ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II
EPEA516 | Complete Study Notes
LPU | Lovely Professional University

U03
U01 U02 U04
Time Speed
Time & Work Pipes & Cistern Trains Boats Races
Distance

U05 U06 U07 U08

Sequence & Series Alphabet Test Coding-Decoding Simple Interest

U09 U10 U11 U12

Compound Interest Calendar Clocks Data Sufficiency

U14
U13
Non-Verbal
Puzzle Test
Reasoning

All Formulas · Solved Examples · Use Cases · Tricks & Shortcuts

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 01: TIME AND WORK

Time and Work problems deal with the rate at which individuals or groups complete tasks. The core relationship is:
Work = Rate × Time. Total work is often assumed as 1 unit (or LCM of times) for calculation convenience.

Core Formulas
Work (W) = Rate (R) × Time (T)

Rate = 1/T (if one person finishes in T days, they do 1/T work per day)

Combined Rate = Sum of individual rates

Efficiency ∝ 1/Time → If A is n times more efficient than B, ratio of times = 1:n

MDH/W Formula: M1×D1×H1/W1 = M2×D2×H2/W2

Wages divided in proportion of work done (= ratio of efficiencies × days worked)

LCM Method (Chocolate Method)

Assume Total Work = LCM of all given times. Then Efficiency = Total Work / Individual Time. This avoids fractions and
speeds up calculation.

Example 1 – Basic Combined Work

A can do a work in 10 days, B in 15 days. Time together?

Total Work = LCM(10,15) = 30 units

A's efficiency = 30/10 = 3 units/day; B's efficiency = 30/15 = 2 units/day

Combined efficiency = 5 units/day → Time = 30/5 = 6 days

Example 2 – Leaving & Joining

A and B can finish in 10 and 15 days. They work 2 days together, then A leaves. How long does B take to finish?

Total Work = 30 units; Combined in 2 days = 5×2 = 10 units; Remaining = 20 units

B's rate = 2 units/day → B takes 20/2 = 10 more days

Example 3 – Alternate Working

A and B work on alternate days (A on day 1, B on day 2...). In 2 days they do 3+2=5 units.

After 10 days: 25 units done. Day 11 (A): 3 more = 28. Day 12 (B): 2 more = 30. Answer: 12 days

Example 4 – Men & Boys (M×D formula)

2 men + 3 boys finish in 10 days; 4 men finish same work in 10 days. Find time for 3 men + 3 boys.

10(2M+3B) = 10(4M) → 2M = 3B → M:B = 3:2

Put M=3, B=2: (9+6)x = 4×3×10 → 15x = 120 → x = 8 days

Example 5 – Wages
A (10 days) & B (15 days) share work. A works 1 day, B does rest. Total wage = Rs.1000. B's share?

Total work=30. A does 3 units (1 day), B does 27 units. Ratio = 3:27 = 1:9

B's share = (9/10) × 1000 = Rs. 900

✓ KEY POINT

LCM trick: Always assume Total Work = LCM of all time values given. This makes all efficiencies whole numbers.

If A is 50% more efficient than B and B takes 15 days → A takes 10 days (inverse ratio of efficiencies).

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

Wages are always split in the ratio of work done, not time spent.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Project management: estimate team completion dates given individual rates

■ Construction: calculating labor days for building projects

■ Manufacturing: optimizing production with multiple machines

■ Payroll: fair distribution of wages proportional to contribution

■ HR Planning: how many workers to add to meet a deadline

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 02: PIPES AND CISTERN

Pipes & Cistern problems are identical to Time & Work. Inlet pipes (fill) have positive efficiency; outlet pipes/leaks
(empty) have negative efficiency. Capacity of tank = LCM of all pipe times.

Key Formulas
Inlet pipe fills in x hrs → part filled in 1 hr = 1/x (positive)

Outlet pipe empties in y hrs → part emptied in 1 hr = 1/y (negative)

Two inlets (x,y): Time to fill = xy/(x+y)

Inlet (x) + Outlet (y): Net fill/hr = 1/x – 1/y [if x < y, tank fills; else empties]

Special: If A alone takes 'a' hrs more than A+B, and B alone takes 'b' hrs more, then A+B time
= √(ab)

Example 1 – Three Pipes

Pipes A, B fill in 10,12 hrs; C empties in 30 hrs. All opened. Time to fill?

Capacity = LCM(10,12,30) = 60 units

A=6, B=5, C=-2 → Net = 9 units/hr → Time = 60/9 = 6 hrs 40 min

Example 2 – Sequential Opening

A (36s) and B (45s) fill; C (30s) empties. A & B opened first, C opened after 7s.

Capacity = LCM(36,45,30)=180. In 7s: 9×7=63 units filled. Remaining=117.

Net rate with all 3: 5+4-6=3 units/s → More time = 117/3 = 39 seconds

Example 3 – Closing a Pipe

A fills in 20 hrs, B fills in 30 hrs. Close B so full in 18 hrs total. When to close B?

Let both open for n hrs, then only A for (18-n) hrs.

5n + 3(18-n) = 60 → 2n = 6 → B closed after 3 hours

✓ KEY POINT

Outlet pipe always gets negative efficiency. When all pipes open together: add all (with sign).

Two thirds full + faster empty pipe: it WILL empty even though inlet is open — check net rate first!

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Water supply management: calculate time to fill municipal tanks with pumps and valves

■ Swimming pools: filling/draining with multiple inlets and outlets

■ Industrial processes: chemical mixing tanks with input and drain valves

■ Irrigation: canal water distribution scheduling

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 03: TIME, SPEED AND DISTANCE

The fundamental relationship between Distance (D), Speed (S) and Time (T) governs motion problems. Mastering unit
conversion and proportionality is key to solving these quickly.

Core Formulas & Conversions

D = S × T | S = D/T | T = D/S

km/h → m/s: multiply by 5/18 | m/s → km/h: multiply by 18/5

1 km = 1000 m | 1 mile = 1.609 km | 1 hr = 3600 s

Average Speed (same dist) = 2s1s2/(s1+s2) [Harmonic mean]

Average Speed (same time) = (s1+s2)/2 [Arithmetic mean]

Relative Speed (same dir) = |s1 - s2| | Relative Speed (opp dir) = s1 + s2

Proportionality Rules
Constant Relationship Formula

Distance fixed S ∝ 1/T (inversely) S1:S2 = T2:T1

Time fixed S ∝ D (directly) D1:D2 = S1:S2

Speed fixed T ∝ D (directly) T1:T2 = D1:D2

Example 1 – Average Speed (same dist)

Car goes A→B at 20 kmph and returns at 30 kmph. Average speed?

Avg Speed = 2×20×30/(20+30) = 1200/50 = 24 km/h

Example 2 – Late/Early Problem

Boy walks at 5 kmph, reaches 10 min late. At 6 kmph, 15 min early. Distance?

Speed ratio=5:6 → Time ratio=6:5. Difference=1 part=25 min.

Time at 5 kmph = 150 min → D = 5 × 150/60 = 12.5 km

Example 3 – Relative Speed (Trains Meeting)

Train from B (65 km/h, 10 AM) and train from M (35 km/h, 11 AM). Distance BM=465 km.

By 11 AM, first train covered 65 km. Remaining=400 km.

Relative speed=65+35=100 km/h. Time=400/100=4 hrs. Meet at 3 PM

Example 4 – Stopping time

Without stops: 80 km/h. With stops: 60 km/h. Stoppage per hour?

In 1 hr, covers 80 km without stops but only 60 km with stops.

Stop time = (80-60)/80 × 60 = 15 min/hr

✓ KEY POINT

Speed ratio = inverse of Time ratio (when distance is same).

Fractional speed: 'walking at 5/6 of usual speed' means time increases — new time = 6/5 × usual.

Police-thief type: find head start distance, then use relative speed to find catch-up time.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Navigation: ship/aircraft ETA calculations

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

■ Traffic engineering: signal timing and traffic flow analysis

■ Logistics: delivery route optimization and time estimation

■ Sports: pace calculation for runners, cyclists

■ Railway scheduling: train timetables and platform allocations

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 04: TRAINS, BOATS, STREAMS AND RACES

Train Problems
When a train crosses an object, the distance covered = Length of train + Length of object. Use relative speed for two
moving trains.

Train crosses pole/person: Time = Length of Train / Speed of Train

Train crosses platform: Time = (Length of Train + Length of Platform) / Speed

Two trains same direction: Time = (L1+L2) / |S1-S2|

Two trains opposite direction: Time = (L1+L2) / (S1+S2)

After crossing, time to reach destinations: S1:S2 = √T2:√T1 (times taken after crossing)

Example – Train Crossing Platform

Train (speed=54 km/h) crosses a man in 20 s and a platform in 36 s. Length of platform?

Speed = 54×5/18 = 15 m/s. Train length = 15×20 = 300 m.

300 + x = 15×36 = 540 → x = 240 m

Boats and Streams

Downstream Speed (D) = Boat speed (B) + Stream speed (S)

Upstream Speed (U) = Boat speed (B) – Stream speed (S)

Speed of Boat in still water = (D + U) / 2

Speed of Stream = (D – U) / 2

Average speed of boat = (Upstream × Downstream) / Still water speed

Boats Example – Still Water Speed

Boat goes 13 km/h downstream, 7 km/h upstream. Still water speed?

Still water = (13+7)/2 = 10 km/h. Stream speed = (13-7)/2 = 3 km/h.

Races
Key Terms: Start = head start given; Dead Heat = all finish together; 'A beats B by x m' means A runs full distance
while B covers (distance – x) m.

A:B = 100:90 means A gives B a start of 10 m in 100 m race

A beats B by t seconds: B's speed = distance_of_B / (A's_time + t)

Race Example
In 500 m race, Speed ratio A:B = 3:4. A gets 140 m start. Who wins?

A needs 360 m. While A runs 360, B runs 4/3 × 360 = 480 m.

B is still 20 m short. A wins by 20 m.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Railway operations: train crossing times at stations and signals

■ River navigation: boat schedules accounting for current

■ Sports analytics: race performance analysis

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

■ Maritime shipping: voyage time estimation with sea currents

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 05: SEQUENCE AND SERIES COMPLETION

A sequence is an ordered set of numbers following a rule. A series is the sum of a sequence. In exams, you find
missing terms, wrong terms, or the next term by identifying the pattern.

Types of Number Series

Type Pattern Example Next Term

Arithmetic Constant difference d 1, 4, 7, 10... 13 (d=3)

Geometric Constant ratio r 4, 8, 16, 32... 64 (r=2)

Arithmetic 2nd Order Differences form AP 1,3,7,13,21... 31

Arith-Geometric Successive = (prev+a)×b 1,9,33,105... 321

Geo-Arithmetic Successive = prev×a+b 2,5,17,65... 257

Squares/Cubes Powers of naturals 1,4,9,16,25... 36

Double Series Two interwoven series 1,2,4,6,7,18... 10

Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

General Term: Tn = a + (n-1)d

Sum of n terms: Sn = n/2 × [2a + (n-1)d] = n/2 × (a + l)

Three numbers in AP: a-d, a, a+d (sum = 3a)

Four numbers in AP: a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d

nth term from end = a + (m-n)d where m = total terms

AP Examples
15th term of 12, 7, 2, -3, -8... → a=12, d=-5 → T15 = 12+14×(-5) = 12-70 = -58

Sum of 5+9+13+... to 50 terms → a=5, d=4, n=50 → S50 = 25[10+49×4] = 25×206 = 5150

x+2, 4x-6, 3x-2 in AP: a+c=2b → (x+2)+(3x-2)=2(4x-6) → 4x=8x-12 → x=3

Geometric Progression (G.P.)

General Term: Tn = ar^(n-1)

Sum of n terms: Sn = a(r^n-1)/(r-1) [r>1] or a(1-r^n)/(1-r) [r<1]

Sum of infinite GP (|r|<1): S∞ = a/(1-r)

Three in GP: a/r, a, ar (product = a^3)

GP Examples
9th term of 2,4,8,16... → a=2, r=2 → T9 = 2×2^8 = 512

Sum of infinite 9,-3,1,-1/3... → a=9, r=-1/3 → S∞ = 9/(1+1/3) = 9×3/4 = 27/4

✓ KEY POINT

Finding WRONG term: calculate differences; find where the pattern breaks.

Double series: alternate terms form independent series — split odd/even position terms.

Alpha-numeric series: apply same pattern to number series to deduce letter codes.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Finance: compound interest growth (GP), EMI schedules

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

■ Biology: population modeling, bacteria doubling (GP)

■ Physics: radioactive decay, motion under constant acceleration (AP)

■ Computer Science: binary search (GP), algorithm step counting

■ Exam pattern recognition: finding patterns in data sets

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 06: ALPHABET TEST & LOGICAL SEQUENCE

Alphabet Tests test positional awareness of letters in the English alphabet. Logical Sequence arranges words in a
meaningful or dictionary order.

Alphabet Position Chart

Forward Position:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Backward Position:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M

26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

✓ KEY POINT

EJOTY Rule (Forward): E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25 — memorize these 5 as anchors!

Opposite pairs (A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X...): forward + backward = 27 always.

Types of Alphabet Questions

Type Approach Example

Alphabetical ordering Compare 1st, 2nd, 3rd... letter Sausage < Savage < Save < Saviour < Savour

Check position in word vs

Letter-Word distance C is 3rd in ACCELERATION and alphabet
alphabet

Replace every nth letter with

Alphabetical quibble Replace 4th letters with # → ABC#EFG#...
symbol

Use given positions to form FRAGMENT pos 2,3,6,8 = R,A,E,T →

New word formation
word TEAR,RATE,TARE

Logical Sequence of Words

Type 1 – Natural Logic: Arrange by process/food chain/hierarchy. E.g., Grass→Grasshopper→Frog→Snake→Eagle
(food chain).
Type 2 – Dictionary Order: Compare letter by letter. E.g., Feather→Feature→Feed head→Feminine→Fenestration.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Civil Services: verbal reasoning and communication skills

■ Banking exams: pattern recognition and quick processing

■ Programming: string sorting algorithms (dictionary order = lexicographic sort)

■ Data management: alphabetical filing and database indexing

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 07: CODING-DECODING

Coding-Decoding involves encoding words/numbers using a rule and decoding using the same rule. Master positional
shifts, symbol substitutions, and pattern detection.

Types of Coding-Decoding
Type Logic Trick to Identify

Letters replaced by shifted

Letter Coding EARTH→FBSUI: +1 shift
letters

Reverse+Shift Reverse word then shift letters TIGER→REGIT→QDFHS (reverse, -1)

Odd/even positions shifted

Position-based shift PARTNER→NCPVLGP: odd-2, even+2
differently

Each letter shifted by increasing

Progressive shift EARTH→FCUXM: +1,+2,+3,+4,+5
value

Number Coding Letters given numeric values TWENTY=863985 (T=8,W=6,E=3...)

Reverse numbering Reverse alphabet position used LOGIC→1512201824 (Z=1,Y=2...)

Substitution Word replaced by another word 'teacher' coded as 'clerk'

Letter represented as
Matrix Coding A=01,14...; find intersection in grid
row+column

Common words in statements =

Mixed Letter/Number 'good' appears in statements 1,2 → common code
common code

Letter Coding Examples

EARTH coded as FCUXM (+1,+2,+3,+4,+5 shift) → TEMPLE becomes T+1=U, E+2=G, M+3=P, P+4=T, L+5=Q,
E+6=K → UGPTQK

COUNSEL→BITIRAK: odd positions -1, even positions progressively back (6,5,4,3,2...) → apply same to GUIDANCE

Mixed Letter Coding (Sentence Coding)

Statement 1: 'pit dar na' = 'you are good' | Statement 2: 'dar tok pa' = 'good and bad'

Common: 'dar'='good'. Statement 3: 'tim na tok' = 'they are bad' | Common with 2: 'tok'='bad'

Common with 1: 'na'='are' → remaining in S3: 'tim'='they'

Number Coding
AT=20 (A×T=1×20), BAT=40 (B×A×T=2×1×20) → CAT = 3×1×20 = 60

GO=32 (using Z=1 backward: G=20, O=12) → SOME = S(8)+O(12)+M(14)+E(22) = 56

✓ KEY POINT

Always check: is each letter shifted by same amount, or by increasing amount?

For substitution: identify the REAL thing, then find its code name in the problem.

Matrix coding: first digit = row, second digit = column of the matrix.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Cryptography: ancient Caesar cipher (letter shifting) is the basis of modern encryption

■ Military communications: coded messages in warfare

■ Computer security: ASCII codes, encryption algorithms

■ Banking: PIN generation and verification systems

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 08: SIMPLE INTEREST

Simple Interest (SI) is calculated on the principal amount only, for the entire duration. It grows linearly with time.

All Formulas
SI = P×R×T / 100

P = SI×100 / (R×T)

R = SI×100 / (P×T)

T = SI×100 / (P×R)

Amount A = P + SI = P(1 + RT/100)

If amount doubles: R = (n-1)×100/T [n = multiple factor]

If amount becomes n times in T years: same formula

P (from two amounts): P = [A1×T2 - A2×T1] / [T2-T1] OR [A1×R2 - A2×R1] / [R2-R1]

Change in SI: ∆SI = [Fixed param product × Change in variable] / 100

Annual instalment: I = A×100 / [100T + R×T(T-1)/2]

T (sum doubles in T, find T' for m times): T' = (m-1)×T / (n-1)

Worked Examples
P=3000, R=5%, T=3yr → SI = 3000×5×3/100 = Rs.450

P=1500, T=2yr, SI=600 → R=600×100/(1500×2) = 20%

Sum trebles in 20 yr. How long to double? T'=(2-1)×20/(3-1) = 10 years

Sum doubles in 10 yr. Becomes 5× in? T'=(5-1)×10/(2-1) = 40 years

Amount=Rs.500 at 8%; Amount=Rs.400 at 4%. Find P: P=(400×8-500×4)/(8-4)=(3200-2000)/4=Rs.300

Effect of Change on SI
What changes Formula for ∆SI

Only P changes (R,T fixed) ∆SI = (R×T×∆P) / 100

Only R changes (P,T fixed) ∆SI = (P×T×∆R) / 100

Only T changes (P,R fixed) ∆SI = (P×R×∆T) / 100

Both R and T change ∆SI = P×(R1T1 - R2T2) / 100

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Bank loans: personal loans, vehicle loans charged at simple interest

■ Fixed deposits: some short-term deposits use SI

■ Salary advance: company interest on advance salary

■ Government schemes: post office savings accounts

■ Moneylender calculations in rural financing

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 09: COMPOUND INTEREST

Compound Interest (CI) is calculated on the principal PLUS accumulated interest. Interest is compounded annually,
half-yearly, quarterly, or monthly.

All CI Formulas
Annual: A = P(1 + R/100)^n; CI = A - P

Half-yearly: A = P(1 + R/200)^(2n)

Quarterly: A = P(1 + R/400)^(4n)

Fractional time (1.5 yr): A = P(1+R/100)^1 × (1+R/200) [for annually compounded]

Different rates per year: A = P(1+R1/100)(1+R2/100)(1+R3/100)...

Rate from A and P: R = [(A/P)^(1/n) - 1] × 100

If becomes n times in t yr: R = 100[(n)^(1/t) - 1]

If amounts to x in A yr and y in B yr: R = [(y/x)^(1/(B-A)) - 1] × 100%

If becomes n times in t yr → becomes n^m times in mt yr

CI vs SI Difference
For 2 years: CI - SI = P(R/100)^2

For 2 years (using SI): CI - SI = R × SI / (2×100)

For 3 years: CI - SI = P[(R/100)^3 + 3(R/100)^2]

For 3 years (using SI): CI - SI = SI/3 × [(R/100)^3 + 3(R/100)] × 100/R

Worked Examples
P=8000, R=5%, n=2yr → A=8000×(21/20)^2=8000×441/400=8820; CI=Rs.820

P=30000, R=5%, 2yr: CI-SI=30000×(5/100)^2=30000×1/400=Rs.75

CI-SI=100 for 2yr at 5%: P=100×(100)^2/(5×5)=Rs.40,000

P doubles in 3yr at CI → 4× in mt=2×3=6 years

Rs.16000 becomes Rs.17640 in 2yr: R=[(17640/16000)^0.5-1]×100=[(441/400)^0.5-1]×100=5%

Compounding Rate per period Number of periods

Annual R% n

Half-yearly R/2 % 2n

Quarterly R/4 % 4n

Monthly R/12 % 12n

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Bank FDs and savings accounts (quarterly/annual compounding)

■ Mutual fund returns and SIP growth calculation

■ Loan EMI calculation (home loans, education loans)

■ Stock market: CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate)

■ Population growth models

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 10: CALENDAR

Calendar problems require finding the day of the week for any date. The key tool is Odd Days — the remainder when
total days is divided by 7.

Odd Days Reference

Period Odd Days Day → Odd Day Mapping

Ordinary year (365 days) 1 Sunday → 0

Leap year (366 days) 2 Monday → 1

100 years 5 Tuesday → 2

200 years 3 Wednesday → 3

300 years 1 Thursday → 4

400 years 0 Friday → 5

Every 400th century 0 Saturday → 6

Month Odd Days (Ordinary Year)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

3 0 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3

✓ KEY POINT

In a LEAP year, February has 1 odd day (29 days). Add +1 for all months from March onwards in leap year.

Find day on 15 March 1976

Odd days in 1600 yr = 0 | 300 yr = 1 | Total for 1900 yr = 1

75 yr = 18 leap + 57 ordinary = 36+57 = 93 = 13 weeks+2 → 2 odd days

Total 1975 yr = 1+2 = 3 odd days

Jan(31)+Feb(29, leap year 1976)+Mar 15 = 75 days = 10 weeks+5 → 5 odd days

Total = 3+5 = 8 = 1 week+1 → 1 odd day → Monday

After n days problem

Today is Wednesday. Day after 37 days? 37 = 5×7+2 → 2 odd days after Wed = Friday

✓ KEY POINT

Leap year: divisible by 4. Century year: must be divisible by 400 (1900 is NOT a leap year; 2000 IS).

April & July always have the same calendar. January & October same for non-leap years.

First day of any century: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, or Saturday ONLY.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Legal proceedings: computing deadlines and limitation periods

■ Project management: scheduling milestones on specific days

■ Historical research: finding days of historical events

■ Accounting: finding specific payment due dates

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 11: CLOCKS

The clock dial has 60 minute spaces. Minute hand moves 360° in 60 min (6°/min). Hour hand moves 360° in 12 hrs
(0.5°/min). The minute hand gains 5.5° per minute on the hour hand.

Key Clock Facts

Minute hand: 6°/minute; Hour hand: 0.5°/minute

Minute hand GAINS 5.5 minutes over hour hand in every 60 minutes

Hands coincide: once every ~65.45 minutes (= 65 5/11 min)

Hands at right angle: twice every hour (15 min spaces apart = 90°)

Hands opposite (180°): once every hour (30 min spaces apart)

Angle between hands at H hours M minutes: |30H – 5.5M|° (if > 180, subtract from 360)

After hands interchange: happens every 55 5/13 minutes

Gain/Loss calculation: correct clock gap = 65 5/11 min; compare with actual gap

Angle at 9:20
Minute hand in 20 min: 6×20 = 120°

Hour hand at 9 hr 20 min: 9×30 + 20×0.5 = 270+10 = 280°

Angle = |280 - 120| = 160°

Hands Together Between 10-11

At 10:00, hands are 50 min spaces apart. Minute hand must gain 50 over hour hand.

Time = 50 × 60/55 = 54 6/11 min. So hands meet at 54 6/11 min past 10

Right Angle Between 5-6

At 5:00, minute hand is 25 min spaces behind hour hand.

Case 1: 15 min spaces behind → gain (25-15)=10 min → time = 10×60/55 = 10 10/11 min past 5

Case 2: 15 min spaces ahead → gain (25+15)=40 min → 43 7/11 min past 5

Fast/Slow Clock
Clock set correct at 9AM, gains 20 min in 24 hr. Shows 3PM next day. True time?

Elapsed shown: 30 hr. 24h20min of clock = 24h real → 30h of clock = (30×24×60/1460) = 29h ~55min real

True time ≈ 2h 55min past noon

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Watchmaking and clock calibration

■ Time zone calculations and synchronization

■ Navigation: celestial navigation using angles

■ Competitive exams: reasoning about time and angle

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 12: DATA SUFFICIENCY & CODING INEQUALITIES

Data Sufficiency tests whether given statements are enough to answer a question — you DON'T need to solve
completely, just determine if you CAN solve.

Decision Framework
Answer Meaning

A Statement I alone sufficient; Statement II alone NOT sufficient

B Statement II alone sufficient; Statement I alone NOT sufficient

C Both statements together sufficient; neither alone is sufficient

D Either statement alone is sufficient (both work independently)

E Neither statement alone NOR together is sufficient

Types of Data Sufficiency Problems

Type Whats Given Key Strategy

Relationship clues between Draw family tree; check if relation uniquely

Blood Relations
people determined

Place fixed positions; check if target position

Order and Ranking Position clues in row/list
determined

Draw path; check if final direction/distance

Direction Distance + direction clues
determined

People positions around

Seating Arrangement Fill fixed positions; check if target seat determined
table/row

Floor Puzzle Who lives on which floor Mark fixed floors; check if target floor determined

Scheduling Day/date of events Use timeline; check if exact date can be pinpointed

Coding Inequalities — Symbols Decoded

Code Symbol Real Meaning Example

$ ≥ (not less than) A $ B means A ≥ B

@ < (less than) A @ B means A < B (neither ≥ nor =)

# ≤ (not greater than) A # B means A ≤ B

& = (equal) A & B means A = B

* ≤ (not greater than, alternative) A * B means A ≤ B

✓ KEY POINT

CRITICAL: A 'NO' answer is still a sufficient answer! Data is sufficient if it gives a definite YES or NO.

Never assume values not stated. Do not assume integers unless stated.

For inequalities: chain them (A>B>C means A>C directly).

Coded inequalities: always decode FIRST before drawing conclusions.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ SQL database queries: determining if given data satisfies a condition

■ Logic programming: constraint satisfaction problems

■ Legal reasoning: determining if evidence is sufficient for a conclusion

■ Medical diagnosis: checking if symptoms are sufficient to diagnose

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 13: PUZZLE TEST

Puzzles require systematic arrangement of people/objects based on given clues. The key is distinguishing DIRECT
clues (explicitly stated) from INDIRECT clues (derived from combinations).

Types of Puzzles
Type Description Solving Approach

People in a row facing N or

Linear Seating Draw row; fill from most constrained clue
S

People around a circle

Circular Seating Draw circle; clockwise=right when facing center
(facing center)

People on different floors of

Floor Puzzle List floors; mark fixed, derive others
building

A greater/less B type
Comparison Build linear order; identify extremes
height/weight

Sequential Order Events in time/logical order Build timeline; use 'before/after' clues

Multiple families,
Family Puzzle Draw family tree + profession table
professions, relationships

Linear vs Circular — Key Difference

Direction Linear (facing North) Circular (facing center)

LEFT of X Person physically left in drawing Anticlockwise from X

RIGHT of X Person physically right Clockwise from X

Opposite Not applicable Person directly across

Linear Puzzle Example

A,B,C,D,E,F,G sit in row facing North. F is immediate right of E. E is 4th right of G. C is neighbor of B and D. Person
3rd left of D is at an end.

From 'E is 4th right of G' and 'F right of E': G _ _ _ E F

C between B and D; 3rd left of D is at end → work out: G B C D E F A

→ A is at the extreme right end.

Comparison Puzzle Example

P taller than Q; R shorter than P; S taller than T but shorter than Q. Find tallest.

Q<P, R<P, T<S<Q → Sequence: T<S<Q<P (R also < P but position uncertain)

P is the tallest

Sequential Order (Race) Example

Gaurav, Raj, Mohit (Raj finished before Mohit but behind Gaurav)

Mohit, Ashish, Sanchit (Ashish before Sanchit but behind Mohit)

Full order: Gaurav > Raj > Mohit > Ashish > Sanchit. Gaurav won.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ Scheduling and resource allocation in project management

■ Seating plans for conferences, exams, flights

■ Sorting algorithms and constraint satisfaction in CS

■ Family law: tracing inheritance and relationship trees

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

UNIT 14: NON-VERBAL REASONING

Non-Verbal Reasoning tests visual pattern recognition. You analyze geometric shapes, rotations, reflections, and
transformations without using language.

Types of Non-Verbal Problems

Type Description Common Patterns to Check

5 figures following a pattern; find Rotation (CW/ACW), size change, element

Series of Figures
6th addition/removal, position shift

Mirror image, 180° rotation, inside/outside swap,

Analogy of Figures As A:B :: C:? find D
scaling

Classification 4 similar + 1 odd; find odd one Count sides, symmetry, shading, orientation

Common Transformations
Transformation Description How to Detect

90° CW rotation Figure turns clockwise 90° Top goes right, right goes down

90° ACW rotation Figure turns anti-clockwise Top goes left, left goes down

180° rotation Figure flips completely Top goes down, left goes right

Vertical mirror Left-right flip Left part becomes right

Horizontal mirror Top-bottom flip Top part goes to bottom

Enlargement Inner element grows Check if inner/outer relationship changes

Count elements; check pattern of what's

Element addition New shape added each step
added

Element removal Outer element disappears Outermost shape lost each step

Elements rotate positions

Position rotation Track individual element positions
(not shape)

Series Example Analysis

Pin rotates 90° CW each step; Arrow rotates 90° ACW each step → Track both elements independently

In one step: element enlarges + new element appears inside. Next step: outer element disappears → Pattern cycles
every 2 steps

Middle element rotates 180° in one step; outer two rotate 180° in next step → Alternating pattern

Classification (Odd One Out)

All figures: two parallel line segments — except one where they intersect → that's the ODD one

All figures: inner element has more sides than outer — except one → that's the ODD one

All: lateral inversion of an English alphabet — except one (which isn't a letter) → ODD one

✓ KEY POINT

Always track EACH element of the figure independently when analyzing series.

For classification: look for ONE property that all but one share (symmetry, count, orientation).

Analogy: the SAME transformation applied to (A→B) must work for (C→D).

Rotation direction: imagine placing a clock face on the figure — CW means same direction as clock hands.

■ USE CASES / APPLICATIONS

■ IQ and psychometric testing in recruitment (NASA, military, corporate)

■ Spatial reasoning for engineering and architecture

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

■ Pattern recognition in machine learning and computer vision

■ Medical imaging: interpreting X-rays and MRI scans

■ Quality control: detecting defects in manufactured goods by visual patterns

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ANALYTICAL SKILLS - II (EPEA516) LPU Study Notes

QUICK REFERENCE — ALL FORMULAS AT A GLANCE

Topic Key Formula / Rule

Time and Work W=R×T; Combined rate = sum of rates; Wages ∝ work done

Pipes Net rate = Σ(inlet rates) – Σ(outlet rates); Capacity = LCM

TSD D=S×T; Avg speed(same dist)=2s1s2/(s1+s2); Rel speed: ±

Trains Cross pole: L/S; Cross platform: (L+P)/S; Opp trains: (L1+L2)/(S1+S2)

Boats D=B+S; U=B-S; B=(D+U)/2; S=(D-U)/2

AP Tn=a+(n-1)d; Sn=n/2[2a+(n-1)d]

GP Tn=ar^(n-1); Sn=a(r^n-1)/(r-1); S∞=a/(1-r) for |r|<1

SI SI=PRT/100; doubles: R=(n-1)×100/T; ∆SI=(fixed×∆variable)/100

CI A=P(1+R/100)^n; CI-SI(2yr)=P(R/100)^2; doubles in t→4× in 2t

Calendar Odd days: 100yr=5, 200=3, 300=1, 400=0; Day code: Sun=0,Mon=1...

Clocks Angle=|30H-5.5M|°; Gain/Loss: compare to 65 5/11 min interval

Series (AP) Check 1st diff; if constant → AP. If 2nd diff constant → 2nd order AP

Series (GP) Check ratio of consecutive terms; if constant → GP

Data Suff. A=St.1 only; B=St.2 only; C=both needed; D=either alone; E=neither

Inequalities Decode symbols first; chain inequalities A>B>C means A>C

Puzzles Fill direct clues first; then derive indirect; verify all conditions

Non-Verbal Identify transformation type; apply consistently to analogy/series

EXAM TIPS & STRATEGY

Always use LCM method. Assign efficiencies as integers. Watch for alternate working —
Time and Work / Pipes
count in cycles of 2 or 3 days.

Convert units first (km/h to m/s or vice versa). Draw diagrams for relative motion. Boats:
TSD / Trains / Boats
B=(D+U)/2 is the most-tested formula.

Differences of differences reveal order. Always check if alternating series (odd positions =
Series
one series, even = another).

For 2-year CI-SI difference, use P(R/100)^2. For doubling time problems, use the
SI & CI
(m-1)/(n-1) × T formula.

Memorize: 100yr=5, 200=3, 300=1, 400=0 odd days. Count month-by-month for the
Calendar
remaining period.

Angle formula |30H–5.5M|° covers all cases. For 'together' problems: 60/11 × gap
Clocks
formula.

First, count characters, check if length matches. Try +1,+2 shift. Check odd/even position
Coding/Decoding
shifts separately.

Start with the most specific clue (exact position). Mark impossible positions with X. Use
Puzzles
elimination.

Don't solve the problem — just check if you CAN solve it. Remember: definite NO =
Data Sufficiency
sufficient.

Non-Verbal Describe each element's transformation in words, then apply to find the answer figure.

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