UNIVERSITY OF RUHUNA
Faculty of Engineering
Model Paper
Module Number: MN4210 Module Name: Analog & Digital Electronics
[Three Hours]
[Answer five questions, each question carries twelve marks]
_________________________________________________________________________
[Provide neat sketches where necessary; make reasonable assumptions and state them clearly]
LO1: Explain the characteristics and functions of passive and active electronic components.
Q1 a) Explain the difference between analog and digital signal.
[2.0 Marks]
b) Define active and passive components.
[2.0 Marks]
c) Explain following components, including their operating principles, characteristic
equations, and relevant characteristic curves.
i) Resistor
ii) Capacitor
iii) Inductor
iv) Diode
v) Transistor
[8.0 Marks]
d) Explain biasing use in the diode with neat sketches.
[2.0 Marks]
LO2: Apply transistor biasing techniques to demonstrate circuit output behavior in
amplification and switching applications.
Q2 a) Name and describe two functions of transistor using suitable diagrams.
[2.0 Marks]
b) Sketch collector current(IC) vs voltage between collector and emitter (VCE) for different
base currents IB for an NPN transistor. Identify and label the main regions in your
graph.
Page 1 of 8
[4.0 Marks]
c) Draw the common base configuration of NPN transistor using standard symbols and
notations and construct an equation that shows the relationship between IC (Collector
Current) and IB (Base Current). Assume that the ICBO (collector – base current with
output open) is zero.
[4.0 Marks]
d) A transistor with β (base current amplification factor of 400 is used as a switch. The
load that the transistor switch is connected requires 500 mA current. Taking the input
voltage to the base of the transistor equal to 5V, calculate the required bas current and
base resistor required to turn on the transistor as switch.
[4.0 Marks]
LO3: Analyze op-amp circuits and their applications in instrumentation, filtering, oscillation,
and analog-digital conversion.
Q3 a) Sketch the diagrams of the inverting and non-inverting op-amp circuits.
[2.0 Marks]
b) Derive the equations for closed loop gain of inverting and non-inverting op-amp
circuits. Use standard notations.
[4.0 Marks]
c) Find the voltage gain for given op-amp circuit in the Figure Q3(c).
[2.0 Marks]
d) Describe the concepts of virtual ground and virtual short with neat sketches.
[2.0 Marks]
e) Consider an ideal summing amplifier as shown in Figure Q3(e) with R1 = 20 kΩ , R2 =40 kΩ,
R3 =50 kΩ , and RF =200 kΩ . Determine the output voltage vO for
i) vI1 = −0.25 mV, vI2 =+0.30 mV, vI3 =−0.50 mV.
ii) vI1 = +10 mV, vI2 =−40mV, vI3 =+25mV.
[4.0 Marks]
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LO3: Analyze op-amp circuits and their applications in instrumentation, filtering, oscillation,
and analog-digital conversion.
Q4 a) Define an electronic filter.
[1.0 Marks]
b) Classify filters according to
(i) frequency response
(ii) implementation
[2.0 Marks]
c) Briefly explain the filters under the frequency response (Q4) b) i)) with their frequency
response graphs.
[4.0 Marks]
d) Draw the circuit diagram for passive RC low pass Filter and active low pass filter. Derive
the equation for output voltage of passive low pass filter using input voltage, capacitive
reactance and total circuit impedance. Use standard notations.
[4.0 Marks]
e) A low pass filter circuit consists of a resistor of 47kΩ in series with a capacitor of 47nF
connected across a 10v sinusoidal supply. Calculate the output voltage (VOUT) at a frequency
of 100Hz and again at frequency of 10,000Hz, or 10kHz
[3.0 Marks]
LO4: Design sequential logic circuits and microcontroller-based systems that interface with
sensors and actuators.
Q5 a) Briefly explain the difference between a latch and a flip-flop
[2.0 Marks]
b) Draw the D-Type flip-flop with correctly marked pins and explained the operation of
the flip-flop.
[2.0 Marks]
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c) The wave forms in figure Q5(c) is applied to the rising edge triggered JK flip flop as
indicated. Determine the Q output, assuming that flip-flop initially at RESET. (Attach
the diagram to your answer script)
[2.0 Marks]
d) Design Question( will give during the discussion)
(i) Construct the state diagram
(ii) Comment whether state reduction is possible
(iii) Assign values to state using binary code
(iv) Construct the state table
(v) Draw the circuit diagram using D flip-flop
[8.0 Marks]
LO4: Design sequential logic circuits and microcontroller-based systems that interface with
sensors and actuators.
Q6 a) Draw a block diagram of a typical microcontroller architecture, clearly identifying the
CPU, memory (RAM/ROM), and I/O ports.
[2.0 Marks]
b) Briefly describe the following terms.
i) Random Access Memory (RAM)
ii) Read Only Memory (ROM)
iii) Volatile and Non-Volatile Memory
[3.0 Marks]
b) A soil-moisture sensor produces an analog voltage proportional to soil moisture
content. Explain, with a suitable block diagram, how this sensor can be interfaced to a
microcontroller using its built-in ADC. Include any signal-conditioning circuitry you
consider necessary.
[3.0 Marks]
c) Design the circuit diagram using given components in the figure Q6(c). Only the main
components are given. You can use additional components if required. (You can
directly use this figure and attach it to your answer script)
Page 4 of 8
[3.0 Marks]
d) Write a C program for a microcontroller-based automatic irrigation system that reads
the soil-moisture ADC value periodically, opens the solenoid valve (via DAC/digital
output) when the reading falls below a threshold, and closes it once the threshold is
exceeded again.
[3.0 Marks]
Page 5 of 8
Figure Q3(c)
Figure Q3(e)
Table 1: Truth Table for JK Flip-Flop
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Q
Figure Q5(c)
Page 7 of 8
Solenoid valve
Figure Q6 (c)
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