WEATHER:
The atmospheric conditions on a particular day at a place concerning the temperature,
humidity, rainfall, speed, wind direction, snow, and cloud cover are called weather
that day.
The scientist who measures and forecast weather are called meteorologists.
Rainfall is generally measured in millimetres with the help of an instrument called a
rain gauge.
Weather forecast:
Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the conditions of
the atmosphere for a given location and time.
A weather forecast predicts the weather conditions in a place over a short period.
Relative humidity:
Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air expressed as a percentage of
the maximum amount of water vapour it can hold at that temperature.
The sun causes changes in the Weather:
The Sun is the central ball of fire around which all planets move. The weather
conditions on Earth change depending on the amount of sunlight reaching the
Earth.
The tilt of Earth’s axis relative to its orbit around the Sun results in changes in
the duration of daylight and the amount of sunlight received at any place
throughout the year. These changes cause the annual cycle of seasons.
Therefore, we experience different weather conditions.
Instruments used in weather forecast:
Rain gauge
Hygrometer
Maximum – minimum thermometer
The maximum and minimum thermometer:
1. It helps to measure the maximum and minimum temperature in a day of a place.
2. It is a U-shaped tube filled with alcohol and mercury.
3. The right tube gives us the maximum temperature while the left tube gives us the
minimum temperature.
Working of maximum and minimum thermometer:
When the temperature increases, the alcohol in the left tube expands. This causes the
mercury to move towards the right tube. A metal indices on the right tube also shifts
which gives us the maximum temperature for that day.
When the temperature decreases, the alcohol contracts in the left tube and the mercury
moves into the left tube. A metal indices in the left tube shift and give us the
minimum temperature of the day.
Maximum and Minimum temperatures:
Maximum temperature of the day Minimum temperature of the day
The highest temperature of a day is termed The lowest temperature of a day is termed
as ‘maximum temperature’. as ‘minimum temperature’.
Wind vane:
Wind vane is also known as a weathervane that is used for determining the direction of the
wind.
Uses of Wind Vane:
A wind vane is used for measuring the direction of the wind. It is used to predict the intensity
of storms. It is used in disaster management to protect people from strong winds. Helps to
predict the weather reports.
Anemometer:
An anemometer is an instrument used to measure the speed of the wind, which is a common
weather station instrument. It consists of cup-like structures to measure wind speed based on
their movement. It can also show the direction of the wind.
Barometer:
Climate:
The characteristics pattern of weather elements in a place period of time is called the climate
of that place.
Factors that Affect the Climate of the Earth:
Distance from the sun
Earth's tilt
Sunrise and Sunset
Altitude
Distance from the Sea and mountains
Distance from the equator.
Human Activities (Industrialisation & Deforestation):
El Nino Effect – The irregular warming of surface water in the Pacific Ocean is known
as the EL Nino effect. This warming of surface water pumps energy and moisture into
the atmosphere thus, altering global wind and rainfall patterns which cause both droughts
and floods in countries around the Pacific rim. In India also, the monsoon rains are
largely influenced by the EL Nino effect.
Human Activities:
Industrialisation
Deforestation
Weather Climate
Atmospheric conditions on a particular day The average weather pattern of a place taken over a long time
at a place.
The changes in the weather conditions can be The climate changes take a longer time to change.
observed very frequently.
Weather forecasting is observed by the Climatology is the scientific study of climate, which is described
Meteorological Department as the average of weather conditions over time.
Weather is affected by temperature, pressure, Atmospheric conditions at any location like humidity,
humidity, cloudiness temperature, the sunshine, wind, etc are affected by climate