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CHAPTER THREE

MOTION IN ONE AND TWO DIMENTION

Motion along the straight line

As the name implies its types of motion that takes place along straight line. That straight line can
vertical, horizontal or inclined. Since we can assume the straight as either of the three axis (x, y
or z) , motion along straight line is typical example of 1 dimensional motion. It’s a type of
motion that take place along a single axis.

Most often the motion take place along curved path rather straight but practically free falling, the
motion of elevators (up or down), the motion of airplane in the runway, the motion of car along
straight road , the motion of an object along the inclined plane, the motion of molecule before
collision etc can be good instance of straight line motion.

Describing straight line motion

The motion of an object is described by position from a certain reference, velocity, acceleration
or displacement . While in describing the motion an object we took a single point or treat the
whole body as a particle and we study the motion of that point or particle. For instance suppose
you wish to study the motion of race car moving in straight track then what you have to do you
just pick single point on car (better a point on its front end) then you study the motion of that
point. Note that in above case its possible to take any point on body since the all move the same
displacement, in the same direction and at the same rate.

Position , displacement and velocity

Position

Position is the location of an object from given reference frame. For straight line motion, origin
is taken to be frame of reference and the straight path taken to be to be x or y . For motion along
the x axis the position is given as x coordinate like x=5m, x=-7m etc

Displacement 𝑆⃑ is the change in position of moving object or vector joining the starting point to
the destination. For motion along the x axis displacement is given as

𝑆⃑ = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥 𝑖 = ∆𝑥

Note that displacement is vector whose magnitude and direction is given as

Magnitude ‖𝑆⃑‖ = |𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥 𝑖 | ,

Direction, + or –

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Note that displacement of a moving body can be positive , negative or zero but plus or minus is
only to show the direction of motion along straight line . Plus for motion towards positive x/y
axis and negative for motion towards negative x/y axis.

Distance is the total length of the path covered by a moving particle in a given interval of time .
Its magnitude is always greater than or equal displacement . (when did you think distance and
displacement are equal) . Unlike to the displacement distance of moving body is always positive
and can’t be zero or negative

Example 1

If man goes 10m towards east then heads 10m towards at 60NW, what will be the magnitude of
distance and displacement?

Solution 𝑆1 = 10𝑚 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 , 𝑆2 = 10𝑚 𝑎𝑡 60𝑁𝑊

Distance , S is path length its given as

𝑆 = 10𝑚 + 10𝑚 = 20𝑚

|𝑺| = |𝑺𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐 | = √𝑆12 + 𝑆22 + 2 ∗ 𝑆1 ∗ 𝑆2 𝑐𝑜𝑠120

|𝑺| = √102 + 102 + 2 ∗ 10 ∗ 10𝑐𝑜𝑠120 = √2 ∗ 102 − 102 = 10𝑚

Example 2

If an ice skater moves one fourth of circular track or radius r then find the ratio of the magnitude
of distance and displacement travelled by the ice skater. (Assume it start at the top moves in
clockwise direction)

Solution
𝑟𝜋
𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃 =
2

𝑺 = √𝑟2 + 𝑟2 = 𝑟√ 2 (Displacement)

𝑺 𝑟 √ 2 2√ 2
= 𝑟𝜋 =
𝑆 𝜋
2

Example 3 [left for you , apply the vector addition concept]

For the above case what will be the displacement if the ice skater moves a) three fourth of a
circle b) 120 degree (Assume it start at the top and moves in clockwise direction)

Example 4 [left for you]

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A dog moves 20 feet in a straight line towards west and return 15 feet to the starting point then
what will be the distance and displacement of the dog , assume it start at the origin.

Average velocity and average speed

Average velocity

 It is defined as the ratio of total displacement to the total time it takes.

 Its equivalent with a uniform velocity that the particle must have to cover that same
displacement in the same interval of time.
 Graphically it’s also equal to the slope of the secant line in position versus time graph.
 It’s a vector physical quantity having a direction as the direction of displacement

Suppose if a body moves along straight, lest assume the paths to be x axis. Considering the
motion of a particle on body, let say initially it was x1 at the time t1 then to another position x2 at
time t2 , then average velocity is given as

(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) ∆𝑥
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡

Graphically for position versus time graph average velocity between two intervals of time is
given as the slope of secant line passing through. Not that 𝜃 is always measured from positive x
axis in counterclockwise direction
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑉𝑎𝑣 = = tan(𝜃)
𝑡2 − 𝑡1

If the particle covers different displacement at different interval of time then average
displacement is given as

𝑠⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑠2 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑠3 , , ,
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3 , , ,

Note that.

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 Since displacement is a vector physical quantity you need to apply vector addition to
find the resultant.
 For uniform motion 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡

Example

A car covers 2/5th of the total distance with the speed of v1 and 3/5th of the distance with the
speed v2 calculate the average velocity assume there is no changing in direction for the whole
motion? (express it in terms of v1 and v2)

Solution
2 3
Given 𝑠1 = 5 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑣1 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑠2 = 5 ∗ 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑣2 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 , 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =?

Now use the definition to determine the 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔

𝑠1 + 𝑠2
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2

Since there is no time variable here lets write time in terms of s and v

2 3
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 5
2 3
5 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡 + 5 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝑣1 𝑣2

Simplifying the above expression

5𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑣2 + 3𝑣1

Example left for you

A car covers 1/4th of the total distance with the speed of v1 and 1/2th of the distance with the
speed v2 and move the remaining distance with the speed of v3 calculate the average velocity
assume there is no changing in direction for the whole motion? (express it in terms of v1,v2 and
v3)

Example

A car covered one fourth of the total time at speed of 20m/s . Its average speed for the whole
time is 25m/s . What is the speed of the car in the remaining three fourth of the time?
1 3
Given 𝑣1 = 20𝑚/𝑠 , 𝑡1 = 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡 , 𝑡2 = 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡 , 𝑣2
4 4

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Since we don’t know how to calculate 𝑣2 at the binging I will use the definition to lead us the
velocity

(𝑠1 + 𝑠2 )
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
Now let’s put the 𝑣2 , the unknown here while defining s
(𝑣 ∗ 𝑡 + 𝑣2 ∗ 𝑡2 )
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 1 1
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
1 3
20 ∗ 4 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡 + 𝑣2 4 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡
25 =
𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑡
(20 + 3𝑣2 ) 80
25 = , 𝑣2 = = 26.7𝑚/𝑠
4 3
3
25 = , 𝑣2 = 3 − 25 ∗ 20
20 + 𝑣2
Example

If the car covered one third of the total time at speed of 14m/s . Its average speed for the whole
time is 20m/s . What is the speed of the car in the remaining two third of the time?

Example

A horse runs from x=30m to x=-70m with the velocity of -10m/s and then from x=-70m to x=-
30m with the velocity of 8m/s then find

A. The average speed

B. The average velocity

Solution

𝑠1 + 𝑠2
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡1 + 𝑡2

Thus to calculate the first lets find the total time

𝑠1 𝑠2 |𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 | |𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 |
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = + = +
𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑣1

|−70 − 30| |−30 − (−70)|

= + = 15𝑠𝑒𝑐
10 8
(𝑠1 + 𝑠2 ) |−70 − 30| + |−30 − (−70)|
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = 9.33𝑚/𝑠
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 15
𝑠⃗⃗⃗1⃗ +𝑠⃗⃗⃗⃗2 𝑥 3−𝑥 1 −30−30
C. 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = = = −4
𝑡1 +𝑡2 𝑡1+𝑡2 15

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D. Example

Given the following position versus time graph ; determine

A. The average velocity for each vector (including its direction) , note the number indicated
is the angel the lines makes with positive x axis. (remember that slop=tanβ)

Instantaneous velocity

The average velocity describes the average value for the whole motion however this give us
limited information and it’s impossible to know whether an object speed up , slowdown , change
its direction even gets stopped in the middle of the motion. So the limitation of average velocity
leads us to the concept of instantaneous velocity

In simple term instantaneous velocity is the velocity at particular time. But here is the paradox
how is that possible to have motion in particular instant of time, since motion or change in
position happens only happen in interval of time note at specific time. So what is actually
instantaneous velocity? If our simple definition does not work. Here is the time that calculus
math’s play a role in giving us precise definition instantaneous velocity than physics.

Concept of instantaneous velocity in perspective of calculus?

The curved line we see is actually consisting of arc of circle. The tangent line to curve path refers
to line that touch the circle (arc in curved path) once .Whereas secant line is the lines that
intersect the curve more than once.

In calculus instantaneous velocity at given time refers the slope of the tangent line of position
versus time graph at that point. Let’s see this, the position versus time in figure below. If we
found the slope of the secant lines it gives the average velocity. But if we succively shorter the
time then we get closer to the tangent line .

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In other words instantaneous velocity does not actually mean the velocity at particular time
rather the velocity we got as one get much closer or approach to that time. This is mathematically
given as;

∆𝑥 𝑥 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = lim = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Example

The position of a particle as function of time is given as 𝑥 (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 5 then determine the
instantaneous velocity at time of 1sec, 4sec, 6 sec , ? at which interval of time does it changes its
direction?

Solution

𝑥 (𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 5

Now let’s find the instantaneous velocity as the function of time first

∆𝑥 𝑥 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = lim = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
[3(𝑡 + ∆𝑡)2 − 4(𝑡 + ∆𝑡)] − [3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 5]
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
[3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡∆𝑡 + ∆𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 − 4∆𝑡] − [3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 + 5]
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
(6𝑡∆𝑡 + ∆𝑡 2 − 4∆𝑡)
𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = lim = lim (6𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 4)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0

𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = 6𝑡 − 4

Then 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (1) = 6 ∗ 1 − 4 = 2, 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (3) = 6 ∗ 3 − 4 = 14, 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (6) = 6 ∗ 6 − 4 = 32

To find the time it change its direction (it change its sign) let use sign chart concept from math’s

𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 (𝑡) = 6𝑡 − 4 = 0, 𝑡 = 2/3

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Here note that 0 is minimum time we had since it can’t be. From 0 to 2/3 the object was moving
backward or west (since v<0) ; at t=2/3 till it stop (v=0) after then it will move in positive
direction or east or forward (since v>0)

Example [left for you]

If the position of the particle as a function of time is given as 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 5

Then find

A. The velocity of a particle as function of time or the instantaneous velocity

B. The velocity at 1, 4, and 3 sec
C. When did the particle stops
D. At which time interval does the particle moves forward , back ground

Answer

𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 5

𝑥 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑣(𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
[(𝑡 + ∆𝑡)3 − 4 ∗ (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)2 + 4 ∗ (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) + 5] − [𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 5]
𝑣(𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Note that (𝑎 + 𝑏)3 = 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑏2 𝑎 + 𝑏3

𝑣(𝑡)
([𝑡 3 + 3∆𝑡 ∗ 𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 (∆𝑡)2 + (∆𝑡)3 − 4𝑡 2 − 8𝑡∆𝑡 − 4(∆𝑡)2 + 4𝑡 + 4∆𝑡 + 5] − [𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 + 5])
= lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Simplifying the above expression

3∆𝑡 ∗ 𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 (∆𝑡)2 + (∆𝑡)3 − 8𝑡∆𝑡 − 4(∆𝑡)2 + 4∆𝑡

lim ( )
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

lim (3𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 (∆𝑡)1 + (∆𝑡)2 − 8𝑡 − 4(∆𝑡)1 + 4)

∆𝑡→0

lim (3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 4)
∆𝑡→0

𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 4

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Velocity at 1,3 and 4 sec

𝑉 (1𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ 12 − 8 ∗ 1 + 4 = −1

𝑉 (3𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ 32 − 8 ∗ 3 + 4 = 7

𝑉 (4𝑠𝑒𝑐 ) = 3 ∗ 42 − 8 ∗ 4 + 4 = 20

When did the particle stop?

3𝑡 2 − 8𝑡 + 4 = 0

2
(3𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 2) = 0, 𝑡 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 =
3

 The body displace forward between the interval 0 to 2/3 and after 2 sec
 The body displace backward between the interval 2/3 to 2 sec

Average and instantaneous acceleration

Whenever the moving body slowdown, speed up or change in direction then we will have
acceleration. However for straight-line motion since we don’t have direction change we do have
an acceleration due to speed up or slow down.

Average acceleration is the ratio of the change in velocity to the change in time takes place.
Mathematically it given as;
𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒈 =
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏

For uniformly accelerated motion, average acceleration equals to the acceleration at particular
time. However in the other case the average acceleration gives only the average value only not
the acceleration at particular time.

Since acceleration is vector it has magnitude and direction. For straight line motion the direction
of acceleration is given by plus or minus sign. Plus for positive x direction, minus for negative x
direction. But note that the sign of acceleration never show the weather a body slowdown or
speed up

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Irrespective of its sign (plus or minus sign), for straight line motion

 The body will speed up if the direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of
velocity
 The body will slow down if the direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction of
velocity
 The body will moves with constant velocity if the acceleration is perpendicular to the
velocity

Example

In which case does the body accelerate (speed up) or decelerate (slow down) or moves with
constant velocity ?

A. 𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = −3𝑚𝑠 −1 D. 𝑎𝑥 = −3𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑚𝑠 −1

B. 𝑎𝑥 = −3𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = −3𝑚𝑠 −1 E. 𝑎𝑦 = −3𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑚𝑠 −1
C. 𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑚𝑠 −1 F. 𝑎𝑦 = 3𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑚𝑠 −1
Instantaneous acceleration

Usually it’s an ideal case or few instant where the acceleration is constant. Most often the
acceleration is not constant rather it means. You can take the fall of object from height, the
motion of a ball in air , the motion of racing car etc. During this case the average acceleration
fails to give acceleration at particular time. This leads us to instantaneous acceleration.

Instantaneous acceleration is the acceleration at particular time, its average acceleration for very
small change of time in other word its equal to the slope of the tangent line at particular time of
velocity time graph. Mathematically it’s given as

∆𝑣 𝑣 ( 𝑡+∆𝑡) −𝑣 ( 𝑡)
𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 = lim ∆𝑡
………………..(i)
∆𝑡→0

Note that use this definition whenever possible to write velocity as function of time with lesser
complexity . There are also possible expressions for instantaneous acceleration ;
1 1 1
 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 = ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡 = 𝑡( 𝑣+∆𝑣) −𝑡 (𝑣) ……………………(ii)
lim lim
∆𝑣 ∆𝑣→0 ∆𝑣 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

Note that

 I recommend you to use definition one whenever it’s not easy to write position as
1
function of time 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑒𝑡𝑐
 I recommend you to use definition one whenever velocity is given as function position
1
not time example of time 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 = 𝑣, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 𝑣, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑒𝑡𝑐

We will see the above with examples

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Example

Suppose the velocity of an object along x is given as 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 find the instantaneous
acceleration at 3, 4 and 10 sec , at what time does the acceleration is zero

Solution

(𝑣(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑣(𝑡))

𝑎(𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
([(𝑡 + ∆𝑡)3 − 3 ∗ (𝑡 + ∆𝑡)] − [𝑡 3 − 3𝑡])
𝑎(𝑡) = lim =4
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
([𝑡 3 + 3𝑡 2 ∆𝑡 + 3(∆𝑡)2 𝑡 + (∆𝑡)3 − 3𝑡 − 3∆𝑡] − [𝑡 3 − 3𝑡])
𝑎(𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Simplifying the above

𝑎(𝑡) = lim 3𝑡 2 + 3(∆𝑡) 𝑡 − 3

∆𝑡→0

𝑎(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 3

𝑎(3) = 3 ∗ 32 − 3 = 24, 𝑎( 4 ) = 3 ∗ 4 2 − 3 ∗ 4 =

3𝑡 2 − 3 = 0, 3(𝑡 − 1) ∗ (𝑡 + 1) = 0, 𝑡 = 1𝑠𝑒𝑐

Example

The position of a particle moving in straight line is given by 𝑥 (𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 4 where s in

meter and t in second . Then what is the acceleration of a particle

Solution

𝑥 (𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 4

𝑥 (𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑥 (𝑡)
𝑣(𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
([2∗ ( 𝑡+∆𝑡) 2 +2∗( 𝑡+∆𝑡) +4] −[2𝑡2 +2𝑡 +4])
𝑣(𝑡) = lim ∆𝑡
∆𝑡→0

(4𝑡∆𝑡 + 2(∆𝑡)2 + 2∆𝑡)

𝑣(𝑡) = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝑣(𝑡) = lim (4𝑡 + 2∆𝑡 + 2) = 4𝑡 + 2

∆𝑡→0

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(𝑣(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) − 𝑣(𝑡))

𝑎(𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
(4(𝑡 + ∆𝑡) + 2 − 4𝑡 − 2)
𝑎(𝑡) = lim =4
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
This shows that acceleration is constant

Example left for you , (hint first write x in terms of t)

The displacement of a particle moving in straight line is given by 𝑡 = 2√ 𝑥 + 4 − 4 where s in

meter and t in second. Then find

A. The velocity as function of time or instantaneous velocity

B. The acceleration as function of time or instantaneous acceleration
C. The acceleration when time

Example

Given that the position of the particle is given by 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑡 , then determine

A. Determine the velocity and the retardation acceleration as function of x

B. the acceleration and the velocity when t=5sec

Solution

Here for this case we are asked to find the velocity and acceleration as function of x , but the
position is not given as explicit form of time . Rather time is given as explicit form of position
thus for this case let’s make some reform so as to simplify the analysis
∆𝑥 1
𝑣= 𝑜𝑟 ∆𝑡 While taking the small x
∆𝑡
∆𝑥

1
Using 𝑣= ∆𝑡 simplify the analysis since time is given as function of position
∆𝑥

1
𝑣=
𝑡 (𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑡(𝑥)
lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
1
𝑣=
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 )2 + 2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 )
lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

1
𝑣=
𝑥2 + 2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 )
lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

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1 1
𝑣= 2 =
2𝑥∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥 ) + 2∆𝑥 2𝑥 + (∆𝑥)1 + 2
lim lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 1

1 1
𝑣= =
2𝑥 + 2 2(𝑥 + 1)

Acceleration
∆𝑣
Here velocity is given as function of x not time so using the definition 𝑎 = will be a bit
∆𝑡
complicate unless we wrote velocity as function of time so here is the solution
∆𝑣 ∆𝑣 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝑎= = ∆𝑥 ( ∆𝑡 ) but = 𝑣 which is calculated previously
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

In formal writing

𝑣 ( 𝑥+∆𝑥 ) −𝑣(𝑥) 𝑥 ( 𝑡+∆𝑡) −𝑥(𝑡)

𝑎 = lim ∆𝑥→0 ∗ lim
∆𝑥 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

𝑣(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 ) − 𝑣 (𝑥 )
𝑎 = ( lim )∗ 𝑣
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
1 1
2(𝑥 + ∆𝑥 + 1) − 2𝑥 + 2 (2𝑥 + 2) − (2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 2)
𝑎 = lim ∗ 𝑣 = lim ∗𝑣
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ( 2𝑥 + 2)( 2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 2)

−2∆𝑥
𝑎 = {lim }∗ 𝑣
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ( 2𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 2)

2
𝑎 = ( lim )∗𝑣
∆𝑥→0 ( 2𝑥 + 2)( 2𝑥 + 2∆𝑥 + 2)

−2
𝑎=( )∗ 𝑣
(2𝑥 + 2)(2𝑥 + 2 ∗ 0 + 2)
−2 −2 1
𝑎 = (2𝑥+2)2 ∗ 𝑣 = ( 2𝑥+2) 2
∗ 2 (2𝑥+2) Replacing V

−2 −2 1
𝑎= 2
∗𝑣 = 2
∗
(2𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 2)

−2
𝑎=
(2𝑥 + 2)3

Now the velocity and acceleration when x=4 is given as

1
𝑣 ( 𝑥 = 4) = = 0.1
2∗ 4+ 2
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−2
𝑎( 𝑥 = 4 ) = = −0.002
( 2 ∗ 4 + 2) 3

Example left for you

The position of the particle as function of time is given as 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 2𝑡 then determine

A. The velocity of a particle as function of time

B. The acceleration of a particle as function of time

Uniformly accelerated motion for straight line motion

Is the motion at which both the direction and magnitude of the acceleration remain unchanged In
this case the velocity change by same amount for an equal interval of time .Though most of
motion in nature are not uniformly accelerated motion we can approximate as if they are .
Example

 The fall of an object from height where the air resistance is small
 The motion of a plane along the run way before takeoff ,
 The motion of car after red light is on.
 The motion of an object on inclined plane (rough or smooth)

Equation of uniformly accelerated motion

[v+u] ∆𝑥
vavg = t or 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 ∆𝑡

a = vavg t

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
1
x = xo + ut + 2 at 2 The position as function of time

v 2 = u2 + 2a(x − xo ) The velocity as function of position

Part two and three will be uploaded on the coming three days, thanks all

May God bless you all!!!!

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