1.
Introduction
Mục đích
Paraphrase đề.
Không nêu số liệu.
Không giải thích chi tiết.
Cấu trúc
The diagram illustrates/shows/describes how + S + is/are + V3.
Ví dụ
The diagram illustrates how recycled paper is produced.
The diagram shows the process of manufacturing bricks.
The diagram describes how coffee is produced.
2. Overview
Mục đích
Tóm tắt:
Quy trình có bao nhiêu giai đoạn.
Bắt đầu từ đâu.
Kết thúc ở đâu.
Có phải quy trình tuyến tính (linear) hay tuần hoàn (cyclical).
Cấu trúc 1 (Linear process)
Overall, the process consists of X main stages, beginning with... and ending with...
Ví dụ
Overall, the process consists of eight stages, beginning with collecting waste paper and ending
with the production of recycled paper.
Cấu trúc 2 (Cyclical process)
Overall, it is a cyclical process in which the final stage leads back to the first stage.
Cấu trúc 3
Overall, there are several stages involved in the process.
3. Details Paragraph 1
Mô tả nửa đầu quy trình
Thông thường:
Stage 1 → Stage 4
Ví dụ
Initially,
First,
At the first stage,
The process begins with...
Cấu trúc
The process begins with...
↓
Next,
↓
After that,
↓
Subsequently,
↓
Then,
↓
Following this,
4. Details Paragraph 2
Mô tả nửa sau
Stage 5 → Final stage
Dùng các từ nối:
Afterwards
Subsequently
In the following stage
Once...
Finally
Eventually
Từ nối cực quan trọng
Bắt đầu
Initially
At the beginning
The first stage involves...
The process starts with...
Tiếp theo
Next
Then
After that
Subsequently
Following this
In the next stage
Đồng thời
Meanwhile
At the same time
Điều kiện
Once...
After...
Before...
When...
Ví dụ
Once the mixture has been heated, it is poured into moulds.
Kết thúc
Finally
Eventually
In the final stage
Ngữ pháp cần dùng
1. Passive Voice 2. Present Simple Passive
Đây là ngữ pháp quan trọng nhất. Đây là thì được dùng nhiều nhất.
Ví dụ Cấu trúc
Water is heated. S + be + V3
The mixture is filtered. Ví dụ
The bottles are collected. The seeds are planted.
The paper is recycled.
3. Sequencing 4. Participle Clause
Ví dụ Having been cleaned, the bottles are
After being washed,... transported.
Before being packed,... Hoặc đơn giản hơn:
After the bottles have been cleaned,...
Bắt đầu Kết thúc
begin with end with
start with finish with
commence with result in
lead to
Chuyển đổi
be transformed into
be converted into
be processed into
Ví dụ
The raw materials are processed into finished products.
Sản xuất generate
manufacture create
produce
Xử lý be heated
undergo treatment be cooled
be processed be dried
be filtered
Vận chuyển Đóng gói
be transported be packaged
be delivered be packed
be transferred be wrapped
Động từ Process thường gặp
collect = thu gom filter = lọc
transport = vận chuyển mix = trộn
wash = rửa pour = đổ
clean = làm sạch shape = tạo hình
crush = nghiền package = đóng gói
heat = làm nóng store = lưu trữ
cool = làm nguội distribute = phân phối
dry = làm khô
Template
Introduction
The diagram illustrates how...
Overview
Overall, the process consists of ... stages, beginning with... and ending with....
Details 1
Initially,... Next,... After that,... Subsequently,...
Details 2
In the following stage,... Once..., Finally,...