Chapter 3

Compression Members

1
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

2
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

3
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

Resistance of axially loaded members

4
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression Steel Strutting System
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

5
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
Steel Strutting
Inelastic
System
compression
members Large diameter circular
Real compression hollow sections under
members compression
Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

6
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression Steel Strutting System
members

Inelastic Large diameter circular hollow sections under compression

compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

7
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression - Tension strength of member is independent of length, but the
members
compression strength of column reduces with length due to
Inelastic compressive force N causing bending in columns with initial
compression
members curvature.

Real compression - “First-order” analysis: equations of equilibrium expressed in

members terms of geometry of undeformed structure.
Design of - If the materials remain elastic, the column stiffness is constant
compression
members and the relationship between axial load and axial strain is
linear.
Restrained
compression - Note: For most of the practical problems under service limit,
members
the “first-order” elastic analysis is a reasonable approximation.
Worked examples

8
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression - In reality, the presence of the axial compressive force on
members
the deflected structure introduces additional moment
Inelastic (destabilizing moment).
compression
members - Consequently, the general stiffness and strength of the
Real compression structure will decrease.
members
- Such effect is call “P- effect” and is deflection
Design of dependent and the stiffness is no longer constant.
compression
members - The problem becomes nonlinear – known as member
Restrained geometric nonlinearity, and the analysis is known as
compression second-order analysis.
members

Worked examples

9
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression
- Strength
members Ability to bear the imposed load, in terms of material
Inelastic strength
compression
members - Stiffness
Real compression Sufficient stiffness to limit the normal deflection to an
members acceptable level
Design of
compression
- Stability
members Able to resist the imposed load in a stable manner
Restrained
compression
members If stability limit << strength limit: structurally ineffective.
Worked examples

10
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic Results of P- effect

compression
members

Inelastic N=0 N = Ncr

compression Additional moment
members
= P (P- effects)
Real compression
members  Increased moment
Design of Increased deflection
compression 0   Decreased stiffness &
members
strength
Restrained
compression  Loss of stability
members
o: Initial imperfection or
Worked examples N=0 N = Ncr deflection

Stability is a serious problem in “slender” members.

11
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression • Short, stocky column: failure due to material strength;
members
primary deformation remains in axial direction.
Inelastic
compression • Long, slender column: failure caused by deflection
members perpendicular to the load, due to P- effects.
Real compression
members N=0 N = Ncr
N
Design of
compression
members
N
Restrained NoL
L
compression 0 
members

Worked examples

N
o lateral  N=0 N = Ncr

12
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic - Load-carrying capacity in very slender column is independent

compression
members of material strength.
- For perfectly straight column under pure axial compressive
Inelastic
compression force, there is a defined stability limit. Nothing happens until
members
this limit is reached, then a sudden loss of stability will occur,
Real compression shown by a strut-spring system below:
members
N
N
Design of C
compression C N
members C

Restrained

L/2
compression 
members

Worked examples
R B R B
MB
L/2 N

13
A A
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression
At a slightly displaced position with angle 
members

Inelastic Restoring moment: M B = b R (2q ) = 2b Rq

compression
members

Real compression
Overturning moment = N(q L) / 2
members
L
At equilibrium: M B - Nq = 0
N N
Design of C
compression 2 C
members
NL
 (2 b R - )q = 0 

Restrained
compression
2
members
B R B
Worked examples
MB
N
A

14
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic - Solution 1: θ  0 (straight position, trivial solution)

compression
members NL 4β R
- Solution 2: 2β R   0 => N cr  (critical load)
Inelastic 2 L
compression Ncr is the only load to maintain equilibrium in a disturbed
members
position.
Real compression
members When N  N cr ,  can be of any value, giving a buckling shape
but not the actual deflection.
Design of
compression
members
- If N  N cr , system is stable and will return to original position;

Restrained
- If N  N cr , system is unstable;
compression - If N  N cr , system is neutral.
members

Worked examples
Critical state for elastic stability is the condition where a strut
or a frame cannot return to its initial position when slightly
disturbed. The corresponding axial load is called “critical load”
or “buckling load”.
15
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic Analysis of critical load:

compression
members
Setting up equilibrium equations at deformed position (neutral
Inelastic
compression
equilibrium) N
members
Unstable
Real compression Neutral
No
members
Stable
Design of
compression
members
o Deflection 
Restrained
compression
members
Structural stability analysis is used to:
Worked examples
- determine critical load Ncr for ideal struts and frames
- incorporate deflections for real struts.

16
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
compression
- Ideal struts under pure axial load remain perfectly
members straight until critical load is reached
Inelastic - Struts with initial curvature - eccentrically loaded struts -
compression
members
real struts
- Real struts are not perfectly straight, deflection exists
Real compression
members and will increase with increase N: P- effect.
Design of Terminology
compression
members - Instability  Buckling
- Buckling load  Critical load
Restrained
compression - Deflected shape at buckling  Buckling mode  buckling
members shape
Worked examples Structural stability analysis is used to determine critical load Ncr
(“stability limit”, “buckling load”) for ideal struts (members under
compression) and frames under axial loading.

17
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic Elastic behaviour of ideal strut versus real strut

compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

  magnitude of central deflection

0  magnitude of central initial imperfection
18
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic Elastic behaviour of ideal strut versus real strut

compression
members

Inelastic - For an ideal strut (perfectly straight), no bending occurs

compression
members until N reaches elastic buckling load Ncr
Real compression - At Ncr ideal strut deflects laterally and excessively
members
resulting in flexural buckling.
Design of
compression - For a real strut, member is eccentrically loaded or has
members
initial deflection.
Restrained
compression - For a member with initial curvature, bending takes place
members
as soon as load is applied and in linear way
Worked examples
- As N approaches Ncr central deflection increases rapidly.

19
 Introduction
Introduction

Elastic
Structural stability
compression
members

Inelastic General effects on structures

compression
Critical load Ncr
(P-  effects) where N > Ncr
members

Real compression
members
Simple Struts.
Solving Differential Stability Functions Second order
Design of s, c
compression Eqs. structural Analysis
Stiffness matrix
members
u''+ m 2u = ?
Restrained
compression
members Critical load analysis using matrix approach
Setting up [K]
Worked examples
- Matrix assembling
- Unit Disp. Method
- (Slope deflection method)
Solving Det. [K]=0
For struts & frames 20
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

21
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction
z-axis pointing in
Elastic Sign conventions
compression M
members
1 2
Inelastic N 
v x,
compression
members
V1 x
Real compression
members
Note pointing out of paper
y, v
Design of pointing into paper
compression
members

Restrained
• End moment and end rotation: R.H. screw rule (x-axis → y-axis)
compression • N = positive for compression
members
• Deflection v is positive in the positive y-axis, assigned at at end 1
Worked examples
• Bending moment at x, M(x): Also R. H. Screw rule for free body
from “end 1” to point “x”
• For other orientations of x-y axes: apply above conventions
22
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Differential equation for buckling

compression
d 2v
EI 2  M  x 
members
From flexure theory:
Inelastic dx
compression x
members V
2
dv
Real compression  +
members dx 2
V
Design of +Mz=M(x)
y, v
compression Positive shear force
members Curvature in x-y plane
Restrained • M(x) is internal moment.
compression • v is lateral deflection, x is along beam axis measured from end 1.
members
• N is the variable concentric axial load.
Worked examples
M(x) can be obtained from equilibrium of free body from “end
1” to “x”, and is related to v. Substitute M(x) into the above
equation to get the differential equation for buckling.
23
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Differential equation for buckling

compression
members From segment 1-x take moment about “x”,
M
Inelastic 2
1
compression N

members v x,

Real compression V1 x pointing into

members
M (x) + Nv + M1 -V1x = 0 paper
y, v
Design of
compression
M (x) = -Nv - M1 +V1x
members Substitute the above into the flexure formula,
Restrained
compression
-Nv - M1 + V1x = EIv''
members Simplifying, we obtain the general differential equation for buckling,
Worked examples
V1 x M 1 N
v''+ m v =
2
- where m=
EI EI EI
Solving the above equation for Ncr and v:
24
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Euler strut; Euler buckling load

compression
members Consider ideal strut with pinned-pinned supports - Euler strut.
Inelastic
compression 1
M(x) N 2
N
members x
v
Real compression x N
members
L
Design of y
compression

M (x) = -Nv
members
At end 1, M1 = 0 , V1 = 0 ,
Restrained
compression N
members \EIv'' = -Nv Þ v''+ v=0 (3.58)
EI
Worked examples
(same as putting M1 = 0 , V1 = 0 into the general differential
equation)

25
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Euler strut; Euler buckling load

compression
members N
Let m =
2
Þ v''+ m 2 v = 0
Inelastic EI
compression
members This is a second-order differential equation and is
Real compression homogeneous (right hand side = 0), so the general solution:

v = Asin m x + Bcos m x
members

Design of
compression where A and B are integration constants
members

Restrained Apply the boundary conditions at both ends:

compression
members 1
M(x) N 2
N
a) v(0)=0; x
v
Worked examples N
b) v(L)=0. x
L
y

26
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Euler strut; Euler buckling load

compression

Þ B = 0 Þ v = Asin m x
members
From a)
Inelastic
compression
members
Then from b) Þ Asin m L = 0

So either A  0 (trivial solution, strut remains straight)

Real compression
members

Design of or sin m L = 0 (critical equation for m ® N o)

compression

Þ m L = np
members

Restrained
compression
N
members
Þ L = np (n = 1, 2, …, n = 0 trivial solution)
Worked examples EI
n 2p 2 EI
Þ N cr =
L2
27
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Euler strut; Euler buckling load

compression
members
n 2p 2 EI
N cr =
Inelastic
compression
L2
members n = 1 gives the smallest Ncr at non-straight equilibrium:
Real compression
p 2 EI
members
N cr = (3.2)
Design of
L 2

compression
members This is the Euler buckling load for ideal strut (pinned-pinned).
Restrained Corresponding deflection shape is a half sine curve (bow shape
compression in EC3 1-1):
members

Worked examples px
v = Asin m x = d sin (3.1)
L

28
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Euler strut; Euler buckling load

compression
members Other values of n give a series of critical loads, each
Inelastic corresponding to a more complex buckling shape.
compression
x
members v   sin
L
N  N
Real compression
2 EI
members n=1 N cr  2
L
Design of
2x
compression v   sin
members L
N N 2 EI
Restrained n=2 N cr  4 2
compression L
members
3x
v   sin
Worked examples L
N n=3 N 2 EI
N cr  9 2
L
Higher buckling modes will NOT occur unless external
restraints are provided at the respective “nodes”. 29
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Typical cases of other simple struts:

compression
members “Fixed-fixed” ends:
Inelastic 1 3 2
compression N x
members N
y v
Real compression v2  0
members v1  0
2  0
Design of 1  0
compression
members
“Fixed-free” ends:
Restrained
compression N 1 x
members
u N
2
Worked examples y
v1  0 v2  0
1  0
30
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Typical cases of other simple struts:

compression
members “Fixed-pinned” ends:
Inelastic 1 3 2
compression N x
members N
y v
Real compression
v2  0
members
v1  0
Design of
compression 1  0
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

31
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Buckling and yielding of compression members

compression
members From Euler buckling load:
Inelastic p 2 EI
compression N cr = (3.2)
members L 2

p 2 E ( Ai 2 )
Real compression
members
p 2 EA
N cr = = (3.4)
Design of
compression
L 2
( L / i) 2

members
Dividing throughout by squash load NY = Afy
N cr  2 EA 1  2E
Restrained
compression
 × 
NY L / i  Af y L / i  fy
members 2 2

Worked examples
Introducing the generalised slenderness ratio:

NY fy L / i 2 fy L fy
   (3.5)
N cr s cr  2E i  E
2
32
 Buckling of straight members
Introduction

Elastic Buckling and yielding of compression members

compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

33
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic x
compression Strut with initial deflection v0  0 sin
members L
1 x
3 N
Inelastic
compression N vo x
members 2
v
Real compression L
members
y
Design of • vo : initial deflection
compression
members • v : deflection due to N (P- effects)

Restrained EIv "   N  v  vo  (3.62)

compression
members
N N x
Þ v''+ v = - vo with vo  o sin (3.7)
Worked examples EI EI L
N N x
v " v   o sin
EI EI L
34
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic N N x
compression v " v   o sin
members EI EI L
Inelastic For this non-homogeneous 2nd-order differential equation, the
compression
members particular solution in trigonometric form is:
Real compression
members
x x
Design of vP  C sin D cos
compression L L
members
  x  x
Restrained \ vP  C cos  D sin
compression L L L L
members

  2
x  2
x
Worked examples
vP  C 2 sin  D 2 cos
L L L L

35
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression Substituting the above into Eq (3.7) and comparing terms
members
of sin  x / L  and cos  x / L  , we have:
Inelastic
compression
 2 N  N
members D0 and C   2     o
Real compression  L EI  EI
members
N
Design of
 N
compression
Þ C 2 EI
o  o where 
members
 N 1  N cr

Restrained
compression
L2 EI
x
members

Worked examples \ v  A sin x  B cos x  C sin

L

36
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression Apply boundary conditions:
members

Inelastic
v  0  0 Þ B0
Note: 𝛿 = deflection at mid-span
Þ
compression
members v  L  0 A0
Real compression
 x 
members \ v o sin  vo
1  L 1 
Design of
compression
v   N / N cr
members
Þ   
vo o 1   1  N / N cr
(3.9)
Restrained
compression
members  1
vTotal  vo  v  vo  vo  vo
Worked examples 1  1 
1
Initial deflection is amplified by an amplification factor
1 
37
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression The maximum moment in the compression member at
members
x  L / 2 is N    o  .
Inelastic
compression The max total stress at mid-height and fibre under compression is
members
N N    o 
Real compression
members
f max  
A Z
Design of
compression If the elastic limit is taken as the yield strength f y the limiting axial
members
load N L is given by
N L    o  A
Restrained
compression
members Af y  N Y  N L 
Z
Worked examples
N L    o  A
N L  NY  (3.63)
Z
38
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic I 2I N / N cr
compression Elastic modulus Z  and   o
members d /2 d 1  N / N cr
Inelastic (Eqn. 3.9), we have
compression  N L / N cr 
members N L o   1 A
d  1  N L / N cr 
Real compression
members
NL  NY  2

2 Ai 1
Design of
compression
members o d  NL   NL 
NL  NY  2     NY   
Restrained 2i  1  N L / N cr   1  N L / N cr 
compression
members
o d
Worked examples where  2 (from Eqn. 3.13).
2i

39
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression Rearranging the equation gives
members
 NL 
Inelastic  N L  N Y  1    N L  0
compression
members
 N cr 
N 2L NY NL
Real compression
members Þ NL  NY    N L  0
N cr N cr
Design of
compression
members
Þ Ncr NL 1    Ncr N Y  N 2L  NY N L  0
 N L  N L  N cr 1    N cr
Restrained 2
compression
members
Þ  N   N 1    0
 Y Y  NY  NY
Worked examples

N cr N L 1   N cr  N L  N L
2

Þ 2
    0
NY NY  NY  NY
40
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression Treat the above quadratic equation in terms of dimensionless
members
limiting load NL/NY :
Inelastic 1/ 2
N L 1  1   N cr N Y   1  1   N cr N Y  N cr 
2
compression
members        (3.64)
NY  2    2  N Y
Real compression
members Eqn. 3.64 can be re-arranged in terms of dimensionless limiting
Design of ratio NL/Ny:
compression
NL 1
members  (3.11)
Restrained
NY    2   2
compression
members
1    2
Worked examples  (3.12)
2
NY
 (3.5)
N cr
41
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression Eqn. (3.11) and Eqn. (3.12) are the basis for the member buckling
members resistance of EC3.
Inelastic Figure below plots the special case where N cr  0.25 N Y
compression
members 1 NY 1 f y
  (3.14)
Real compression 4 N cr 4 scr
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members
Buckling and yielding of
Worked examples compression members

42
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic
compression Now go back to Eqn. 3.9
members

 N / N cr

Inelastic
(3.9)
o 1  N / N cr
compression
members

Real compression
 1 o
members
or   (3.10)
Design of
N N cr N cr
compression
members
Hence, one could conduct an experiment to record the
Restrained variation of  as N changes and plot the graph of /N against 
compression
members (The Southwell plot).
Worked examples

43
 Bending of members with
Introduction
initial curvature
Elastic Southwell plot
compression
members A straight line fits the points determined from experimental
Inelastic measurements of buckling Ncr. Gradient gives the reciprocal of
compression Ncr and the x-intercept gives the magnitude of 0/Ncr.
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

44
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

45
 Tangent modulus theory of buckling
Introduction

Elastic
compression - Section 3.2 applies only to material that remains linear
members
elastic throughout buckling.
Inelastic
compression
- Tangent modulus is only valid for elastic materials.
members
- Et relates to average compressive stress N/A.
Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

46
 Reduced modulus theory of buckling
Introduction

Elastic
compression - For inelastic nonlinear materials, E is used when the total
members
strain is decreasing, and Et is used when the total strain is
Inelastic increasing.
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members Et  Er  E
Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

Inelastic stress-strain relationship

47
 Shanley’s theory of inelastic buckling
Introduction

Elastic
compression - Shanley (1946) pointed out the logical paradox in a
members
remarkable one-page paper “The column paradox”.
Inelastic
compression
members
P
Real compression Euler load
members Pcr
Design of Reduced modulus load
compression Pr
members
Shanley theory
Restrained Pt
compression Tangent modulus load
members

Worked examples

O v

48
 Buckling of members with
Introduction
residual stresses
Elastic
compression - Residual stresses form during the cooling of a hot-rolled
members
steel member;
Inelastic
compression
- Shrinking induces residual compressive stresses in the
members early-cooling regions, while tensile stresses are induced in
Real compression the late-cooling regions;
members
- Residual stresses are self-equilibrating.
Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

Idealized residual stress pattern 49

 Buckling of members with
Introduction
residual stresses
Elastic
compression - Consider a steel rectangular section of thickness b and
members
width d subject to purely axial load.
Inelastic
compression
- At 0.5 NY shaded areas enlarge until first yield takes place
members at the edge with core completely elastic.
Real compression - At N > 0.5 NY elastic core area is reduced until at NY the
members
core becomes fully plastic and effective flexural rigidity = 0.
Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

Effective section of a member with residual stresses 50

Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

51
 Real compression members
Introduction

Elastic Behaviour of a real compression member

compression
members Real struts are not straight and are eccentrically-loaded.
Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

52
 Real compression members
Introduction

Elastic Behaviour of a real strut

compression
members - Imperfections represented by an equivalent initial curvature
Inelastic – curve A
compression
members
- Residual stresses and elastic modulus and yield stress may
vary throughout the member – curve B
Real compression
members - For both geometrical and material imperfections – curve C
Design of - A real strut follows the path curve C
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

53
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

54
 Buckling of real strut
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

55
 Design of compression members
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• Pure compression members subject to
Inelastic
– Axial compression only
compression
members
– Little or no bending
Real compression
members
• In practice, real columns are subject to
Design of
compression – Eccentricities of axial loads
members
– Transverse forces
Restrained
compression
members
• Compression members must be checked for
Worked examples
– Cross-section resistance
– Buckling resistance

56
 Cross-section resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• The design value of compression force NEd at
Inelastic
each cross-section shall satisfy:
compression
members
N Ed  N c ,Rd
Real compression
members
• For Class 1, 2 & 3 cross-sections (Chapter 4)
Design of
compression – Unaffected by local buckling
members
– Design compression resistance Nc,Rd equals
Restrained
compression plastic resistance Npl,Rd:
members
Af y
Worked examples
N c , Rd 
M0

γM0 = 1.00, in NA to SS EN 1993-1 57

 Cross-section resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• For Class 4 sections:
Inelastic – Local buckling of Class 4 prevents attainment of
compression
members squash load
Real compression
– Design compression resistance limited to local
members buckling resistance,
Design of
compression Aeff f y
members N c , Rd 
Restrained
M0
compression
members
Aeff is the area of the effective cross-section
Worked examples

58
 Buckling resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

(a) Unloaded (b) Loaded member (c) Loaded member

member (straight) (displaced)

59
 Buckling resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression Two upper bounds: Yielding and Buckling
members

Inelastic Failure by yielding

compression
members Failure by buckling
Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained Lcr
compression
members

Worked examples

60
 Buckling resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• When f cr  f y ,   1
Inelastic
compression
members
• Limiting slenderness λ1 defined for fcr equal to
Real compression
 2E
members
fy  2 1   E f  93.9
Design of 1 y
compression
members
  235 f
Restrained y
compression
members
– where λ1 is equal to
Worked examples
86 for steel Grade S275
76 for steel Grade S355
67 for steel Grade S460
61
 Buckling resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• The design value of the compression force NEd
Inelastic
shall be checked against the design buckling
compression
members
resistance:
Real compression N Ed  N b, Rd
members

Design of
compression • Compression buckling resistance Nb,Rd:
members
Af y
Restrained
– For Class 1, 2 & 3 N b , Rd 
 M1
compression
members

Worked examples
Aeff f y
– For Class 4 N b, Rd 
 M1
γM1 = 1.00 in NA to SS EN 1993-1
62
 Buckling curves
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members • Column strength is defined by
Inelastic – reduction factor χ applied to the yield strength fy
compression
members

Real compression
members • The European buckling curves plot
Design of – Reduction factor χ versus non-dimensional
compression
members slenderness ratio
– For different imperfection factors a
Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

63
 Buckling curves
Introduction

Elastic
NL 1
compression  (3.11)
members NY    2   2
Inelastic
compression
1    2 (3.12)
members 
Real compression
2
members
NY
Design of
 (3.5)
compression
N cr
Imperfection parameter  in Eqn. (3.11) is re-expressed as:
members

Restrained
compression   a (  0.2)  0 (3.21)
members

Worked examples α accounts for different cross-sections, members with initial

imperfections, thicknesses, buckling axes and material grades.
When   0.2 no buckling reduction is needed.
64
 Non-Dimensional slenderness ratio
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• Non-dimensional slenderness ratio  is defined as:
 Ef
Inelastic  fy Af y
compression   cr
 
members 1  E f cr N cr
fy
Real compression
members
• Hence,
Design of – For Class 1, 2 & 3 Af y L  1 
compression
   cr  
members N cr  i  1 
Restrained
compression
– For symmetric Class 4
members Aeff f y L  1 
   cr  
Worked examples N cr  i  1 

– Ncr is the Eeuler critical buckling load  2 EI

N cr  2
Lcr

65
 Buckling curves
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members

Inelastic
compression
a =0
members
Reduction factor χ

Real compression
members
a =0.13
Design of a =0.21
compression
members a =0.34
a =0.49
Restrained
compression a =0.76
members

Worked examples

Non-dimensional slenderness 
66
 Stocky columns
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members • The characteristics of stocky columns are:
– Very low slenderness for rolled sections
Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
  0.2
members

Design of
– Unaffected by overall buckling
compression
members

Restrained
compression • Compression strength solely depends on
members

Worked examples – Area of cross-section

– Section classification

67
 Slender columns
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
• Slender columns tend to buckle
Inelastic
compression
members
• Euler critical stress
Real compression  2E
members f cr  2
Design of

compression
members
  Lcr i
Restrained
compression
members
where λ is the columns slenderness
Worked examples
i is the radius of gyration
Lcr is the buckling length

68
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

69
 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Introduction

Elastic Effective length

compression
members The critical loads for various struts can be expressed in a
Inelastic general form:
compression
members 2 EI 2 EI
N cr  
 kcr L  Lcr 2
Real compression 2
members

Design of
compression
members
Ncr is equivalent to an Euler strut having effective length Lcr
and kcr is the effective length factor.
Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

70
 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Introduction

Elastic Effective length

compression
members a) Pinned-pinned (Euler strut):
2 EI 2 EI
Þ
Inelastic
compression N cr  2  Lcr  1.0 L
members L (1.0 L) 2
Real compression b) Fixed-fixed:
members
42 EI 2 EI
Design of N cr 
L2

(0.5L) 2
Þ Lcr  kcr L  0.5 L
compression
members
c) Fixed-free:
Restrained
2 EI 2 EI
compression N cr  2
 Þ Lcr  kcr L  2 L
members 4L (2 L) 2
Worked examples d) Fixed-pinned:
2.052 EI 2 EI
N cr 
L2

(0.699 L) 2
Þ Lcr  kcr L  0.699 L

71
 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Introduction

Elastic Effective length concept from buckling shape

compression
members The length between two adjacent contra-flexure points
Inelastic (inflextion points) is equivalent to an Euler strut, known as
compression the effective length of the strut.
members

Real compression Euler strut

members
2
Design of
Lcr
compression
members
a) Fixed-fixed:
Restrained
compression
members 1 2
Worked examples
Lcr=0.5L
L

72
 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Introduction

Elastic Effective length concept from buckling shape

compression
members b) Fixed-free:
Inelastic 1
compression
members
2
L
Real compression
members Lcr=2L
Design of
compression
members c) Fixed-pinned:
Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

73
 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Introduction

If a column is restrained at mid-height so that  v  L / 2  0 , the

Elastic
compression
members
buckled shape is given by:
Inelastic
compression
members
v   sin  2x / L  (3.29)

Real compression Its buckling load is:

members
42 EI
Design of N cr  (3.30)
compression L2
members

Restrained For columns of different buckling lengths,

compression
members
N cr  2 EI / L2cr (3.23)
Worked examples
Effective length is equal to the distance between inflexion
points of its buckled shape.

74
 Simple supports and rigid restraints
Introduction

Elastic Effective lengths of columns

compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members
(a) for pinned-pinned support;
Worked examples
(b) for rigid restraint at mid-height;
(c) for pinned-fixed support;
(d) for fixed-fixed support;
(e) for cantilever column.
75
 Elastic end restraints
Introduction

Elastic Case 1 Braced and Rotationally Restrained

compression

M ( x)  Nv( x)  M  0
members

Inelastic
compression
members
EIv' ' Nv  M
Real compression N M
members v' ' v
EI EI
Design of
compression The general solution is:
members
M
Restrained
v( x)  A sin x  B cos x 
compression
N
members N
with 
Worked examples EI

76
 Elastic end restraints
Introduction

Elastic Case 2 Unbraced and Rotationally Restrained Column

compression

M ( x)  Nv( x)  M  0
members

Inelastic
compression
members
EIv' ' Nv  M
Real compression N M
members v' ' v
EI EI
Design of
compression
members
The general solution is:
M
Restrained v( x)  A sin x  B cos x 
compression N
members
N
Worked examples with 
EI

77
 Elastic end restraints
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members

Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples
Fig. 3.21 Effective length ratios for members in
rigid-jointed frames

78
 Buckling of a braced member
Introduction

Elastic
compression By expressing the relative stiffness of the braced member at
members
end 1 as:

2 EI / L  2 EI / L 12
Inelastic

1  
compression

a
members (3.43)
a1
Real compression 1
members

Design of For EC3, the relative stiffnesses 1 and 2 are replaced by:
compression

 2 EI / L 12
members
21
k1   (3.44)
0.5 a   2 EI / L 12 1  21
Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples
Values of effective length ratio which satisfy (3.42) to (3.44)
are reproduced in Fig. 3.21.

79
 Buckling of an unbraced member
Introduction

Elastic
compression If there are no end shear forces, N     M1  M 2 
members

Inelastic
By expressing the relative stiffness of the unbraced member at
compression end 1 as:
6 EI / L  6 EI / L 12
members

1   (3.47)
a
Real compression
members a1
Design of
1
compression
members For EC3, the relative stiffnesses 1 and 2 are replaced by:
Restrained
compression
 6 EI / L 12 1
members
k1  
1.5 a   6 EI / L 12 1.5  1
(3.48)
Worked examples

80
Outline
 Introduction
 Elastic compression members
 Inelastic compression members
 Real compression members
 Design of compression members
 Restrained compression members
 Worked examples

81
 Example 1 - Compression Member
Introduction

Elastic
compression A Grade S275 steel column with a 6.0m effective length for both
members
axes is to carry pure axial load from the floor above. If a 254 x 254
Inelastic UC 89 section is available, calculate the ultimate load that can be
compression
members applied on this column. Its self-weight may be neglected.

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members 6.0m
Worked examples
 Section Properties
Introduction

Elastic Try 254 x 254 x 89 UC.

compression
members h = 260.4 mm
Inelastic
compression
b = 255.9 mm
members
tw = 10.5 mm
Real compression
members tf = 17.3 mm

Design of r = 12.7 mm
compression
members d= 200.3mm
Restrained iy = 11.2 cm
compression
members iz = 6.52 cm
Worked examples A = 114 cm2
E = 210 kN/mm2
 Cross-Section Classification
Introduction

Elastic
compression For S275 Steel, since nominal thickness t = 17.3 mm
members
16mm≤tf ≤ 40mm ⇒ yield strength fy = 265 N/mm2 (EN 10025)
Inelastic
compression
members   235 / f y  235 / 265  0.942

Real compression
Cross sectional classification:
members
Outstand of compression flange (rolled section),
Design of
b  t w  2r 255.9  10.5  2(12.7)
compression cf    110mm
members 2 2
cf 110
Restrained   6.36
compression tf 17.3
members
The limiting value for class 1 is c f  9  9  0.942  8.48
Worked examples tf
6.36 < 8.48
∴ Flange in compression is Class 1.

84
 Cross-Section Classification
Introduction

Elastic Web subject to compression, cw = d = 200.3 mm

compression
members
cw 200.3
  19.08
Inelastic tw 10.5
compression
members
The limiting value for class 1 is
Real compression
cw
members  33  33  0.942  31.09
tw
Design of
cw
compression
 19.08  33  31.09
members tw
Restrained
compression ∴ Web is class 1 under compression.
members
⇒ Section is class 1.
Worked examples
Partial factors for resistance:
γM0 = 1.0
γM1 = 1.0
85
 Section Resistance
Introduction

Elastic
compression
members
Cross-sectional resistance:
Inelastic
compression The design resistance of the
members
cross-section for uniform
Real compression
members compression is,
Design of
compression Af y
members N c , Rd  (for class 1, 2 & 3)
 M0
Restrained
compression Af y 114  100  265
members N c , Rd    10 3  3021kN
 M0 1.0
Worked examples

86
 Member Buckling
Introduction

Elastic Member buckling resistance:

compression
members Buckling length,
Inelastic Effective length = Lcr = 6000 mm
compression
members Flexural buckling resistance:
Real compression The resistance to flexural buckling about the axis with
members
the smallest 𝝌 as the critical case.
Design of The design buckling resistance is,
Af y
compression
members
N b, Rd  (Class 1, 2 & 3)
Restrained
 M1
compression 𝝌 is the reduction factor and
members
1
Worked examples  2
but   1.0
  2 


where   0.5 1  a (  0,2)  
2

87
 Member Buckling
Introduction

Elastic
compression Af y  L  1 
members    cr  
N cr  i  1 
Inelastic 1  93.9  93.9  0.942  88.5
compression
members
Slenderness for buckling about major axis (y-y),
Real compression
members  Lcr  1   6000  1 
 y      
    112  88.5 
 0.605
Design of  iy  1 
compression
members Slenderness for buckling about minor axis (z-z),
Restrained
compression  L  1   6000  1 
members  z   cr        1.04

 z  1  
i 65.2  88.5 
Worked examples
  0.2
Flexural buckling effects need to be considered.

88
 Member Buckling
Introduction

Elastic Table 6.2,

compression h 260.4
members   1.018  1.2, t f  17.3mm  100mm & S 275 steel
b 255.9
Inelastic ⇒buckling curve about major axis (y-y) to consider is ‘b’.
compression
members ⇒buckling curve about minor axis (z-z) to consider is ‘c’.
Real compression Table 6.1,
members
For buckling curve ‘b’ ⇒ imperfection factor α = 0.34
Design of
compression For buckling curve ‘c’ ⇒ imperfection factor α = 0.49
members

Restrained
Buckling about major axis (y-y),
compression
members 
 y  0.5 1  a (  y  0.2 )   y 2 
Worked examples  
 0.5 1  0.34( 0.605  0.2 )  0.6052  0.75
1 1
y    0.84  1.00
y  y   y
2 2
0.75  0.75  0.605
2 2

89
 Member Buckling
Introduction

Elastic
compression Buckling about minor axis (z-z)
 
members
 z  0.5 1  a ( z  0.2)   z 2
Inelastic
compression  
 0.5 1  0.49(1.04  0.2)  1.04 2  1.25
members
1 1
z    0.51  1.00
Real compression z  z   z
2 2
1.25  1.25  1.04
2 2
members
  min(  y ;  z )
Design of
compression   0.51  1.0
members The design resistance to flexural buckling is
Restrained
Af y 0.51114100 275
compression
N b, Rd   103  1586kN
members
 M1 1.0
Worked examples
The ultimate load that can be imposed on the column
≤ 1586 kN.

90
 Example 3
Introduction
Design an RHS compression member
Elastic
compression Design a suitable hot-finished RHS of
members
S355 steel to resist the loading of example
Inelastic 1 in Section 3.12.1 (NEd=561 kN).
compression
members
Solution
Real compression
members Guess =0.3
Design of
compression
members
A ³ 561´10 3 / (0.3´ 355) = 5268mm2
Restrained Try a 2501508 RHS,
compression
members with A=60.8cm2, iy=9.17cm, iz=6.15cm, t=8.0mm
Worked examples

91
 Example 3
Introduction
Design an RHS compression member
Elastic Solution
compression
members  Classifying the section:
Inelastic For S355 steel with t=8mm, fy=355 N/mm2 (EN10025-2)
compression

  235 / 355 0.5  0.814

members

Real compression
members
cw / t   250.0  2  8.0  2  4.0 / 8.0  0.814  34.7  42
Design of
compression
members
T5.2
And so the cross-section is fully effective.
Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

92
 Example 3
Introduction
Design an RHS compression member
Elastic Solution
compression
members  Member buckling resistance:
Inelastic
compression Af y Lcr , y 1 1200 1
y     1.710
i y 1 9.18 10 93.9  0.814
members
N cr , y
Real compression
members [Link] (1)

Design of Af y Lcr , z 1 600 1

compression z     1.276  1.71
members N cr , z iz 1 6.15 10 93.9  0.814
Restrained [Link] (1)
compression
members Buckling will occur bout the major (y) axis.
Worked examples

93
 Example 3
Introduction
Design an RHS compression member
Elastic Solution
compression
members For a hot-finished RHS, use buckling curve (a) with a=0.21.
Inelastic
compression
T6.2, T6.1

 
members

Real compression
 y  0.5 1  0.211.710  0.2  1.7102  2.121 [Link](1)
members
1
Design of y   0.296 [Link](1)
compression
members
2.121  2.121  1.710
2 2

Restrained Af y 0.296  60.08 102  355

compression
Nb, y , Rd   [Link](1)
members
 M1 1.0
Worked examples
N b, y , Rd  640 kN  561 kN  N Ed [Link](1)

So the 2501508 RHS is satisfactory.

94
 Example 5 - Effective length factor
Introduction
in an unbraced frame
Elastic
compression Determine the effective length ratio of member 1-2 of the
members unbraced frame shown in the figure.
Inelastic
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

95
 Example 5 - Effective length factor
Introduction
in an unbraced frame
Elastic Solution
compression
members Using (3.44),
Inelastic
compression
1) at the bottom pinned end of strut
members
6 EI / L
k1   1.0
Real compression
members
1.5  0  6 EI / L
Design of 2) at the top end of strut
compression
members 6 EI / L
k2   0.4
Restrained 1.5  6  2 EI  /  2 L   6 EI / L
compression
members
3) Using Fig. 3.21b, therefore the strut buckling load is:
Worked examples
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI
N cr    0.189 2
 kcr L   2.3L 
2 2
L
96
 Example 6 - Effective length factor
Introduction
in a braced frame
Elastic
compression Determine the effective length ratio of member 1-2 of the
members frame shown in the figure in Example 5, if a bracing is
Inelastic provided which prevents sway buckling.
compression
members

Real compression
members

Design of
compression
members

Restrained
compression
members

Worked examples

97
 Example 6 - Effective length factor
Introduction
in a braced frame
Elastic Solution
compression
members Using (3.44),
Inelastic
compression
1) at the bottom pinned end of strut
members
2 EI / L
k1   1.0
Real compression
members 0.5  0  2 EI / L
Design of 2) at the top end of strut
compression
members 2 EI / L
k2   0.667
Restrained 0.5  2(2 EI ) /(2 L)  2 EI / L
compression
members
3) Using Fig. 3.21a, kcr  Lcr / L  0.87
Worked examples
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI
N cr    1.32 2
 kcr L   0.87 L 
2 2
L
98
Appendix

99