1)WHAT IF DC CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH A WIRE?
If a direct electric current (DC) is passed through a wire then a magnetic field is generated
around the wire perpendicular to the current flow
2)WHAT HAPPENS IF AC CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH A WIRE?/ HOW EM WAVES
ARE GENERATED?
If an alternating electric current (AC) is passed through the wire then, because the direction
of current flow is changing, the polarity of the magnetic field will also change, reversing
polarity as the current direction reverses
Hence EM Waves are generated
3)Polarization?
The polarization of radio waves is defined as the plane of the electric field
A vertical aerial will emit radio waves with the electrical field in the vertical plane and hence
produce a vertically polarized wave, and a horizontal aerial will produce a horizontally
polarized wave.
To receive maximum signal strength from an incoming radio wave it is essential the receiving
aerial is in the same plane as the polarization of the wave, so a vertically polarized radio
wave would require a vertical aerial
4)Wavelength?
the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or
electromagnetic wave
5)Frequency?
Frequency definition states that it is the number of complete cycles of waves passing
a point in unit [Link] frequency is known then the wavelength can be determined
and if the wavelength is known then the frequency can be calculated from:
c/lambda(wavelength)
6) speed of em waves ?
162000 nautical miles per second
300 × 106 ms-1
7)What is Low Frequency (LF) and uses ?
Frequency 30 – 300 kHz
Wavelength 10 – 1 km
Used in NDB/ADF it uses the upper band of Low frequency and lower band of the Medium
Frequency (MF).
8)Frequency band for long range communication?
High Frequency (HF) is used for LRC
Frequency 3 – 30 MHz wavelength 100 – 10 m
9)tell me something about VHF ?
Very High Frequency (VHF)
Frequency 30 – 300 MHz
Wavelength 10 – 1 m
Used in different type of radio navigation aids such as VDF, VOR, ILS localizer, marker beacons
And also used for Short range communication, with comparatively less static background noise.
10)tell me something about UHF ?
Ultra High Frequency
Frequency 300 – 3000 MHz
Wavelength 100 – 10 cm
Used in ILS glide path, DME, SSR, Satellite communications, Global navigation satellite system
and long range radars
11)tell me something about SHF ?
Super High Frequency (SHF)
3 – 30 GHz
10 – 1 cm
Used in RADALT, AWR, MLS, short range radars
12) What is a radio wave?
It is an energy wave where there is an electrical field perpendicular to a magnetic field.
13)static interference is more at higher frequency or lower frequency ?
The effect of static interference is greater at lower frequencies whereas at VHF and above the
effect of interference is generally negligible.
Hence Higher frequency is preferred for Short rance communication in order to avoid the static
interference
14)Types of propagation ?
A) Non-ionospheric Propagation
Surface Wave:Surface wave propagation exists at frequencies from about 20 kHz to
about 50 MHz (from the upper end of VLF to the lower end of VHF)
As the frequency increases, surface attenuation increases and the surface wave range
decreases;Attenuation is the term given to the loss of signal strength in a radio wave as it
travels outward from the transmitter.
Frequency 20 kHz-50 MHz
But for practical purposes the frequency Used is 20 kHz-2 MHz
A horizontally polarized wave will be attenuated very quickly and give very short ranges;
therefore, vertical polarization is generally used at these lower frequencies.
Space Wave
The space wave is made up of two paths, a direct wave and a reflected wave
Frequency > 50 MHz
B) Ionospheric Propagation
Sky wave
Sky Wave propagation, commonly known as the skip, is a kind of radio wave
propagation. It is either the reflected or refracted back waves to the earth from
the ionosphere, which is an electrically charged layer of the upper
atmosphere.
Frequency 20 kHz-50 MHz
But for practical purposes the frequency Used is 2-30 MHz
IONOSPHERE The ionosphere extends upwards from an altitude of about 60 km to limits
of the atmosphere
Layers of IONOSPHERE
The lowest of these layers occurs at an average altitude of 75 km and is known as the
D-region or D-layer.
The next layer, at an average altitude of 125 km, is present throughout the 24 hours and is
known as the E-layer.
The final layer of significance is the F-layer at an average altitude of 225 km. The F-layer
splits into two at sunrise and rejoins at sunset, the F1 -layer reducing in altitude at sunrise
and increasing in altitude after sunset.
15) skip distancE?
The distance from the transmitter to the point where the first returning sky wave appears at the
surface is known as the skip [Link] first returning sky wave and the angle (measured from
the vertical) at which this occurs is known as the critical angle
16)DEAD SPACE ?
From the point where the surface wave is totally attenuated to the point where the first returning
sky wave appears there will be no detectable signal, this area is known as dead space
17)Super-refraction?
This is a phenomenon which is significant at frequencies above 30 MHz (that is VHF and above).
Radio waves experience greater refraction, that is, they are bent downwards towards the earth’s
surface more than in normal conditions.
The conditions which give rise to super-refraction are:
• Decrease in relative humidity with height
• Temperature falling more slowly with height than standard
• Fine weather and high pressure systems
• Warm air flowing over a cooler surface
18) WHAT IS MODULATION ?
Modulation is the name given to the process of adding information to a radio wave or the
formatting of radio waves for other purposes.
TYPES:
Keyed Modulation
This is the simplest way to put information onto a carrier wave is to quite simply interrupt the
wave to give short and long bursts of energy
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
In AM the amplitude of the audio frequency (AF) modifies the amplitude of the radio frequency
(RF).
Frequency Modulation (FM)
In Frequency Modulation, the amplitude of the audio frequency modifies the frequency of the
carrier wave.
Phase Modulation
In phase modulation the phase of the carrier wave is modified by the input signal. There are two
cases: the first is where the input is an analogue signal when the phase of the carrier wave is
modified by the amplitude of the signal; secondly, with a digital signal it is known as phase shift
keying, the phase change reflects a 0 or 1; e.g. 0° phase shift indicates a zero and 180° phase
shift represents a 1.
Pulse Modulation
Pulse modulation is used extensively in radar systems and for data exchange in communications
systems. An intermittent carrier wave is formed by the generation and transmission of a
sequence of short period pulses
19)Different EMISSION CODES :
ADF N0NA1A or N0NA2A
VHF RTF A3E
HF RTF J3E
VOR A9W
ILS A8W
Marker Beacons A2A
DME P0N