thes | [11 EXAMS OFFICE USE ONLY. University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg ‘Course or topic No(s) Course or topic name(s) Paper Number & title ‘Exeminetion/Test* to be held during month(s) of (deltas splicable) ‘Year of Study (Arts & Scionce leave blank) DegreesDiplomas for which “This course is preseribed (BSe (Eng) shuld ineae which branch) Faculty/ies presenting candidates Intemal examiner(s) and ‘Telephone extension number(s) Extemal examiner(s) Specie materiale required (graphvmusictdraving paper, maps, SFograms, tables, compur cards, ee.) Time allowance Instructions to candidates (Examiners may wish to use this space {0 indicate, inter alia, the contribution made by this examination or test towards the year mark, if appropriate) CIVN 3010 [Structural Steet Design [September 2016 yar BSc (Eng) Civil [Engineering and the Built Environment Prof A. Elvin x7-7145 Open Book Exam Course [CIVN3014 2 Hours No(s) Hours Answer All Questions All questions have equal marks.Question #1 (20 marks) ‘The plan view and elevation of a steel structure are shown below. All members shown in the diagram are I or H sections. Brick Wal Window Plan View Elevation Brick Wall (@) Layout the structure (ie. show the orientation of the I and H sections; show flanges and webs) and sketch (specify) the minimum additions that are required to stabilize the structure. Ail additions must be made of steel. [18] (b) State the assumptions that you have made. Ri Question #2 (20 marks) ‘The parallel flange channel PC200x75 is 4m long and is connected via 4 M20 bolts as shown below. The bolts are inserted into 22mm diameter holes that were punched. The serviceability limit state loads are: dead load = SOKN and live load = +/- 150KN (the +/- indicate tensile and compressive forces). (a) Calculate the tensile capacity of the member. (61 (©) Calculate the compressive capacity of the member. [10] (©) Caleulate by how much the member will be over/ under loaded ia} Bonus Mark: State any comments that you might have 2}Steel Table 2.12 CHANNELS, DIMENSIONS AND Sealthts “at EXAMS OFFICE USE ONLY’ Te University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Course or topic No(s) Course or topic name(s) Paper Number & title ‘Examination/Fest* tobe held during month(s) of (*ésetas applicable) Year of Study (ars & Science leave bank) Degree/Diplomas for which ‘This course is prescribed (BSc (Eng) shuld niente which branch) Faculty/ies presenting candidates Internal examiner(s) and Telephone extension number(s) External examiner(s) Special materials required (grephimusiciraveng paper, maps, ‘dagrams, tables, computer cards, otc) Time allowance Instructions to candidates (Examiners may wish to use this space to indicate, inter alia, the contribution ‘made by this examination or test towards the year mark, if appropriate) CIVN 3010 ——______ Structural Steel Design November 2016 Ber BSc (Hing) Civil Engineering and the Built Environment Prof A. Elvin x7-T145, I [Mr. A. Gebremeskel (Open Book Exam Course ‘CIVN3016 3 Hours No(s) Hours Answer All Questions Al questions have equal marks.‘New ‘ ‘Walkway Structure Plan View (Existing structure not shown) Rebs) and sketch (specify) the minimum additions that are required to Stabilize the structure. Specify the type of supports the structure has. Al itions must be made of steel, > 18) (b) State the assumptions that you have made, RI (@) Layout the new structure (ce. show the orientation of the I and sections: show flanges and Question #2 (20 marks) Design the primary steel I beam that supports two secondary beams Analysis has shown that the service loads from the secondary beams are: DL = SORN and LL. = 17344 The primary beam is 6m long. The secondary beams are connected to the primary beam via fin connections, {18} State the assumptions that you have made. 2) DL=S0KNQuestion #3 (20 marks) ‘Two steel offcuts made of the 356x171x51 UB are spliced together in a shear splice—the dimensions are ‘as shown, The shear splice connection is to transmit SOOKN ultimate shear force. ‘Use M20 Grade 8.8 bolts. (a) Calculate the shear resistance, V,, of this connection. a7] (0) Calculate and comment on the adequacy of this connection. B) Hint: Please note that the problem is symmetric, and only one half of the connection needs to be considered. (Bd sketch of Connection 100, Web Gauge-ss iE Spacing=70 33 ee Edge=35 Mile 6 sooxny 7 Clearance=10 oe} | Web Plate Shear Splice Connection: 356x171x51 to 356x1 71x51 Web Pit: 280%1 70x12S TEEL DESIGN. Available Bulag materials 1 Stee! >. Concrete ( Reingorced concrete) Buaieing construction material 3. Tober Plagne (hemporced plarte) Basis & choice, 1. Cost ~ Copitued cost - Number one coit 2. Time fo utility 3. Avanlabihty v. Aesthetics 5, Enutonment 6 Loading Advaniages € steel 1. Stenatn [ weigh rato . higher ( Slender) 9. Uniform material Quality control 3. Elasne Plaine ¢. Ductte ( Importen? beccceye et absorbs energy) ( wome before peuuwe) ¢. Toughness ~ wear 6. Conrmucton preanion To sewe time and meney 1. Verratle Disacwan tages 1. Material 4 expensive [ Mainrenanee cour ( peuntrg) 3. Fre proopmg ( Encoue in thin wncrete ) Ly Bet cosis more \4. Embuittles @ tow temperatures ( special steel) s. Peetun — $iah skilled labour — IF métake 6. Pendernes ( Diepreutt fo trartport ard hanaie) We HIGH STEEL VS_[eON @: what changes iron to steel ? Polcution carbon C, mid sieel - Shructural Matenal yea sTeess ( 04) —_ 355 TR —> maienol property sTewcruene | c(%) | Hnl'%) 6.22 1-60 1.60 Gene 0.35 € (35%) Mechameat Poperhes mild steel ~ Beuchre material Thickness th~ 40 40-65 | 100 ~ ier Oy 34s | 355° Cattimete 410 = 630 Mm 450 Etongenon €(%) ary.kg Pe 1860 ips By adding carbon —» Forme other steel E= 900 pa Example Ve 0.3 Glaunieti creel ( Doerat rust ) az Naxo* /*¢ Colm (Boermt rest ) G: 11 Cpa Meduum corben sreel High carben — ( Sprmqs_ , wirer) ulhq high carbon Shuctutal_sreel_fections T-Secten He cecuhon Flot ry Channel Parratiel plange Tapp ered Flange channel Angle Unequal leq ( Equal 'eq) teq. Oo CoLd ROWER SECTONS = Should not be welded " channel! wm - | Channel> ie tial and ener a. Expenment — Metmod o¢ expenment a. ~ Reecuch ~ Expenence 3. Desiqn ~ ute g thumb Gaigreaton ( Set ee rules witten down) - Rates F best praehse - Beutoung, Standards Design: Meney in the inte span F the project f ~ > Rise and —— Rewerrel etnod eccqn ( Shreutural ) 1. General Anangemenr (GA) a. Member reelection . Gues gm. Anaigus a Member selection vy Crnal pan / Foil. Drawng procucton and specipiccetion l rowing proouuchen General Arrongement (CrP) Detentecl Drawing To rceute and can he beule} oO Fubrucaton Proctte cE _siruutural_enquneer Drawings ured to build Spetigr cations Caiculanont are pert a backup 9 drowingsGood _Derign - Overall economy -meetall critena - minimal rise Desian Procenure i. Dwide — sructeere mio components a. Solve ecch compenent separately 3. Assemble / connect compenents @ Check overal structure 3) Shucture_pro biem 1D - tompenent Qn _cernponent | _ Truss: member ~ Plete - Beom = wails ~ Frame = Shell member desiqn Connection Desian Put together the entre | fhudure and cheek f Bia CONCEPTS — The cntineoess path @ rhe applied load (8) follow fo supports. (eq Foundanen) Coniept @& Eneity / connechon j ~> Focuung en the rerulting behaviour- Quehon & how muth SHEEN doe the element have. (Not el how ts clamped, but itr chepnen reauhon to how itr clampect) Concept ge stabil = Suaden behavour - 9° order eye ( Buckling) - Nof obvious ¥ Con be analyed by pertubahon analysisDerian is an econemical spluthon Generpe REGuIRemeNT OF A STRUCTURE 1 Fancher =. Muir be wiegul (onept of + site ~ Potanon Peeen Sarety Dorobitly 9. docal Enurenmental Aesthenes 3. Economie Concept er. Time quickly fo rest whiny cost ( How much doe it co fo run the butiaing ) G Legal eequue ments Sarety Munupal kequiatons Sere 5. Phat! Sheena requirement yielding ~ crates Local stabiity ( Bucenng) diiqnes Comnethon Defect ~ Aucleranen Fangue Cwanr jo detian aganct that) » Cyimancetl joa ing + Gabinry Giobal stabi tityExamples unstable unciabie How fo _sigbiine _ sireusture Caqant stability) eres trust ( conve te prrencture to revs) A { Deusen bared en ecenome, — Showd design the brewing member For both cases Pc a p* K. NF ¥™ A 4 Ignore. member A -8 (7) c= 0(T) Ignore C-B(P) Jqnme (8 -B)p* AAA Diogeral braung Crast - beeing k- Browing @ -© @ © one © ¢. Design For strengrh c. Dern for siverath ‘—-siang Ww + ondFrome in achon = cenmechens must take moments ~ Flusn = Eactended - Enctended fhepners % Moment conneehen plate ys mutn tteker = That wil entire (0 cut rogetner win the beam altacned fo at. Cho ir thy ——-— SS c Shear wo Bio poram quot&. Make into a pus © Combinaton o& the above. NoTe ANS WARNINGS i. (Uhen bang ure KA hranquianon & consiaer - Coit Unitity accey Aesthetics 2. Winen brace no eccenbinuty — Cente lines oF members meet at one point {m= Pe “ 5 IF you dent accocent 7 ; For this moment the ite the copnehon orewture will Fal due ~ Dene inrrecdu Io the moment as a a 7 long S quset piates fesule aceniicelyInureate moment Copauly CF rhe connerton —no through pin on the dues beamsTemsion memsek 7 Rew rane lotevesied in the capaury (%) © Fension member ¥C oncept ce lnmit state = Check all Inai states, weatert one | lowest qoverns x Load pan — follow the load , and test each component — will not concider the connecing eiements ~ Bolland welds wok en Limi STATE: AS (on, Te ¢ Ag fy Me member Fatlur mn tension wy. T= 0.85 D Ane fr — Fewnture through connectien holes (i. T= 0.85 O A! Fy Fettoe through rduud area IF tle end connections are euch fhat dhe ret alll ge the crosi-setnonal elements qf the member are eenneited => Shear Jag Ag | E lz ° b. Ane = Area net in tencon = Ag - dnt (Hole area) co Abner = Area effective Reaued ara - paral pat q= He member not connected unconneied lag = cannet transper loads: a. Ag= Cras rea Connected — | fy - yield sires = ass mya ( Function oF Inictness ) f= uthmate sitey= G10 mpa ( Functor oe thrécenes)C Flaten out the section Net quea_gor bolted connector Aner = Wn -t woz (w-nd' + ds?) 4g A = Number oF holes through witch paulure plane pares o!= Hoie aiameter 1? Funcren oe haw the boitis made (Bat diameter + Imm) (Beit dtameter + 4mm) - iF punened $2 Bab spacing | Ly Damage rome ceuued by puncher gz Bat gauge } Dimensien o any feqment oF fhe pauluie tine that os imained fo the dieuten oF tne Force. Effect Arco = Shear tag (Bolted connechon ) CL 18.3.3 When all parts g the kechon at worleing ( uniwal case ) An = Ane = when all poilr aw connetedCL 9.3.32 — when not all sechons care connetted — Shear aq - Entre area Ag nor wtilited IT Ane = (w-dd')t T Anes [w-3d'+ 82 4 8 Se aq 44 WT Are =(w- ad' 5? )t 4 @® x Anales connected by more than 4 belle iongutudinal along the member Ane = 0.80 Ane x Angle connected by & 4 bolls Fine = 0,6 Ane Ml other shrowusal sector connettdl (shy 2h boi longi tudinatiy % Pne's 0.85 Ane Connected by two boll longitudinally Ane = 0,15 Ane Examplelimit_stafe in tension a. Lhear block Faciure eh 8. dh. T= inrfu + 0.00 Agv fy mine I WLLL + T= @pot fu + eat Anu fu Converhng shear into on : Fens Ant = Net aver intension =(¢-S)t Agu = Crow tea in Shear = lt Anu = Net area in shear = (0-als)a')é =( (-250'e (t-Wd)o Je =a Eocampie = Ani = (o-30')E ” ~ Agv= dat if fin < (20-0) : a pnr=( +g -1()d'> Gt NaF * Ago=(a + 36) € LC Anus (a + 8 -tha')t Lim Slate @ Beanng arte = CL 13.10 ummai (Te) = Limi states za). Dennen in member EBL wn. Net are ¢ memioer G). Eyectte area @ Shear biock T (=Br)= Dor atn fu © Bearing power. Qin = 0.6% T= Number boalis im connethon Biz Ove atn fu Br= 8b tdn fuTension memBers - welded — CI /2. 33 _ ale @ Ay fy Member powue b. Te = 0.359 Ane fu ite asta (Shear (cg) Not all " th “4 Net ad fest 4 j wn | wr wa v L cael CASEZ Conneted by Wi Free lag We 7 jengivaind ee ft Tranyyerce lena t uncom ered Ane= Anet + Mned + Aned max Ane = Aner + Anes Ane = Aneré Anes Pne!s Wt » Tramuene fo load Ned L2OSun Con noi have L=0 u — _—Maesmay = Average lenain ce wed (i er% Conneted Log IF L> dw Ane a = Wit IF dw) >L 2 Wi Ane = wit ; rs ob SW Ane = Fle x Uncenneted leg => Anes o iFOL2 wu, | pihuings & the anid Anes =(1-¥) (ur -t)é Ket+ Wre-& a Ie Lok, Anes = Le 2 L= Average ured jenath Lheei 2 ET0e —loger weldm the heel => Shear p lag oO 7 t Snes = welded Te - Inne eel Tee State a. Teruen member a. Eflanue ana — (ihear lag)COomPREssION MEMBERS = Geel shustures are pamanty qouetned by SHHNE = Concrete inucturer ae qucemed by Strengin. wees _mmembers capaeily Cr. Limit steites fo check: Weakest lint governs : a. Backing Global 6. Buckling focal oe. Geenon welding > Wot including “holes beceure buckling ta Global prenomen, 4 CLASIFIRTION OF SECTIONS PCCORSIY TO WIDTH 7D THULNES Raro IF high sienclerras ratio —» element expenences local bucking at hiah div esies y One: Diyeentate between dechens abk f rei an axial sherr egeiat 1» fy withour foced bucking -and thee that bude berore fy w reached. x Global buckling ; Dawoly fymmemic sechen CB. Flexural BucklingFostored resttance ® G = How theng the settien ts = Comprenioe reviciance ond Ce OA (rea) ® Shresr capacity (in compreaien resuteree ) fr-G os h(n ay? oA Az Grom area fy= Yied shee (Functen o& thicknes) Ne ee [fy zt WE Siendernest ration > 15 maximum due to fmm >To acne min Cr ‘Mm Intemal girenes ( ocked into the secon) = 1.34 Hot rolled cabncated 3 Retecuing the intemal riven (pleve quoers cet win axuy flame cut) aay Lima sete a. Global Bucking & fechen grow queld = do them both beccune beuckling 1s comple Loent Buckting = axected by materiel properties ce Trvckneg & the seenCheek cecron elements IF ow 4 criteal vatue (no local bucking) - class 3. secton IF w > Crincal value ( Local bercktng) = clot 4 feet = Check efement by element. Reo Boor TABLE: CRITICAL VALUES Claws 4 sechon element that are mn cempressien LCatewtote eHechue areg Remove buctlecl area 4 | b= h-ae : + f2 ; k= 4.0 Element supperted en lath 5 tenquvaimal edges (web) k= 0.43, Element supported on ene a. whin WL Wim Win secu [ke (™mrcin cone (Penge) AeeeR fi eHectwe crea L, (ampressive stress in ine tection £ fy ulhmate limit state b. WO Whim Aq = Efectve crea cetteusoted with reacwed element widths Aer = ot bf: 0.95 ¢ KE | 1 - 9.208 bE t Plow? Element mochiry a Elemenr Age DA -eterent Element, IF § Gtate oe state) is tow enough b* > b whin not dilowedLomi state a. Groba_bucleing Sinaly symneric Bisym metic Pru menetnic and aiymmeme ; can cout under axiq) compremon by Torsional or Flexural - terwional baceling % Do both , not sure which one wil be ecpenenced. Cr= @Afe (i+ ¥") 7 wie fe nor fy: @® IF doubly symmemc cr axrsymmetic feemn( tex fey and fe) IF angy iymmenc win 4 -axs fez mn( fex, Sey2 ) © F aymminic fes Jnana root of : Ce ~fex We tull fe = he) = 2 fen fy (Ee Ate - fel) <0 —Darectien ye Dsrewten Texnon fede. fe 2 TE feefm2.w , or) 1) ae : (4 } Pele he Ta ty Ke: Yo= Dukance frem cenhord o the secon fe the shear centre. ety = Rowe ce qyraren feet + kot te + ty flexural being: [ tes Eflecnve length ky = fuusters in X and 4 Accoen Butieing | ba = Ege jin in tence, clownswe can have cut of pian oucieing. ty will howe kx ly yy * Op 4 lag ly IF braved (pont @ mid span) Connae bucking in 3B feyz 2 fey ete ( i- fi-# ‘tt ) as (10s “| 7 EHectwe length poutor k KL~ unbraced engin 2.0 2.0 Treoy : 0-5 07 1.0 1o oy 1 ° / / \ ; } vase | { | é \ ; a A il Qecormmendd : 06s 0.80 a) 12 20 2.0Example i 303 x 133 x 30 UB $455 TR L298 Ficd @ baw , Pinned @ ger vide. Whats the max toad it con camry . ths 0.3095) = 2.0 Deke { fy acc | ass GATE 31 B Far? (o008 103) = 0.8 any-4 OO (04 ; 234) -th G = (0.92. sono IKassr( te (0.847 yb (ra 8&4. 42 EN Do CLASS Check: Exampie 2 30S * 102 * 8S UB kL=2.0 = i 3s tS 1.6. “Tr (200818) = 1.368 Crs QA Ay (hg P73 Gr 2 (09 2.121089 3559( 1 + 1.36827) > TH Gs 407.49 kN fre Gr, yore OAa (0.1 3.12.) = 15.12 Mp4oO Check clays + we bia = Whe)? 2 4.58 < 10-7 clase 3 t 6.7 4 Doesnt locally buckle w = hw_ = 305.1 =2(o-#) tw so. 8" | > 35-8 class + & Area thoutd be . ds = + K: Supported on two ends recuete Wim = 0.644] (4) 900x103) 2 47.8 145 w > wim 50.3> 41.8 => Locally buckling ) Recusre area ehectiue Rectue the kngth ———> Aep= bt bY = 0.95¢ ee (1 - 0.208 | Ke }t f w f fe fr bY = 0.95(5-8) fox 00x18 ( 9.208 | #200 x10? ) tus SOS] tas , 283 ma Compare bY fo b ( $05.1-9(6-79) 2 291.7 mm b* 2 29. Tmm Hene we wit ure b* beame tts few than bRet = Agr - fw; tw + b*tw = 2-12 x108— ( 305.) — 2(6-7))f5.8) + 283¢5-6) = 3.070103 nm? Ged Aq fe Cr = (O.9N8 07x13 X (45/1000) Cr = 460 KN we can catuuate web ¢ b=(h-dtpiange) ‘Mere conservative b= hw VE Lxampie 8 Get js0 « ox OL Grode = S355-TE CHeclive length = (S00 mm Pacsal cormpresien \VHaghest looking for the weakest ink Corouiate Cr: Slerdtemess rao: Can butie in the x.y divewsnen Ae ss = Tu 34.7 @) kL = _ i800 = 95.7 Te 58.2 Compressive Shree efe( 120° * or ne ef ty = ase( i+ oer) om er = 283° mpa D = 50.5|_388 1? (260x18 Ne 0.677 Shoaly Symmebie — sectien « (other mode @ pacture) fe: mn ( fex , Feyz ) fex sme 2 T?is00x10%) fey =_T76_ = (200x108) 208168) eertay GE Gay = 174" mpa = 2471. Mpa fee =[Wecw , GT key m (Eeago L ar] an A (Ke > fo fo angle = Cw=0 Xo =O Yo= 44.9 mn hee ker ye tee = (49.9)? + (29,12 + (88.2)? 6.76 X103; i fens (17805 10x00 ) sappy ea) = 428 mpa Xe + ye at- (4%) eh ( 49.97 ) 6 Te X10 = 0.631 feye= fey + feo (\- | ty feo 2 ) IW (fey + fa? =[ag67 + 428) (: _ fy, _s24 nee) : 2 (0.61) Coen + 428)? a = 405 mpa fee mn Tt > ys) (ms ; = 405 mpa Ne ffs = 0.936 non euler buctiing fe J 405 he ke} ty je foucieing TAME ~ Flexural buck ting Oo fre Ge fy (ie gyn op : ve “5 = 355( 5 + 0.936 y = 935 mpa Cr For a clay |. 2-3 sechon , the renstance can now be amply obtained by —muthplying by A. Bul a clase 4: Need f further yedute the areaWeb ='0 = 15 > 10.67 € 10 Ly check reduced Ag Wum = ou [ae f = 0.644 | (0.43) [2002107) Suppested om edqe 295 W> Whim i516 > Ae. Pepe bh t b* = ost fee }y_ 0.206] xe t wot b= 0.95 (10) [0,43 (2000 10%) | = 9208 19.43 (200K 10? ) 225 is ust = BS bt b = 150 Reps Ag - 2(w-b)t = 2930 9( 150 ~135)(10) = 0630 mm? Cr = OAerf A nas Cr = (0-93680) “°/og9 A KE Cr = $33 KNom) Pre ssive Members t Yielding on Ag ». Crlobal buckling 3. Local buckling — Reauwmg the area ron» Avea thet has buckled eer not (nin bette bo the resutance F Me member.Benning Evement (BEAMS) Copaciy ¢ beam (mr) [ima States: a. Plarke moment . Plaste hinge Concept yjelding a® Local yrelding iL compre $106 2one wher b. Lateral Tersional Bucking ‘Gonre want fo Buckie out & plane bF Local — buceling FC errectue length) the toad fo c. Shear thet ‘na ied the enon d. web yielding and near b fad — wh upp hing Locally Limi date Ne bucking (no | mere copaus4) Inveasing teed ant FU gp i ——* Pek fel fy Mos Myreld m= My My LM Mp: Mp = Plas moment My = 8M @ Fura yield fem eH it re ee Fg b fom m: fz Z- seihon moduli For _Devign Purpaves : My = ty. Ze Elaste seein modulus Mp = ty. Zp Plame secon modeutusZet Zp Ze L2p a* Limi dtate:@ _yieiding (uo buckling) = Lateraly suppeted beam SST TTT O Prevented fo mowe our pione Prevent buckling - vertically (Doe nor lateraiyy buckle) Clos 1 and 2 beam Mr= 2p: ty Cleus 3 Mis O26 fy Class + Mr=oZef* Cunss OF me BEAM ELEMENTS > Check Fer focal buckling im each element - (heck if the elernenir are too slender? =~" J onty allowed to moveTal, thn, Beam (rm diate b. Lateral fornenal Bucking = Stiynes qoet bo 2010 - Compression Flange restricted from movement. _ | Flot but not fall will nof L. T. buckle Doubly symmeme secon Clow 1 anda. kL = Effective length of letterauy unsupported perhen op the beam Mer=_WeT /eTQT + [TE RL eye (i J ye Wa sks + Loswk + 03k? £25 = Mme | in laterally unboraced segment Max NLT a A aN QO os “3 ( Man Mee Wa = Hom Between lateral suppert > @ lateral Mon Se Mn Mave IF ore end is not tatealty supperted (@ tompresien Flange {Beam her more resistance Ws =I WW =! ComewatweMer > 0.67 mp mr = his b mp (1- 20 IF Ma & 0.67mp Mr= O mer Moe = Zp -fy Clos 3 and - Deubig symmehic Sinaty symmetric FO oMe 90-67 my oO Mr = his my (1-228) ¢ my le Mma 4 0.67My mr = 0 Mo Me — my = fy.2e Closed / hollow tube = No lateral torsional buckling oO ~ Treat of pully jeter raced Clan Land 2 Mr= O epi fy 3 Mr= O Ze ty 4 mae fF Flat members atio sopgen Lateral torsional Buckling never esome they dont .Lateratly uniymmehic - Monorymmeme beam Ma = ws tty Bx | i+ +a[@ ot wy 2tku oe lL dy? Wer, By = g[alerrg ae = Ye andy = Co-erdinedte Yo= Nutone between shear entre and centre oF qrauily.( cenreie) TF rectanquiar porge: Sood (2B) [1 -(#) d’ = duane a Unite oF [WO qh Tye 3° moment oe arte fhe comprertve Flange aipcust oq Bas Cauard for compound beam mit {late support ¢ Shear Reviane. CL s.0.) Denet ue angie q beam O Shear renee We b Au -fs = 0.90 Aysh-tw Pex 0.66fy Eleune anatyas 70.55 fy Plarhe cencusis- Hot tlle sechensLim state od Web wielding and cupping Beonng resisfane Bie min Oy tw Ay (w+ eu Las Pos ta fy 4: 0.20 Wetman & beanng (mm) ty > Tocunes Flange fw = Web thnicknet een tee fy (Ne “| 0.6 Ob tw iy Qe = 0.16 E Heowe _Lengin kL = Dictate how much load the element con carry Srmpiy seppetied beam ——_——_—) Uy t { ml Nor gusty errant. = Lateral errant agarnir twist @ the support bel-0 — Unveinaned 201 Reinained rm 7 fon a a a 8 kel Le Dactamee between tateral fetrraintExample 4 Steel qrade sass Te Span $m Supper pom load @ mid - span On top Flange: I 4oex 179 x54 UB Mox pent ood. _* + ke1.0 Destabsluing toad : Load apelied of the top Flange and #s Free fo move with the fop Flange so that it wil tend fo be enhance terscena) deflachon once + begins, K mncieaie. Lz 8.0m Flange b= 1720/9 . $8.15 cuass 2 € 10.4 web = 366. 50. 7.6 Me =_W2T fee + (me\"3, Ke [ss * Ge] a kL = 8000 Ty= 10.266 £ = 900K00? = G=77x10? J =233K 00° (ye 341x107 CLASS OL 6 z 2 =t. Max mament in spon and not @ lateral restraunt Mas 7.1 kN-m Mp = Zp. fy = (1050 X103)(355) = 372.3 NmDeubiq sy mmenic Ma =< 0.6 mp mi L as0 mr = OMe = 0.9(97.i) = 87.39 IN. Eacample 9 Detamine Wu: kL = 4000 ks Mann 20 Mew Woe IS + [05k + O.3kt Was 175 Maz UT fear + . = yr \ Ty Cw = SOS kv-m mu % Mp = 2p. fy = 372.8 Khem Doubly rymmelic Muz wl Me > 0.7 mp we * Mrs 115 me(1 - 2.2.07) Wus 163 ev Mr = 306 ew-m Me leasExample 3 Lateral suppost provided as snown. us loading queen ‘og ks joo kw ri ch mr ce vin L.4 yam La ® mH si Ki = $000 = 9500 3 Ma= 3PL 244 kom (uLs) me = 3PL 78 ~EN-m (uts) D 7 ma te «(2)2 1 kN og he 7 Double curvature ol m= =m $18. ke UV me=0 k= Me fap = 0-88 WoetS or 405k + O3k* 4 39 Wie 9.83 > 95 Wr = 25 Ty: os x6 x at I beam clan 2 Flange Was bs Liz 200 Ty: 4.49x108 Je 849x103 E: wor? Gen x1 Gu= 664104Mer = Wall RL Ma = 344 kW-m Mp=2p fy Mp= 4O kum Me >0. 61mp Te 21.15 O mp (1-2 2808) Mr 196 KN > TS kW Shear _resuiance & web _L.8-® Viz @ Bo. fs Wes 318 kD > [37.5 N Web yield ancl crppling Mu, = 492 keen mrs (4in mM > 4 kw Ays L. tw =9st.u x10® fsz BSS MPA @ load B= wi ewiy(N + ott) Be bb (ia) wy fye ) Brel Woy eT > 100 Br= 352 4N @ Support Br= Qoeiw fy (w+ 4Ft) Br= 0.6 Obe tw? Br 55 ew Br <137 W N= taken as <0 ln realty @ leqst N= lemme tyeSFPENESS $= 8.3mm 5000, = 602 > 360 Le § $3 254x He x BL UB oe but auer conservatue Benaing ~ 42% over design Shyness = & 2602Bout steenaT# Soit , hud, washer 400 mpa clas 4.8 $00 mpa clams 8-8 Have dierent mechanical characieustes 100 mpa dass (10.7 Nemmal vaues, Not design values, Standard (Diameter ¢ batts) me mib mo m2+ m30 i Structural bolts mast common ( cheapesi) Hiding down bolts ( commercial quatuy) ty 2900 mpa (mn) Hole sme 29.3.5 Gott chameter + 2mm B Sma y Bot diameter + 8mm Bue > mae Holung down bats + 6mm HOB 69% + J0 mm HDd® ==> M30 + [smm HDB > m42 End autanee Piten du tone mn 2150 mn = 9.70mox edge distane «lad £ Iso mm Mrvmem ed Sheared mib moe may Lirow States. a. Shear b. Tension Beanng . Combined : Shear + Tencim x9 Gear Perstane : ene bolt. a Ye = 0.60 Os A» fy Shear plane (8 -A) 6 5 Oy= 0.80 p= To? + fuz 420 pa $30 mpq 10 4.8 (8.8 YiO9 Smenger tr © , more duitile ts. Shear plane (B ~5) Yee 0-42 De Ab fu If length & connechon L2 15d ‘y's (1076 - 0. 005 &) W 2 0.18 We Lrdutance between aside belt “dane Yh ore rennerCL BG a Limt state b- “Tension t T2059, Ab fu limit ciate Ci 2.10. ¢ Searing per bok 4 Bre 3Qbortd mr) Br = br. at fu bbs ot fu = 4¢0mpo £ = min parent thick (mm) End quulane prom pole centie (1.50) Lind sate (ombinatin ( Spear + Tencen) a co ChB. -t 7 oO (#)-(B}s = w tT Nore « a. D. Bolts ole b. 9 Shear pine = Vr ce Min wed on ste = Prep Bott max weld if Fabricahon nop = Trontport cost ~ Wanrport tub shuctare ~ Tromp air.Weld shrenafh weld _reysiane limy ciates a. Shear reintane (Vr) b. Tense remtarce (1%) Gecove WELD * BR t . Campiete jomt penetration groove weld Oo (TG) [ts arta yarn penchaten groove weld oN A: yp} Limi Gate: Shear w= 067 Qy Am fu Both materia) min Nez 0.67 Jy Aw Xu weld material Oa: 061 fu 490 mm $3557 dus 480 mpa ETOXY ElechogePw < Aro ce weld thvoct fim = Shear areer ar boye matat PTPCr weld (TPG weid Pwz ba Aw: t-b Am = bas Bm= bb Limt State _Tensien Revistame We 1 & parent ate theres ne weld PIPG: T= Daan fu £ By fy Ans Ob Ag- tb Fillet welds Limt dtate a. Shear resisiance | (embined equahen b. Tensile terurane AS Wr: 0.67 Ow Aw Xu ( 1+ 059m 6) du = 0.67 Xu=480 mp se 7 dtw (rmnimum) Due oF Rule weld > Gnas oe Tt weiaingVz 061 Dy An fu Seve metal fn= QuBig concert Sandaraizatien Standard connecten Lis Sardar type hy: Rotate beutne honilaher —s flandard sue ify ‘Potate and hransia ten —> Standard length > dtandora components @ Anal cteat / chp = Connechens are towards the lop the part qe the beam fo stekain LTB @ Flexivie ena piate ® fin plate @ Simpie eennerhor, connected at the top & supported beam LTB remant Doubie angle cleat 1 Ik: Cheeks Clearance Necks Led hole Q= d+ Imm a tsd fl hes +4, f22nd4 n* max ienain (Prevent Bucking) Limir states ¢ Doubie eed angle deat resu tance) 1. Bot shear QO fe. 2. Beanng on clect/ a Bearing on fupperted ~membet Cleat angle thearm qrori area Clea angle shearen net area Cleat blowe shear web Shear cy) quot area web Shear @ ner queq Block shear on web to. Beck shear en suppahng member nh Beauing on cleut CN supperting member rR. Btocte sheet on area qron oF cleat 8. Supposing member bearing. * wn ze ee Bot shear Vatical directien in finale hne qe bolts: Fyys Nu ind: Number op bells n Hosimental en top er boiter bol duet quen mement Yugi Fuh= Nase Corie causing shear) 1 bg 9 @ 2bg= n{n+ 8 Resutant shear on boits 6 Fusalfur?+ une £ 2Vr™ ( Oouble shear om bolts) Wee 0:61 dy be be 066 fyWe or (a) (ay We 0.6 Ob Ab fu Through thant 20.4 Db Ab fu Through the throat fi eal Fant fu? (5) (Ge) <* 5 nar * (Beanng resutance bott) Ore 2B ark © Beanng on clecet verteatly if Br= 2b a teat fu lay Br ae tn, 8, fu peas leat honzentally Beoung on Jo. te = 2a ,, (be-g) taeat “ le ke @ Limi state © + Becnng on suppcrted member : web wp i ine & bolts 4 Bre 20m tobe f oak oO (Ga 8 Vertica beonry on wen: Bes Ob na tweo. fu CD) Henraniel bearng on wer: Br = 2H Gy, ( q-€) twee fu ¥ ib mm (67,8, 4, 1,4)limit crate. fleet angle snecr qrow We2(Oo(Rte) 0.66 fu) Dried bole . fe! > we 9 [Cte n"( 449) teas 046 fa] Limit state . Cleat angle Gres 09 net crea Linon crete + Cleat bfoce shectr fim IF pantie cm yoy fa , . 7 5 we (Ani. fu + 0.66 Age mm) mn 8 Wee 9 (Gan fa + 06Rou fy ) a u fir = { be ~ 2q - (24*)) te Agu=(a + (n-s ke Prvz (0+ (n-n8 -(n-)d+4 4) te @ Limn State : web shear on qrom area ‘oO } Vn= OAg 0.66 fy ° | igs (h= 244 = 90] fw Ou Ag = (h- noien depin) tw was Ay & I non limi dice + web shear on net area We On 0.66 fu Anz (N= 2¢- ar, -n(d+4m)) tw Oo®@ Block shear en web ay Limit state Mls ke @=10mm =F po noteh no block shecir- Notch =} No welch = nod We £Q Aw fae 0.669 Ago dy mn . the} Oni Ju + 0.66 Agu Ju Not =(4.-e = (45*)) tw Agu =(a+ M-ns ) tw Pru = (a+ (n-S~ (n-£)td+ ¥)) tee Limit fate sen Bot thearen supperting member Lint state : Bearing on cleet. on sapporhmg member Threated \gGnet threared we \neOnPo.a2 Oy Av fu) Wes On (30b- Ed fy) w= 9nl Ob Atd fu) Q@ limit store. Block shear on etapa cleat fo supporting member wy a 1 6 8 fa a & Lim Pate + Supporting merprer beowing | - { ©CCe 2 g 9 ral eae 06s ty) 22 (0 Bri fu 0.69 Amv fe) Ant=(b-g- 4 (a+ 4)) bw te Rav=(@+ N-S Vte Rous (Agy — n- dN d +H) te Vie In[ 3Qb- Eup @ fy) We 29 (0 br atm fu) minz { ws}» Fleypte END PLATE RESISTANCE Flewie End Plate + Renstance Lim _state a. Helcing & supperted web b. weld cennedting end blaie c. End plate shear 4, End plate Blece shear e. Bot in shear f. Bett beavng on end plate 9 Lupperting member —beaning. y Thin plete end piate ~ Flexible fo fotcite x tis rot welded ts any Flange. W= dip. tw 0.60 fy bu b. w= (0.6 Ow Qu lp fu) me (7 Ww: 2f0.6 dw FF le % Nes 2(0.67 Pu tp fu)Veo (Gl tp- nl d+4r}p 0.66 fu eo a “8 min [s-a{4m +0. 6 Agu fy) We2( gan f+ 0.6 An fu) Are «(th ~ 29/2 te- (d+ 4) Ngv= (a+ (n-n5) be ' Powe (Pgs— (n-$) tp (d+y) ¢. Ba in shear 208 WON (0.42 Ab fi) g® T number ¢ ows {. Bolt bearing on end pate. W= On( 3b: ip d fu) Ved (Gtr atp fu ) 3 Suppertng member bearing Viz 9n(3Q% trup o fy) Wr On (Obra trp fu) O° 0 OO, tm o Ve = mn (Vi)Fiy PLATE CONNE(TION RESISTANCE Fin PLATE CONNECTION ResierANCE Limit state: a. Bott sect . Bearing ™m Fin Beaung oS supperted member web Fin fheat on qroti area fin cheer on net arect Fin lolock shear web hear qioli ae web Shear net aco web block cheat (web In shea. sep ee 0 Notch prone fo bending LE Ny lim tiote a-{ —: Fer be double angle cup Except @ One plane g shear © One pn vs. 2 cleats @ Dimensions G pin 1s deat chmentens Gini state J weldf in shear ° Wwe 2 (0.67) du aw U4 fu oO} {4 min ° We (0.69) 4, # ue tw 4 two ety t syroatHow éh_oxicel te cong ample eennetnen take? Dowbie angle cleat Heible end plate Flexi bot — i ra ite, 4 4F>0 rommal strength 7 Fleaibi tty ne great 62? I \ i it I i + eal copewiy! & almost 4 wonmel rot recutance rl = Sytem wil faut i conmectien w foo plenbie (system will over oleplecuet ) fin plate Compiession cr. Bolt cheer capacity Treads t oO G@=n(ou gy Ab fd ofet ° s. Beonng on rm en (3 Oprtt d fu) | en On a tpn fu ) at t a bie c. Beanng en supported beam web nome — = a hin (ren (3bbr tw d fu) 9) ” | Gen (dor O* tw fe) t not appheible engin L k1.0 dfn anal Bua es an Ge My fy (14 9) ° si-Tennon Rentane a. Bolt shear @s For comprestion b. Bearing om fin @S Fer compression Both tmit states to be checked = OF e Beaing on fupported beam web cy pe Cr Bon jimi state to be checkecl @* a fin coal on qron area b Te o lpn tpn fy I + ° lpn ~ ? e. fin axl on net area Tre Ane fe Pret = (pin. pin - (+4) tem f. Block axial on pin 7 Tis DPni fu + 6b Pgs fy V) mn Yi) TO An fu + o6§ Ane fu Web guia) on gros area > oO tre @ Boat fu he i web block shear Tz @Pnt fu + 0.6.0 Nos Fy HM, > MT OAm fu 0.60 Dns bewid in tensicn D aside / T= 0.61 Ow Oo ly fu x9 T0687 Qw Oe (PX - 1s (2 f [3 | [ ~ ™ weld aris ® Hew Jong _(an_a_netch be? we te mein = 250 mm _nokn . h ° ej om tw aim : no butknng in beam [LT-B) My = Yr (e+ ncich) = O24, 1 beam welling (nin = O25 fy _ ‘Vr if Bolt proude reshaint gaint LTB thee maximum L neich “Top natch Top and better? IF Pliw £48 Uno &h ie Wiw 46 Inter goa ("talCiww 3010 = Beatanay mevrerents amtele) © Steer o Concrete ( Remporced reed Conrete) | Bowe | © Toner © Plate (Parpered Feathe\ - Sov ge chose pi Cost ( Mumber one cost, Capital ¢ cot) 93 ime tb utility ne Prccstonbitly ¥. Aeithe ne 5, Enujromment~ a) kewwnrg = Sub peciatued labour = x Biggest coitc Ne capital cost. o me Enoweens Use err AMD PASTE CONCERT % | _ARVANTACES OF STEEL 1, Srengts 7 weaht recto high | Slencier) 2. Unygorm metenal . Query (ene! 3. Elaine - Plashe &. Ductue (imparant “becuse ¢ a abinke ene (Werns bepore fore lure Sf Tue nese ~ wear 6. Griructon preenwon - To Sue time ond monty. 3. UeistdeBisAQvANTAGES 1_hpetterial expentroe aunrenarce incest ( painhng ) 3. Fire prooginy (Encue in thin concrete) - Beet costs move _¥. Empretties @ law temperature (Speer tees) S treemm — Hah skit labour = IF rousteake . ¢. Slenderness ( Diyratit to raniport anal handling) STEEL - Hla sTeeL VE TRON @: what change ren injo_ steel ? At Rew (arb, ©: mild steel_- Strueturet! matenal Weld chess (04) 8 B55 TR maternal property Sfrectured Grade C(h) — Hn(#) Pw) = 8 Lx) S285 0.22 1-60 0.05 0.05 0.05- : 1.60 oO, 0g. 0.05 0.08 0.23 lO 0.05 | 00s 0.05MEeWANIChL PROPERTIES { Mdo Hee. L- hevetos 7) S355 mettenet 7 Thietness { £ kemm | \G- 40 j — 40 - 63 | “Mpa) oy 355 Bus 335. Cuthmade | u76- 630 mpa Flongetion & (%} 22% alte, eh 7sso “Yn Fs 200 Cpr NY =08 =U, 716° fo G. 17 Cyo 8 cxelobing carkon —> forme otter tteel ie Stratas steeh — ( oesrt a) Grrem " meduum eeubm see/ Hign carben — ( Sporgs, wires ) Ulha ruyh Corben Faroe 4 — How stee! get made Design - conncer ((xereres > or costSTRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION SE SON Te sewhon H~ eeaudton Flat Channel “Proet glance Texppereal fisnge channel! channet Prale. : - leg_( &ual leg) Unegued (leg) Lop Rovega (fhhouidl not be welded) Jp eet _ Ee hennel jrareened Sgnell Patel ee ccstone (mie Chang fe _graer| I In creeye tHe buekhng capaciky I I L | _} = E L - Storr angle - - _| =< - _ channel | hace be bacle Zlass —Next week* Dy Jay wo clers ( C/un Solo) Speer h Tena AND ERROR 2. Baperimenr » Meron CF expeimenr » Resemncn + Experience 3. Desian » Rue or rHumb SDiFICnTION- set cg relter niten down ‘ hues oF Ber PRACTICE busier srehaels 2 sven: Yoney -n He lite granac te proseuct. <> Ritand Rewore! Memeo o¢ oeuew. { Gprutara) @QCrnerai frrangement. (7#) 2) ® Member seiechen] Cures (=0 x Aneuyus HG) Werner selewton @ Crtera pawl Faul @ JDrewng produstien and Specipl ceetion Denne procticscton_ Generet Brangement (GA) Leteuted Lrawng xale and canbe bud. Fuloaceton Accureey fo buutcotFrodutt-o¢ _shuturel Engineer — Drawings } ded fo buudl, = Speci picertiers Coamatten® are quit beeekup 7 Backup to dlraurgs Grea denign = Qurad econom = Meet al cntenc Murimel pee: 0| 9 - Denn thet_ts_an_ecenamnci) solutien ——__ Generat Feguuements ¢ a Shucture 1), Funchonat . Must be _usepesst » Comept cr sre - Poreann altel — Leute 7 ~ Derability » Aesthehes 3. Eeonomee — Corcept e=hme date 1 Cy - guskly fo tent - Uesty cost ( How mich does wt cert te ) et ran phe fouuteline o. Legat yequuement . Suter - Panera Recyexterttons- - date = Sheng requernent ~ yetang, < fhranturel T 7 = CUS Loca! stabititg - CBeetenrg ) Ly Gmneuten A Ly¢ fyness Ly deflecutun | member req acrement Ls Acceleration [ard overctl stustoe L Fargque (want f design against that) & Cyjmndneat leaaing. me LL, Ge Stabitiy i / Ly Grloloas stetlortutey omDesign Frocedurre 1. Daude fracture into compment 2. Gatue ecieh compenent separately 3. Auemble | connect component u Check oveml shectiure 2p Siruuture | ( a 20 component | ~ Trait member — plate ~ Beam = wows = Sheil ut Fogelther He enh Bq concerts Shuwture and checic_srubit Gone, + & load path * = the Conbnewur path the applied lool(s) Follow to supports (eg Founaten ) [encept ce prety [ connection] ime % Behauouwr | ( Not how Uw clamped, hut ya Shyner reece Hen tr 4 _— fo how Lh campeot x Questwn oF how much ShrEness doer tt hawt. [nate sabi k - ~ Guoden_ be havowir -2" order efeutin ( Bucking) . — Not obvious _Beers OF Seucrepe STECL Benens PSSOCIRIED, WITH THE OWNER” & Shee/ allecus_por reduced prome conshuenm time_and he abeaty b conifruct mn ON LeQsene ¥ ee] make large spars ond bau sires posible , providing for Frexibiltly For ownels. Steet ir easier fo_moaify and rempore we _cichireetural chang es are made foo faeility over HS life. # Steel © hghtweight and tan _reduue poundatimn costs. ¢ sted is durable , long = larhng. and _seoy clable. x On-site erection «a sopid process $ Over wre g& shuctual ste! Some_schedluling advantages THE THREE common LATERAL Lond fENsTINy SyrTEMS Braced frame ‘ Rigid Fremnes t Sheor watts. _. i7eet FRAME Conmerrtos TYPES __dimple_cennecion arent comaewet on. Deiqned ar slexible connectien ~ Fatty restrained Cormetionr are_agomed to be pre fo rolate =~ Postal ru rained. x Vertrecd sheer porcer ove He. prmary force _Frenstnitted hanvrerred by tre connection Reqeue eparate browng cqiem for tetera stabrutyDenqned as nequd cormetors whith allow tte or ro rotahen ls sed in rigid | ramet) moment and yateal shear ercei are hrantpered through tle connection — f Fully sestramnt (FR) » neghgible rotation between connectecl membtis Ipanglé between connected members ur maintained Porratty -Pesivamt (PRY-> The rotaton betueen conneited member 1g not negligible rangle between conneted member may change - Generaiuty eorw Cost more thon braved Frames, Dinan ttmng mament cronechons in buslelngs where cluagonelf_ bracing 1 not petuthle or doesnot put te arebrtectural design. Diagonal froang creates stable tangutar conpiqueattons. qwitn_the_steef_ belong _ Frome, . x Braced prames are_opten He most economical meined oF resisting lund leads_19 mruct- storey poulding. deme _srrautures one dengned wity_o combination braced ond rigid frome fo tote advaniage op He benegyle both.ELEX BLE CONNECTIONS, 0———————° _ Assumed fp_ behawe ara simple Ryppert f Simpte fo_faloncate _ Simpte to ereed ¥ loss costy.,_ Laid cenne hens I a 4 Mare complex More duficust to erected when tipht fafeanees ac involued. i More cout & STOBIAMING ELEMENT. # Tronquiated steel _biaeng panels Vertecal yrerendee! cantilevers mm. steet * Thanquiated etee/ core ¥ Reororced aonertte or mnarenty cores or shear tubes ¢ Bente m- pul panels % Light metal ex cladding._f Not stable Ba PX Cross tpreveing | [s = Igoore member A-B c-b ignore ¢-0 (PD Ignoe 48 (P *) ~ Deciamn bared on money.bape! : Browing &-© Cross | Breweirey ss — Access k - Browirg vod => Compression Mem bey one Shorter © ome® (7: ly C) a Buckling (1) Expenswe