Welcome students.
I am FatherRamiro Lewis from Saint
Xavier's college Maps.
We are in the disciplineof psychology.
And the subject being.
Social psychology.
We are. In the second unit.
Titled Understanding Thesocial world.
And what we're going todeal now is heuristics.
In this lecture we'regoing to understand.
Heuristics.
And we're going to learn thetypes of heuristics.
So at the end of this session.
We're going to understand
deeper. About the meaning of the
concept of. Heuristics.
And we're going to know of thosethree judgmental heuristics.
How we use?
Heuristics.
Coming to the definitionof heuristics.
Heuristics are.
Mental shortcuts. That societythat we use.
To make judgments quicklyand efficiently.
So these are mental shortcuts.
So to go for a particular
solution. We already have a
particular way. We just
have a problem. We know what waywe should take.
So there are three ways or three
judgmental heuristics. We lookat these three judgmental
heuristics and then we applythese heuristics to the given
problem. These three are.
The availability of heuristics.
The representativeness ofheuristics and anchoring an
adjustment heuristics let us
come. To know
that these judgmental heuristicsdo not always guarantee that
individuals will make anaccurate inferences about
society. But mostly.
Taking into considerationthat heuristics work.
We apply them as comfortablly asit can be.
Furthermore judgmentalheuristics do not necessarily
lead to the best decisions, butto save time, but to save energy
we do use heuristics.
When do we use heuristics? Whydo we use heuristics?
Information overload. When thereis an information overload there
is. There are so many things to
be done. What we dois we pick up those.
Solution matters. Which haveapplied and which have
guaranteed a successful result.0 Where the demands of our on
our cognitive system are greaterthan its capacity. We use
heuristics. To deal with suchsituations, people adopt various
strategies that are designed.
To stretch their cognitiveresources to let them do more
with less effort.
So heuristics are thoseshortcuts that we always keep on
applying. When we know that thesolution to the problem is sure,
or at least is close.
So the first condition in whichwe use heuristics.
Is availability. So theavailability heuristic is a rule
of thumb. Where people basetheir prediction on the
frequency of an event, or theproportion within the population
based on how easily an examplecan be brought to mind. 0. If
you are an experienced driver.
When there is a signal that is
given. Every time you need nothave the entire process thought
to you, you don't open a bookand check. What do I do when
there is a red signal becausenumber of times on the red
signal you have stopped your
car. Audio bike so.
You don't go through the entireprocess of asking. What do I do
now, but instead you use theavailable heuristic. That is the
rule of thumb that you havealways stopped at a red signal
and you stop you ally your
brakes. So this is somethingthat is available in our past
experience. The second oneis representativeness.
Now the. Commonality betweenobjects of similar appearance is
assumed. If it is the same kind
of a problem. We see that itrepresents the new problem. It
represents all the problems thatI have already dealt with
before. So what I do thecommonality in all these
problems, the entire process toreach the solution. I directly
alley the same kind of structureand I solved the problem. So
another example is that peoplewill often assume that a random
sequence in a lottery is more
likely. Then an arithmeticsequence of numbers. So what do
we do? We represent every timewe go for a particular event, we
know that I could get lucky. SoI see the commonality of such
events. I have been lucky, solet me try my luck. So you go
in for a lottery, so variouskinds of these examples you can
ally from your day-to-day
activity. Where you have gone,you have got a problem and there
has been a solution which wasgiven an number of times. So the
moment the same problem comesagain. You are going to use the
same kind of a heuristic so thatis representative nece.
The third one is anchoring an
adjustment. Now this influencesthe way people intuitively.
Assess probabilities. Mostexamples of anchoring and
adjustment.
Are concerned with numerical
judgments. So say somebody asksyou what is the population of
Canada. Is it greater or lessthan 30 million? So then you
will say it's 29 million or youwill say 31 million. So you keep
anchoring. You check you with alittle adjustments here and
there and there you arrive atthe right solution.
Self fulfilling prophecies arepredictions that directly or
indirectly cause the prophecy tobecome factual, so I know that
this is going to be and so it
will be. Furthermore, it can
also impact. Having anexpectation about what another
person is like, which influenceshow they will act towards that
person, which causes that personto behave consistently with
people's original expectation.
For instance, a person statingthat I'm probably going to have
a bad day.
Might alter his or her actionsso that the predictions.
Is fulfilled by his or heractions. So if I come out with
an idea that I'm going to have abad day, you are going to.
Keep on doing those thingsthat perhaps would give you
a bad day.
There is also status quo
heuristics. So be it.
Keep it as it is and as timepasses the veracity of that
particular way of going about isconfirmed. 0 something that has
been. Good all this time neednot be changed so keep on
applying and that is anothertype of heuristics that we
can arrive at. OK so thereferences are given.
And you can also do alot of other reading.
Thank you.