Chapter 8 (Motion)
Rest: A body is said to be in a state of rest when its position does not change with respect to a
reference point.
Motion: A body is said to be in a state of motion when its position change continuously with
reference to a point.
Motion can be of different types depending upon the type of path by which the object is going
through.
(i) Circulatory motion/Circular motion – In a circular path.
(ii) Linear motion – In a straight-line path.
(iii) Oscillatory/Vibratory motion – To and fro path with respect to origin.
Scalar quantity: It is the physical quantity having only magnitude but no direction. Example:
distance, speed.
Vector quantity: It is the physical quantity that requires both magnitude and direction.
Example: displacement, velocity, acceleration.
Distance and Displacement
→The actual path or length travelled by a object during its journey from its initial position to
its final position is called the distance.
→ Distance is a scalar quantity which requires only magnitude but no direction to explain it.
Example: Ramesh travelled 65 km. (Distance is measured by odometer in vehicles.)
→ Displacement is a vector quantity requiring both magnitude and direction for its
explanation.
Example: Ramesh travelled 65 km south-west from Clock Tower.
→ Displacement can be zero (when initial point and final point of motion are same)
Difference between Distance and Displacement
Distance Displacement
Length of actual path travelled by an Shortest length between initial point and far
object. point of an object.
It is scalar quantity. It is vector quantity.
It remains positive, can’t be ‘0’ or
negative. It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero.
Distance can be equal to displacement Displacement can be equal to distance or its
(in linear path). lesser than distance.
Uniform Motion
→ When a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time, then the motion is said to be
uniform motion.
Non-uniform Motion
→ In this type of motion, the body will travel unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
This type of motion can be positive or negative.
1. When motion of a body increases with time is called as accelerated motion.
[Link] motion of a body decreases with time is called as de-accelerated motion.
Speed
→ The measurement of distance travelled by a body per unit time is called speed.
Speed (v) = Distance Travelled/Time Taken = s/t
SI unit = m/s (meter/second)
→ If a body is executing uniform motion, then there will be a constant speed or uniform motion.
→ If a body is travelling with non-uniform motion, then the speed will not remain uniform but
have different values throughout the motion of such body.
For non-uniform motion, average speed will describe one single value of speed throughout the
motion of the body.
Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken
Conversion Factor
• Change from km/hr to m/s = 1000m/(60×60)s = 5/18 m/s
Velocity
→ It is defined as the speed of a body in given direction.
Velocity = Displacement/Time
v = d/t
→ Velocity is a vector quantity. Its value changes when either its magnitude or direction
changes.
→ For non-uniform motion in a given line, average velocity will be calculated in the same way
as done in average speed.
• Average velocity = Total displacement/Total time
• For uniformly changing velocity, the average velocity can be calculated as follows :
Avg. Velocity (vavg) = (Initial velocity + Final velocity)/2 = (u+v)/2
where, u = initial velocity, v = final velocity
SI unit of velocity = ms-1
• Velocity = Displacement/Time
→ It can be positive (+ve), negative (-ve) or zero.
Acceleration (Rate of change of velocity)
→ Acceleration is seen in non-uniform motion and it can be defined as the rate of change of
velocity with time.
• Acceleration (a) = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t
where, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity
→ If v > u, then ‘a’ will be positive (+ve).
Retardation/ Deacceleration
→ Deacceleration is seen in non-uniform motion during decrease in velocity with time. It has
same definition as acceleration.
• Deacceleration (a') = Change in velocity/Time = (v-u)/t
Here, v < u, ‘a’ = negative (-ve).
Graphical Representation of Motion:
Projectile Motion:
Projectile motion is the curved path an object follows when it is thrown or launched into the
air and moves under the influence of gravity alone (ignoring air resistance).
It is a type of two-dimensional motion with horizontal and vertical components that act
independently.
(i) The horizontal motion occurs at a constant speed,
(ii) The vertical motion is affected by gravity, causing the object to accelerate downward. T
This combination creates a parabolic trajectory.
• The motion of a projectile is known as projectile motion.
• It is an example of two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration.
• Projectile motion is considered as a combination of two simultaneous motions in
mutually perpendicular directions which are completely independent from each other
i.e. horizontal motion and vertical motion.
Examples:
• A cricket ball hit by the batsman for a six.
• A bullet fired from a gun.
• A packet dropped from a plane; but the motion of the aeroplane itself is not projectile
motion because there are forces other than gravity acting on it due to the thrust of its
engine.