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Probability

The document provides essential formulas and concepts related to probability, including permutations, combinations, basic probability, conditional probability, and theorems such as Bayes' Theorem. It also covers random variables, their mean and variance, as well as Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution. Key formulas for calculating probabilities and distributions are presented throughout.

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lawrence2061suhani
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2 views2 pages

Probability

The document provides essential formulas and concepts related to probability, including permutations, combinations, basic probability, conditional probability, and theorems such as Bayes' Theorem. It also covers random variables, their mean and variance, as well as Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution. Key formulas for calculating probabilities and distributions are presented throughout.

Uploaded by

lawrence2061suhani
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Mathematics: Probability Formulas

1. Permutations and Combinations (Basics)


• Factorial: n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × · · · × 1

• Permutations (Arrangements): Number of ways to arrange r objects from n


distinct objects.
n n!
Pr =
(n − r)!

• Combinations (Selections): Number of ways to choose r objects from n distinct


objects.
n n!
Cr =
r!(n − r)!
• Important Property: n Cr =n Cn−r

2. Basic Probability
• Probability of an Event A:

Number of favorable outcomes n(A)


P (A) = =
Total number of possible outcomes n(S)

• Probability of ”Not A” (Complement):

P (A′ ) = 1 − P (A)

• Addition Theorem: For any two events A and B:

P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B) − P (A ∩ B)

• Mutually Exclusive Events: If A and B cannot happen at the same time:

P (A ∩ B) = 0 so, P (A ∪ B) = P (A) + P (B)

3. Conditional Probability
• Formula: The probability of event A happening, given that event B has already
happened.
P (A ∩ B)
P (A|B) = , where P (B) ̸= 0
P (B)
P (A ∩ B)
P (B|A) = , where P (A) ̸= 0
P (A)

1
4. Multiplication Rule and Independent Events
• Multiplication Rule:
P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B|A)

• Independent Events: If the occurrence of one event does not affect the other:
P (A|B) = P (A)
P (A ∩ B) = P (A) × P (B)

5. Theorem of Total Probability and Bayes’ Theorem


Let E1 , E2 , . . . , En be mutually exclusive and exhaustive events, and A be any event that
occurs with them.
• Theorem of Total Probability:
P (A) = P (E1 )P (A|E1 ) + P (E2 )P (A|E2 ) + · · · + P (En )P (A|En )

• Bayes’ Theorem (Reverse Probability):


P (Ei )P (A|Ei )
P (Ei |A) =
P (E1 )P (A|E1 ) + P (E2 )P (A|E2 ) + · · · + P (En )P (A|En )

6. Random Variables and Probability Distributions


• Mean (Expectation) of a Random Variable X:
n
X
µ = E(X) = xi p i
i=1

• Variance of X:
n
X
2 2
Var(X) = E(X ) − [E(X)] = x2i pi − µ2
i=1

• Standard Deviation: p
σ= Var(X)

7. Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution


• If a trial is repeated n times, with probability of success p and probability of failure
q (where q = 1 − p), the probability of getting exactly r successes is:
P (X = r) =n Cr pr q n−r

• Mean of Binomial Distribution: µ = np


• Variance of Binomial Distribution: Var(X) = npq

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