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Vector

The document provides essential formulas and concepts related to vector algebra for Class 12 Mathematics. It covers basics of vectors, direction cosines, section formulas, dot and cross products, and area calculations for triangles and parallelograms. Key definitions, properties, and formulas are outlined for each topic.

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lawrence2061suhani
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2 views2 pages

Vector

The document provides essential formulas and concepts related to vector algebra for Class 12 Mathematics. It covers basics of vectors, direction cosines, section formulas, dot and cross products, and area calculations for triangles and parallelograms. Key definitions, properties, and formulas are outlined for each topic.

Uploaded by

lawrence2061suhani
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Mathematics: Vector Algebra Formulas

1. Basics of Vectors
• Position Vector: ⃗r = xî + y ĵ + z k̂

• Magnitude of a Vector: |⃗r| = x2 + y 2 + z 2


p

• Unit Vector: A vector with magnitude 1 in the direction of ⃗a.


⃗a
â =
|⃗a|

2. Direction Cosines and Ratios


• If a vector makes angles α, β, and γ with the x, y, and z axes, its direction cosines
are:
l = cos α, m = cos β, n = cos γ

• Relation between Direction Cosines:

l 2 + m2 + n 2 = 1

3. Section Formula
If point R divides the line joining points P(⃗a) and Q(⃗b) in the ratio m : n:

• Internal Division:
m⃗b + n⃗a
⃗r =
m+n
• External Division:
m⃗b − n⃗a
⃗r =
m−n
• Midpoint Formula:
⃗a + ⃗b
⃗r =
2

4. Dot (Scalar) Product


• Definition:
⃗a · ⃗b = |⃗a||⃗b| cos θ

• Angle between two vectors:

⃗a · ⃗b
cos θ =
|⃗a||⃗b|

1
• Condition for Perpendicular (Orthogonal) Vectors: ⃗a · ⃗b = 0

• Projection of ⃗a on ⃗b:
⃗a · ⃗b
|⃗b|
• Properties:
î · î = ĵ · ĵ = k̂ · k̂ = 1
î · ĵ = ĵ · k̂ = k̂ · î = 0

5. Cross (Vector) Product


• Definition:
⃗a × ⃗b = |⃗a||⃗b| sin θ n̂
(where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both ⃗a and ⃗b)

• Unit vector perpendicular to both ⃗a and ⃗b:

⃗a × ⃗b
n̂ = ±
|⃗a × ⃗b|

• Condition for Parallel Vectors: ⃗a × ⃗b = ⃗0

• Properties:
î × î = ĵ × ĵ = k̂ × k̂ = ⃗0
î × ĵ = k̂, ĵ × k̂ = î, k̂ × î = ĵ

6. Areas
• Area of a Triangle (with adjacent sides ⃗a and ⃗b):
1
Area = |⃗a × ⃗b|
2

• Area of a Parallelogram (with adjacent sides ⃗a and ⃗b):

Area = |⃗a × ⃗b|

• Area of a Parallelogram (with diagonals d⃗1 and d⃗2 ):


1
Area = |d⃗1 × d⃗2 |
2

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