4. Aad dung cups groullh - Thu centres coneunhalum in ginal ugtl « owe Aten’ befeu, thr ae umearitien 179 BOS, (Covroun f are added iatontionelly te change ide © yvuywities . i ake = diatyibabor voeppiasnt: LAKIN of cmemntrah on ag umpnly ur Wid Cs bo concentrotion HF Mopad (x ot epilirum. Sige 4 As (haz e-3) acd to lg Siw C20 chyba oe hr [o'X om? dopy: paomec mass = 7A-4 a= Gh Ce eerie Bars, e* aa ees sata wt4 Patan fs may be rugptected 4ev Saal ae vi pus “tooo [ (maw ethos Pa eS ao Fei ae = goa. Due Nog As aie eee = iaamo ot <4 ey rywewieas. ; c Oe nm Ny *, em” st Liquid , Nevot atm = C, AVelume . Coeutate Vole deny i Be ie ty Sj octtmy, dative umtont ts Soya Cotectate ee a No. of atoms uy (109) Plame 4 AM fom, Va om dace. Gack wre ate is Comr xn, 4 Ahoud PARA UA tit, A = os 3 = 7; No. ami ae Gans fete, 4 ey =(S 4g Xtets)— a F324. 8a xy ols 7 ee ; 2 ay smh ey eee ees cnicey [4834 (em Jaa j (6 a3 xice\e % 8 & Find 4rackon Ban RNS Ba xd ade Be hs Voie akon. ARAM S ’ ~ Le? . an = Ae A FS . Qary = pGx*- pes km 2 @ SLE. oF (bN2 43 30 © +f ENERGY BAND Ano tmmRme cperien IN THE SEMICONDUCTORS - DAS +4, Da trottes da torn” ph energy Lond wn BOCA oA ares arr frrought cher tog ett. cry tod Sy When akon, wore fan apart | Bleekror OCteupy youre | weil difarsol sungy bc |nbenororme ng RE ilason titel tepin % owlep » comung rng tts im apt wie Lange! MS ae 4 | 0 ne new (902) & f= 142 mA a el (Dinmerd)) ae tetz en SO a2 O-bLY, Thermal inte oe tory - wtp perm, LeveL F . eee Ekcroms un Wolds $ a ht sole thot dutibdlin we gar , | Jromge aff allowsed Equation | 4(€) = (e-6e)]e1 ~ I+ e a / ks B42KI9 ev/y F3Bx o7> Jy, TH ts prretadrtity Hak cam ovmilalte snags mh he Oterpurd dy am stidum at atrotus, Aovpwotwu, T, Ee —> Femi Levet} - Dnprrtamt gy een SeSEAVE — LewhusroduuwWY ehanisy. When Eng > Enigy of Fem Led (ep) (Ec-€e) + | HED = (1, easy es (14 &) So aw Hiraphited Leprerendection + DENSITY DF BTATES + An wregy band yor a collection ot ducute srry | Wigies, ON Apanbum muchanie tems, each state und unin gor rein a wnique apn (up [down $ wor 2quation - No. of Stake 4 Yall rong. of anergy 07 Condeaction Yeama Dele) Mines A eee SE x Velume _ 8 mn J 21M (e-) Q Ce) = “il ¢ i [ez e) pyle) = emplame(epe = we Epraphica Reyrusentetion: = ’ w (%) = Ee ae D Ev " popecanve M+ st) Sa Pleybanenaun vugted | annie MEM’, fu, f wajenel yrtonok uith peuicdic frotnbal Af fal, hee -98 Hows Br. al My Pr akectron nil pity, tlle it ie DO warns difwant rom fee sleebon of Mae m. Effective mam ef Camu UY much Jorge. Rp ae oleket] Vth la Se mel gee “PERM LeYek Smal (mor ht . i ae Mp = : x DIRECT PND IND ECT ee os SEMUWNDUCTO + cm m Concentration of charge canuins, No 4 Po ~(Gc- Ge) + hehe ms Ae Ne Em, “Tha 2 umd dvunal equilibrium tenditin, Pho ny epi wu ergprrener at the Chita Carus Apecigicadey % “Latinas AennaLondukc toy” ee ; - (ee- Cet) ~(éri -€V) w= Ne ur 4 ReNve eN- fe een Bein ~ ali nip = Ne Nv e n tone ef, obec Br intrinsic Semivencurtor, [7% =P] seat om con n= NeNy & af oe - (Ge ee) i ~—C&e -EN) ' ea ai x a el ae: tS mm . | wlan cone” at demon ia 10 (com? . Fain were” Of tre Aol . 2 We kwow) thot NOTE Né (SeD.= 1H xLO hat Ne (ae) = 9-4 X10" Sine YioPo 2 7” o!t Po= (use px -(e-€) -(%- Ex) oz Ne & «e viteeeNidten wee Ee -bec Pos mie a) Ec - Ee Por pi eer ® Fate ere) er-EF [since mi =Pe pam em ® LOCATION OF FERME ENERGY levee FoR. NURINSION sta . pieces en!) (Gn -=) me Ne “ET e p> we WekeeT me =P : ~ (€e-€A') es) Ne _(& Pee ec yf eG anbR -bv = kT tn( te’) epee = |Eniaband} + MET gn( MY Fem a we com doy at, prargy i invingic ditomduactor Bes Aton ddeperds om Nv £ Ne vg deyends om effective massa rin 4 tig. Ny = 2) 20 cay “ [ast P ¢ Nee aa A } me > (ty Tee = TY at fs ee os Me ee poten nn pinky =e Eregy Be HEE tun rity > hy => Enngy cme ra ward tran & Tepaerione DEPENDENIE oN cHaeme CARFIEFS can, temcustrabion win pemiorn ducts has ale enpersetiod upumey 0 dermpanalinn , te as “Aemperoluke indies” ee va gsonis 08 serpin incite = prngy Areas mice volt P ' ee OK There, st 200 an Tei of Myhl aa i eke can cue ak Alpen ten ft AND = MOBILITY + CONDUCTIVITY Mobi ty» tw Mik eee ey | “penniicon dasekor 4 Wher appleed on eden fuld ,, _—— | Nolévona ple Mews _ eealnats ot, ae Va. pag wea st acho pom ae een) ee "Ja DRIET. VELOCITY |» ¥ oC Bh ater ee i 9 mo Me 5 teponds om 0) Terpuratuu = yee 0° Matual ot 100) Motion ef & on hot ci a cendued vity : G, 5 ' 2 babel = 0 i u al ofs- gh oot ly CZ Total conde i ty sb OS Ont op e e \e= NE fin + Pepe| DRIFT AND REstsTANCE ‘ AL PEs = \ tomer = = —bho = es Reser’ A = wb. we a prize => Hole mows sn dives” fh Glectvic field and e@ iw symone dunetion Be Feld Garret po ge <— Blechou- may @r aici that win nel teu w corres panel y wie thot feowe Jn %20 © om reads tenstamb - roles da aptees of = t vampuinted tego ate apy ear Sum sO. To mute SPACE cHARgE NEUTRALITY Sop 1) | = ae Pi Know that + ‘ heal x. OS ea “pe ee a Ep Ege wet (ie) (0: yr) aq - & pine Sar > Ee - c= CMG (Fy POE terwditid vil Temrenetore erect on conc’ of CARRIERS | Every GOA Ot ini , (eouivas of, 2 ; “TRAS Poet Prot if eer sins re 0 Drift (Gewrtefied) 1 - @ Diffosion gi Mey Ee tet FATS ta tik: REPELS oF Hehe pantie all ) OF TEMPERATURE AND DOPING on) MOBILITY: Va Cote oo < Lattice Scattering + TDrcvearer with ohare > Depsrg amd Tenpurebure Unoire —oppannte tbfeet ore mobi Vy Effet Pius Corvtus drut vt He" yi {92 and gua us Jeet Drang, Seatouy +, => Ar dow temuperotts, oud oe WH Huascertio (lore utd - Btfect s Reduces mobility oF [wat "| = y ——_——! vanniny omer Aeath lab the lenge ae ino erect ON MOBILITY F Ectteck » D cotmeaws yao) ly ates, -- Unc was ( Wighew er) sy seatteay soins ( adil) 3 4 ; RS) = (ompinen EFFECT wD lo meno rs Gatetote adult cnrent For Gots. i Ee lov } pre gs000r/w! Lp > Aoour/vs Gh 200K | ep - (b Ww | Nn =O n aot : , a 10 SP rea [Link]® oe i > ee = gap nto + ae Pasta © af 8 to et enexid othe) lo. LATTICE SCATTERING + = i Gal Barmedion jnvneas ab nornlcey My -ccetays &% é i p a eT ‘a nen lattice Vilrate, © also Vi bvates Ite verry. SCOTTERING: ¢ Suthep ool Tgp Mo hality ax 32, a ee 5 k &, feet Bs pratecsaains anveazo, imebisty ale Gavia ral mobility * Segoe awl, ee gieartyty re i ; . . pou I i Gira CIA rhs be istic, ooo < Rives fy? Lite risp i } fi wHALL EFFECT + 4 p- ptvi aaae | = : 2B (Magni ie Tt) eee : S ep —— Vv Meas wre 44, Jou pick rhage LOR 1 NOV aH ca emattial und indtuence ve veh elect pits and J amagntic itd XG) = (G2 (va? (Be. ( Force) gees fd Gy = Vg Bz. Nay => Harvokage Ey =VRz We w hon Sy 2 YPN: 5, ea we Se Hm ae Ey ae Be \ a en ae FF ee = (Sx )( Rn) (B=) (ae \ cer PVea Nofet (Application Holi effect) 4 Ny a ve For ptype Auniunolactor , For vi hype uniesroluctor, Vv We Wenow ‘hak \e=x was Na a =(se) (+) (>) (2)(g) War ' (Px) ¢ 82) 23 ge Pe OM), reais bede know that, Jy 2 ry Mp x) J Dm es P4 Mb en ->® Substituty 0 un, \e=e wen Dee DRIED 1g sp oe @ . an one. l } AC he a =~” . rah [Movi tity < : ; DIFFUSION : For Jae i | Ye, oF DE “=S For whetrons .§ a vA . Ta = gine 4 4 Dn Me | ‘ malority charge comrvens| Tp = Py Ure 4Dp FE ] Fe Tm +p | dun to hole shasruons B pssmm = ow M, b ; Po = Io was I yiaLCOIeS Dz \mA Ee lOMM vy =e ~2mv. > we ol re Vas ct : SS cerniceonddo He u nega: ve , NE 4 ie \ poe Gn rt Be = pr(perles) ns te 3 Gk [isk 9 3 Pe (pays 18 7s foonte ° besa NAEIE s — ‘3 ee = pe Een KID goa a —S5 o= neva Ey = Vn B= - -@ pct i t, ve (P-type? _ 7 pcre (ened Yall coeyfiwiat in found +26 Hall Voltage ; Vi = E,(—> Fridenest | SD) Vn = &xdxn BL ———> @ ee Da a Ry BE a wt Vy = Ru Tx BF oF Ny = Ry Tx b ee Va w ie Tx 8 Ppplication of Hall pect , a & ws 1000 mAs @ Book = Be? (8) Oy kee = (26x? J(19ee) (104) ol Foun? = 2.6 mV & Ds ae ody, 3 daboernaine ft aupy ot ay? =~ aU -3 a me 28-26 xiv 0.824 Generation and Retcm b’inahm > —<— —— ; 2 G i aid Art thotmal oq ucilrturin covaution go fir) Due to Vilbraton, - Kote of geno on =) Pate ot ree termbi nati pr, o& abet /hole oh electven/hole Pt nen tuxmal eqysistinvivm / optical lui nateel totes to VilbYottows , ae ot SHO conotition tn dul. . Level” (option | ound nat 07) dom qretl dn eqn ( ) equiliisriwm umd” Eqibren f. Nol = An <=W cc Concus Wier) Van oeqpclthsr van torr 2 qh alos be pie od Ware” me ond Po as -qemmation and vreterrloinat yn. yoke ane mot equal Therrtore a Lor of Mas -ailien Haus 49 - Hwumal payplrunn orden 4 SOIWANOIIMS2. 35” a é a Notas) So ncdd auyS2 bad yh } oR Rote ae —_ “6 ae To po — n(t) (p(t)? Ww Vw Feoem bj not v1 ak % ww Lb Free RU FOAALEUAS equaliivm — cuypsrew Mk) = no + 8c) p(t) = P+ Whur feo] Spt) = an 4 Bp (t) = Ap & ee > oy] nop- nce) ae = ay) Noe - [hes gyte] [Po Spt) | i = Ky [nt - [of + MoGpl4). PoSy (4) Srl) Ste] ale alter) oe [- fia + fon + Snlt) 8, (3) Es % [fre Bpl)) + ps Sic oe 0] |S e Sn | pp # avy Vpaantes rate of geunaton aud woke Baer etn Are same TN Jee CASE OF ‘DIRECT cE MICONDUCTEE (Rand 40 Pand Somideenctucte) ahh, [= (mae i 4B, vonyiduuing sabi Yr a hiaitht aul Sine te Ja 1 tai dna —. en ay oy netepe crects | puved doping A HED, AP= AP fe) oP) 2 ASH) | [te SpCt) oo a iN. 0 P it a t 4 \ R We Know that, Pr » = at = 9 LS> = Tasen -e] fey Per wit Volteme a\vwide ee by eas a Qobky Pr unit aver, is age oan ano jee a 1 Lin [%- nee ee ct >° oe | = OS. a ae z ere “Res continu ty 2apration i Sinilarly , (2 An(,t) ees rs Tis ) ae a | S| 3 nt) = Not Sy lt Rls Been oe a a inC mae abs) He fat, eo Hg, yo, SE-B Ht ve aS =o Hp 2 aldo e) | Me Ak (€) «Up. e ae ge se Dp ae eR, Mp dP - de ° mE es D a oie ae AP (xe) Dp a at ar. La At steady Stak, pluck)” > oe +0 Y B dD, ar + ee | We know thot es ee: ina II) bead, Zt, & ; Eee ig) a {pllse] = fe iE dp ( oP a) fr ¥ ve AANn- Ved = gn(e) ~4e ("? 1 ee (ry ~ tee 0 woe oy : 15198 =( ia. K ( aT ae ee = a fn [= e 0) oi Zz aa —. BM eo Er-Bn) eat OP NS0= INo = : 9 KT tne eg een : Bs) (Wegative) Wb ARp Shu X 5 Electyic tld NS Now Broph ot EO Ke 9 WwW é go Cami) et ides, yi ahd 4 0 Lh SUN ——— = LRA Oo ae g ( pouwdsvity) = aha) OL Be Me ny; O<7L Mp (Store we) ~xp UE ae) From aids | (Na) (%n) = (Na) (2p) We Know that , E- ~dv an q = edn. -%p

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