1.

Introduction to Eurocodes

1
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

2
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

3
 Objectives of this lecture
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
- To provide an overview of the Structural
Basis design
Eurocodes
Introduction
to loading - To show the principles of Eurocode for
Eurocodes load case combinations
for steel structures
- To introduce Parts of the Eurocodes
EN1993-1-1
general rules for Structural Design
Concluding
summary

4
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

5
 Reasons for producing Eurocode
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
- To harmonize requirements of structural
Basis design
design across the EU
Introduction
to loading - To remove barriers to trade to enable a
Eurocodes fair cross-border competition for designers
for steel structures
and contractors
EN1993-1-1
general rules - To provide available knowledge by
Concluding
summary
utilizing the whole EU best practice

6
 Format of the Structural Eurocodes
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• EN1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
Basis design • EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
Introduction • EN1992 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures
to loading
• EN1993 Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Eurocodes • EN1994 Eurocode 4 : Design of composite
for steel structures
structures
EN1993-1-1
general rules
• EN1995 Eurocode 5 : Design of timber structures
• EN1996 Eurocode 6 : Design of masonry structures
Concluding
summary • EN1997 Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical design
• EN1998 Eurocode 8 : Design for earthquake
resistance
• EN1999 Eurocode 9 : Design of aluminium
structures

7
 EN 1990 Basis of Structural Design
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• ‘core’ document of the whole Eurocode
Basis design
• sets out the principles for structural design
Introduction
to loading • provides a common design basis
Eurocodes – for all types of structures
for steel structures
– for all structural materials
EN1993-1-1
general rules • Sets out values for all types of actions
Concluding • Actions are independent of structural materials
summary
• Specific actions are defined for bridges, cranes,
etc.

8
 Eurocode Text
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• The full text of each Eurocode Part includes
Basis design
– main body of text
Introduction
to loading – normative Annexes
Eurocodes – informative Annexes
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules • The Eurocode text
Concluding – issued by CEN
summary
– technically the same across the EU

9
 Format of the Structural Eurocodes
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• The Eurocode text:
Basis design
– published by national standards bodies
Introduction
to loading • such as BSI, DIN, AFNOR, ČSN, SN, SL,
Eurocodes SG
for steel structures
– designated with a national prefix
EN1993-1-1
general rules • BS EN1993-1-1 for the UK
Concluding • SS EN1993-1-1 for Singapore
summary
• In each country, each Eurocode Part is
accompanied by a National Annex (NA)

10
 Terminology
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
For clarity and to facilitate translation into other
Basis design
languages, the Eurocodes use the following terms
Introduction
to loading
• Actions = loads, imposed displacements,
Eurocodes
for steel structures thermal strains
EN1993-1-1 • Effects = internal bending moments, axial
general rules
forces etc.
Concluding
summary • Resistance = capacity of a structural element to
resist bending moment, axial
force, shear, etc.
• Verification = check
• Execution = construction (fabrication,
erection,etc.).
11
 National Annex
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• An essential documents in using a Eurocode
Basis design
Part
Introduction
to loading • Allows the national standards body to choose
Eurocodes (where permitted by the Eurocode)
for steel structures
– values of certain factors
EN1993-1-1
general rules – which design method to use
Concluding – whether an informative annex may be used
summary

12
 Symbols
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
Eurocodes use the ISO convention for symbols
Basis design
and subscripts. Where multiple sub-scripts occur,
Introduction
to loading a comma is used to separate them:
Eurocodes
Subscripts Definition Examples
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1 Ed Design value of MEd Design bending moment

general rules an effect
Concluding Rd Design resistance MRd Design resistance for
summary
bending
el Elastic property Wel Elastic section modulus

pl Plastic property Wpl Plastic section modulus

13
 Geometric Convention
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
Eurocodes define the geometry axes of a
Basis design
section: b
Introduction z
to loading

Eurocodes • major axis: y-y

for steel structures
tw
EN1993-1-1
general rules • minor axis: z-z
Concluding h d y y
summary
• longitudinal axis: x-x
r tf

z
14
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

15
 Basic Requirements
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
EN 1990 sets out the basic requirements
Basis design
a structure shall:
Introduction
to loading • Have adequate resistance to sustain actions
Eurocodes and environmental effects
for steel structures
• Remain serviceable and durable
EN1993-1-1
general rules • Have adequate fire resistance
Concluding • Be robust - not disproportionately damaged by
summary
accidental events

16
 Limit States
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
EN 1990 defines two types of the limit states
Basis design
of a structure:
Introduction
to loading • Ultimate limit state (ULS)
Eurocodes – concerned with structural safety
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules • Serviceability limit state (SLS)
Concluding – concerned with structural function
summary

17
 Ultimate Limit States
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
Ultimate limit state (ULS) includes
Basis design
• EQU: Loss of static equilibrium of the structure
Introduction
to loading or a structural element
Eurocodes • STR: Failure or excessive deformation of a
for steel structures
structure or structural element
EN1993-1-1
general rules • GEO: Failure or excessive deformation of the
Concluding ground where the strengths of soil or rock are
summary
significant in providing resistance
• FAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or
structural elements

18
 Servicability Limit States
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
Serviceability limit state (SLS) includes:
Basis design
– Deflection
Introduction
to loading – Vibration
Eurocodes
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
Both conditions are associated with stiffness
general rules
rather than strength
Concluding
summary

For most buildings, controlling deflections will

also limit vibrations

19
 Actions on Structures
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
Eurocodes define actions using:
Basis design
• Characteristic value of an action Fk
Introduction – A typical greater value that has a prescribed
to loading
probability, e.g. 95%,
Eurocodes
for steel structures
of not being exceeded during a specified period
• Design value of an action Fd
EN1993-1-1
general rules – Fd = f ∙ Fk
Concluding • Partial safety factors reflect these differences
summary – allows for the possibility of unfavorable deviations
from the representative value
– depend on the limit state under consideration

20
 Materials Properties
Objectives

Eurocode
overview Eurocodes define materials properties using
Basis design • Characteristic value of a material strength fk
Introduction – a typical smaller value of material strength below
to loading
which no more than 5% of test results may fall.
Eurocodes
for steel structures
• Design value of a materials strengths fd
EN1993-1-1
– f d = fk /  f
• Partial safety factor f takes into account:
general rules

Concluding
summary – Differences between the behavior of test specimens in
the laboratory and the actual material in the structure
– Reductions in strength due to other causes, e.g.
manufacturing tolerances, quality control
– The importance
of the structure/consequences of failure
21
 Verification by Partial Factors
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Determine appropriate actions Fd and their
Basis design
effects Ed on a structure
Introduction
to loading • Establish materials properties fd and
Eurocodes structural resistance Rd
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1 • Ensure no limit state is exceeded

general rules

Concluding
– At ULS Rd > Ed
summary
– At SLS Cd > Ed

22
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

23
 Relevant Actions
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• The actions most relevant to building design
Basis design

Introduction
EN 1991
to loading
– Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads
Eurocodes
for steel structures
– Part 1-3: Snow loads
EN1993-1-1
general rules – Part 1-4: Wind loads
Concluding
summary • Other relevant parts
– EN 1990 - Basis of design
– EN 1991 Part 1-2: Actions on structures
exposed to fire

24
 Notation
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• The following notation is adopted:
Basis design

Introduction
– Dead loads - G
to loading
– Imposed loads - Q
Eurocodes
for steel structures
– Snow loads – Q
EN1993-1-1
general rules
– Wind loads - W
Concluding
summary
– Accidental loads - A
• Suffices inf and sup are used to signify lower
and upper bound values respectively

25
 Dead Loads – Self weight
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Permanent, fixed action
Basis design

Introduction
• Calculated on basis of material densities and
to loading nominal dimensions
Eurocodes
for steel structures • Include allowances for partitions, services...etc
EN1993-1-1 as uniformly distributed loads:
general rules

Concluding
– No guidance for calculating values to use
summary
– Estimate based on experience and practice

26
 Imposed Loads
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Variable, free action
Basis design

Introduction
• Characteristic value based on building
to loading category
Eurocodes
for steel structures – A - Residential
EN1993-1-1
general rules
– B - Office
Concluding – C - Assembly areas (5 sub-categories)
summary
– D - Shopping
– E - Storage

27
 Snow Loads
Objectives

Eurocode
overview

Basis design

Introduction
to loading

Eurocodes
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1 • Characteristic snow load sk

general rules
based on uniform accumulations
Concluding
summary on flat ground
• sk is determined from national snow maps
• Some countries include adjustments
for altitude
– Maps on web, fields 100 x 100 m
28
 Wind Loads
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • The simple procedures below apply for
Basis design structures not susceptible to dynamic excitation
Introduction
to loading
• The more thorough treatments
Eurocodes
for steel structures in EC1-1-4 should be used for
EN1993-1-1 – buildings taller than 200 m
general rules
– very slender or unusual structures
Concluding
summary – temporary structures (lower wind pressures)

29
 Wind Loads
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Characteristic wind load wk is based on
Basis design reference mean wind pressure qref(0) which
Introduction
depends on corresponding velocity vref(0)
to loading

Eurocodes
• vref(0) is determined from national wind maps
for steel structures
• qref(0) = 0,5· r · vref(0)2
EN1993-1-1

• where r is the density of air (= 1,25 kg/m3)

general rules

Concluding
summary

30
 Terrain Category
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • The reference mean wind pressure qref(0)
Basis design is modified to account
Introduction
to loading
– for terrain category and
Eurocodes – height
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
• Five basic categories of terrain are defined:
general rules
– Sea, coastal area exposed to the open sea
Concluding
summary
– Rough open sea, lakes
– Farmland with boundary hedges, small farms,
houses
– Suburban, industrial area, permanent forests
– Urban areas 31
 Exposure coefficient ce(z)
Objectives

Eurocode
overview

Basis design

Introduction
to loading

Eurocodes
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules

Concluding
summary

32
 Reference Height
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Three classes of buildings may be considered
Basis design
• They are defined on the basis of the building
Introduction
to loading
height h divided by its crosswind width b

– Low rise
Eurocodes
for steel structures h<b
EN1993-1-1
general rules
– Medium rise b<h<2b
Concluding
summary
– High rise h>2b

33
 Reference Height
Objectives
- Zones
Eurocode
overview

Basis design

Introduction
to loading

Eurocodes
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules

Concluding
summary

34
 Load Combinations - ULS
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Load combinations can be simplified as
Basis design

Introduction
– 1,35 Gk + 1,5 Qk
to loading
where Qk is the dominant imposed load
Eurocodes
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1 – 1,35 Gk + 1,500SQk +1,50Qk,1

general rules

Concluding
summary
where there are more than one variable
action
• Where loads have a beneficial effect
– 0,9 Gk

35
 Load Combinations - SLS
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Load combinations can be simplified as
Basis design

Introduction
to loading
– 1,0 Gk + 1,0 Qk
Eurocodes
where Qk is the dominant imposed load,
for steel structures and
EN1993-1-1
general rules

Concluding – 1,0 Gk + 0,9 SQk

summary
where there are more than one imposed
loads

36
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

37
 Load Combinations - SLS
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
EN1990 EN1991 Actions
Basis design Basis of design
Introduction
to loading
EN Material

Eurocodes
for steel structures EN Sections
EN1090
EN1993-1-1 Production EN1993
general rules EN Bolts
Concluding
summary
EN Welding
EN1997 Foundation

EN1998 Earthquake
• Actions
• Design
38
 Material Properties
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• EN1993-1-1 for structural steel grades
S235 to S460
Basis design

Introduction
– in accordance with EN10025, EN10210
to loading
• For higher strength and stainless steels
Eurocodes
for steel structures – EN1993-1-12 and in EN1993-1-4, respectively
EN1993-1-1 • The nominal yield fy and ultimate strength fu
general rules
– Table 3.1 of EN1993-1-1
Concluding
summary
• Adequate fracture toughness
– Refer to EN1993-1-10
• For fasteners (bolts)
– Refer to in EN1993-1-8

39
 Other Relevant Eurocodes
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Design of Plate members
Basis design – EN1993-1-5
Introduction –
to loading
• Design of joints
Eurocodes
for steel structures – EN 1993-1-8
EN1993-1-1
general rules
• Design of steel and concrete composite floor
Concluding
summary – EN1994-1

40
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

41
 Structure of EN1993
Objectives

Eurocode Part 1-1: General Rules and rules for buildings

overview
Part 1-2: Fire resistance
Basis design
Part 1-3: Supplem. rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
Introduction
to loading Part 1-4: Supplementary rules for stainless steels
Eurocodes Part 1-5: Plated structural elements
for steel structures
Part 1-6: Strength/Stability of shell structures
EN1993-1-1
general rules Part 1-7: Planar plated structures subject to out of plane loading
Concluding Part 1-8: Design of joints
summary
Part 1-9: Fatigue
Part 1-10:Material toughness and through-thickness properties
Part 1-11:Design of structures with tension components
Part 1-12:High strength steels

42
 Structure of EN1993-1-1
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Chapter 1 General
Basis design • Chapter 2 Basis of design
Introduction
to loading
• Chapter 3 Materials
Eurocodes • Chapter 4 Durability
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1 • Chapter 5 Structural analysis

general rules

Concluding
• Chapter 6 Ultimate limit states
summary
• Chapter 7 Serviceability limit states

• Annexes A, B, AB and BB (informative)

Definitive status to be given in National Annex

43
 Terminology and Symbols
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Eurocodes use precise terminology and symbols.
Basis design • Terminology:
Introduction
to loading – Global analysis
Eurocodes
for steel structures
– Frame and Sub-frame
EN1993-1-1 – Type of framing
general rules

Concluding
– Lengths related to stability
summary
• Symbols:
– General nature, section and material properties
– Extensive use of suffices (possibly in sequence)

44
 Special Terms in EC3
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• General:
– Frame: assembly of connected structural elements
Basis design
– Sub-frame: part of frame used for global analysis
Introduction
to loading
• Type of framing:
Eurocodes
for steel structures – Simple: joints not resisting bending moments
EN1993-1-1
– Continuous: joints assumed to be rigid
general rules – Semi-continuous: connection characteristics needing
Concluding explicit consideration in global analysis
summary
• Lengths relating to member stability:
– System length: length between lateral restraints/ends
– Buckling length: equivalent pin-ended system length

45
 Special Terms in EC3 (Analysis)
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Braced frame: sway resisted by a sufficiently stiff
bracing system.
Basis design

Introduction
• Unbraced frame: inadequate sway resistance
to loading provided by the bracing system.
Eurocodes
for steel structures • Sway frames: poor lateral stiffness
EN1993-1-1
 need for consideration of effects of horizontal
general rules displacements.
Concluding
summary • Non-sway frame: large lateral stiffness
 no need for consideration of effects of
horizontal displacements.

46
 Steel classes
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Five nominal grades of steel (EN 10 025):
Basis design – S235 nominal yield strength = 235 N/mm2
Introduction
to loading – S275 nominal yield strength = 275 N/mm2
Eurocodes
for steel structures – S355 nominal yield strength = 355 N/mm2
EN1993-1-1
general rules
– S420 nominal yield strength = 420 N/mm2
Concluding
summary
– S460 nominal yield strength = 460 N/mm2
• Strength reduced for elements of higher thickness
product standards or simplified table in EN 1993-
1-1
• Grade S690 covered in EC3 Part 1-12 (HSS)
47
 Global Structural Analysis
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Method should be consistent with design
Basis design
assumptions.
Introduction • Possible need for consideration of joint behaviour
to loading
 Joint modelling for global analysis.
Eurocodes
for steel structures
• Types of global analysis:
EN1993-1-1
general rules
– Elastic analysis: only stiffness of members and
Concluding
summary
(possibly joints) are concerned.
– Plastic analysis: both stiffness, strength and
ductility of member sections and (possibly)
joints are concerned.

48
 Accuracy of Global Analysis
Objectives

Eurocode
overview – First order : equilibrium in non deformed
Basis design geometry
Introduction
to loading
– Account for second order effects:
Eurocodes
– Second order analysis: iterative process with
for steel structures
equilibrium in deformed geometry
EN1993-1-1
general rules
 no more application of principle of
superposition.
Concluding
summary – Corrections for second order effects
superimposed to results of first order analysis
 still apply principle of superposition
– Criterion for required consideration of second
order effects
49
 Account of Imperfections
Objectives
for Global Analysis
Eurocode
overview
– Frame (global) imperfections:
Basis design – Lack of verticality of columns
Introduction – Required in any circumstances
to loading
– Modelling or substitution by equivalent
Eurocodes
for steel structures horizontal nodal loads
EN1993-1-1
general rules
– Member (local) imperfections:
Concluding
– Lack of straightness of member axis
summary
– Required (criterion given) in few rare
circumstances
– If required: Modelling or substitution by
equivalent transverse distributed loads
– If not required: Implicit account through member
50
stability check formulae
 Design Checks at ULS – Factored Load
Objectives

Eurocode
overview
• Check under factored loads
Basis design – static conditions) or
Introduction
to loading – fatigue loads (fatigue conditions)
Eurocodes
for steel structures
• Internal forces in individual elements determined
by global analysis
EN1993-1-1
general rules
• Elements designed and checked as isolated
Concluding
summary components
• Design checks depend on
– Type of member
– Type of global analysis
51
 Design Checks at ULS – Frames
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Frames must be checked for
Basis design – Resistance of cross-sections
Introduction plastic or elastic depending on class
to loading
– Resistance of members
Eurocodes
for steel structures
including member and frame stability
EN1993-1-1 – Resistance of joints
general rules EC3 Part 1-8
Concluding
summary • Tension members need only be checked for
– Resistance of cross-sections.
• Fatigue resistance when required
– EC3 Part 1-9
52
 Design Checks at SLS – Design
Objectives
Criteria
Eurocode
overview • Checks for service loads (non factored).
Basis design
• Main design criteria at SLS:
Introduction
to loading – Deflections (horizontal and vertical)
Eurocodes
for steel structures – Vibrations
EN1993-1-1
general rules
• Deflections and vibrations determined based on:
Concluding – Elastic global analysis
summary
– Bare frame structure
(without floors, roof, partitions, cladding, etc.)

53
 Design Checks at SLS –
Objectives
Deflections
Eurocode
overview – Calculated values seldom meaningful
Basis design
(for several reasons) but used as an index of
stiffness
Introduction
to loading – Excessive deflections impair appearance and/or
Eurocodes cause local damage in supported elements
for steel structures
– Need for consideration of pre-camber when present
EN1993-1-1
general rules – Consider permanent and variable loads separately
Concluding – Limit values for vertical deflections of beams and
summary
horizontal deflections frames:
• recommended in EC0
• to be specified in National Annex
– Limiting deflection  adequate stiffness

54
 Worked example on a frame
Objectives
EQU, STR, STR/GEO
Eurocode
overview Identify the critical load combinations for the overall
Basis design
stability (EQU - Set A), ultimate limit state design (STR -
Set B), and structural design involving geotechnical
Introduction
to loading
actions (STR/GEO – Set C) of the 3-storey frame shown
below. Assume that the frame is subject to permanent
Eurocodes
for steel structures loads (characteristic value: Gk kN/m), imposed loads
(characteristic value: Qk kN/m), and wind load
EN1993-1-1
general rules (characteristic value: Wk kN).
Concluding
summary

55
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
EQU (Set A)
Eurocode
overview
Static equilibrium (EQU) for building structures should be
Basis design
verified using the design values of actions in Table A1.2(A)
Introduction EC0 (Set A).
to loading

Eurocodes
The fundamental load combination to be used is:
for steel structures
 G, j Gk , j   Q,1Qk ,1   Q,i 0,i Qk ,i i 1
EN1993-1-1
general rules When considering stability (EQU), a distinction between the
Concluding favorable and unfavorable effects needs to be made.
summary

56
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
EQU (Set A)
Eurocode
overview
Load case 1(a). Load case 1(b).
Basis design
Treat the wind load as Treat the wind load as
dominant load (column 1) dominant load (column 2)
Introduction
to loading 1.1Gk+
0.7(1.5Qk)
Eurocodes 0.9Gk 0.9Gk 0.9Gk 1.5W
for steel structures
1.5Wk k

EN1993-1-1
general rules 0.9Gk 0.9Gk 0.9Gk 1.5W
1.5Wk k
Concluding
summary
0.9Gk 0.9Gk 0.9Gk
1.5Wk 1.5Wk

1 2 1 2

57
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
EQU (Set A)
Eurocode
overview Load case 2.
Basis design Treat the imposed load as dominant load (column 1)
Introduction
to loading
0.9Gk 1.1Gk+
0.5(1.5Wk)
1.5Qk
Eurocodes
for steel structures
0.9Gk
EN1993-1-1
0.5(1.5Wk) 1.1Gk+
general rules 1.5Qk

Concluding
0.9Gk
summary
0.5(1.5Wk) 1.1Gk+
1.5Qk

1 2

58
58
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR (SET B)
Eurocode
overview
When considering strength (STR) which does not involve
Basis design
geotechnical actions, the strength of elements should be
Introduction
to loading verified using load combination Set B (Table A1.2(B) EC0).
Eurocodes Two options are given. Either combination (6.10) from EN
for steel structures
1990 or the less favourable of equations (6.10a) and
EN1993-1-1
general rules
(6.10b) may be used.
Concluding
summary

59
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR (SET B)
Eurocode
overview Strength of 2nd floor beam
Basis design Load case 1(a). Load case 1(b).
Treat the wind load as Treat the wind load as
Introduction
to loading dominant load dominant load
Eurocodes
for steel structures 1.35Gk+0.7(1.5Qk) 1.35Gk+0.7(1.5Qk)
1.5Wk 1.5Wk
EN1993-1-1
general rules
1.35Gk+0.7(1.5Qk) 1.35Gk+0.7(1.5Qk)
1.5Wk 1.5Wk
Concluding
summary
1.35Gk+0.7(1.5Qk) 1.35Gk+0.7(1.5Qk) 1.5Wk
1.5Wk

1 2 1 2
60
60
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR (SET B)
Eurocode
overview
Strength of 2nd floor beam
Basis design Load case 2(a). Load case 2(b).
Introduction
Treat the imposed load Treat the imposed load
to loading as dominant load as dominant load
Eurocodes
1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
for steel structures 0.5(1.5Wk) 0.5(1.5Wk)
EN1993-1-1
general rules
1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
0.5(1.5Wk) 0.5(1.5Wk)
Concluding
summary

1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 0.5(1.5Wk)

0.5(1.5Wk)

1 2 1 2
61
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR (SET B)
Eurocode
overview Strength of ground column
Basis design Load case 3(a). Load case 3(b).
Introduction Treat the wind load as Treat the wind load as
to loading dominant load – Column 2 dominant load – Column 1
Eurocodes
for steel structures 1.35Gk 1.35Gk
1.5Wk 1.5Wk
EN1993-1-1
general rules
1.35Gk 1.35Gk
1.5Wk 1.5Wk
Concluding
summary

1.5Wk 1.35Gk 1.35Gk 1.5Wk

1 2 1 2
62
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR (SET B)
Eurocode
overview Strength of ground column
Basis design
Load case 4.
Treat the imposed load as
Introduction
to loading dominant load without wind
Eurocodes 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
Concluding
summary
1.35Gk+1.5Qk

1 2

63
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR/GEO (SET C)
Eurocode
overview
When considering strength (STR) involving geotechnical
Basis design
actions (GEO), UK National Annex to BS EN allows for
Introduction Approach 1, in which the sizing of foundations is governed
to loading
by Table A1.2(C) EC0) whereas the structural resistance
Eurocodes is governed by Table A1.2(B) EC0)
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules

Concluding
summary

64
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR/GEO (SET C)
Eurocode
overview
Foundation resistance
Basis design Load case 1(a) Load case 1(b)
Introduction Treat the wind load as Treat the wind load as
to loading
dominant load dominant load
Eurocodes Gk+0.7(1.3Qk) Gk+0.7(1.3Qk)
for steel structures 1.3Wk 1.3Wk

EN1993-1-1
general rules
1.3Wk Gk+0.7(1.3Qk) Gk+0.7(1.3Qk)
1.3Wk
Concluding
summary
1.3Wk Gk+0.7(1.3Qk) Gk+0.7(1.3Qk)
1.3Wk

1 2 1 2

65
 Worked example on a frame:
Objectives
STR/GEO (SET C)
Eurocode
overview
Foundation resistance
Basis design
Load case 2(a). Load case 2(b).
Treat the imposed load as Treat the imposed load as
Introduction
to loading dominant load dominant load
Eurocodes
Gk+1.3Qk Gk+1.3Qk 0.5(1.3Wk)
0.5(1.3Wk)
for steel structures

EN1993-1-1
general rules 0.5(1.3Wk) Gk+1.3Qk Gk+1.3Qk 0.5(1.3Wk)

Concluding
summary
0.5(1.3Wk) Gk+1.3Qk Gk+1.3Qk 0.5(1.3Wk)

1 2 1 2

66
Outline
 Objectives
 The Eurocode overview
 Basis of structural design
 EN1991-1-x Introduction to loading
 EN1993 the Eurocodes for steel structures
 EN1993-1-1 Introduction to general rules
 Concluding summary

67
 Summary
Objectives

Eurocode
overview • Eurocodes adopt limit state design as the basis of
Basis design structural design
Introduction
to loading
• Generic rules for steel frame design
Eurocodes
covered in EN 1993-1-1
for steel structures
• 10 Eurocodes developed,
EN1993-1-1
general rules each subdivided in Parts and
Concluding to be implemented by a National Annex
summary
• In addition, reference also may be made to:
– EN1993-1-8, EN1993-1-5 and EN1994 -1-1
– National Annexes
– NCCI and supporting resources/materials 68
Thank You!

69