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Chapter 4 (Cont)

Chapter 4 discusses covalent compounds, including their formulas and structures, focusing on the octet rule, Lewis structures, and multiple covalent bonds. It covers concepts such as bond polarity, electronegativity, bond strength, and molecular geometry, along with methods for drawing derived structures. The chapter also introduces Valence Bond theory and Molecular Orbital theory to explain covalent bonding and molecular behavior.

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3 views27 pages

Chapter 4 (Cont)

Chapter 4 discusses covalent compounds, including their formulas and structures, focusing on the octet rule, Lewis structures, and multiple covalent bonds. It covers concepts such as bond polarity, electronegativity, bond strength, and molecular geometry, along with methods for drawing derived structures. The chapter also introduces Valence Bond theory and Molecular Orbital theory to explain covalent bonding and molecular behavior.

Uploaded by

lordpuppythegreat2211
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4: Covalent compounds,

formulas, and structures


Covalent molecules
The octet rule
The Lewis structure of molecule
Multiple covalent bond
Lewis structure of ions
Calculating formal charges
Covalent bond polarity and electronegativity
The magnitude of bond polarity is measured by the delta EN, using this formula:

The diple moment measures the difference in charge, q, in two covalently bonded
atoms and the distance, r, between the two nuclei :

Diple moments are mathematically treated as vectors.


EN and ionic character
Bond strength, bond energy, and bond length
Naming covalent compounds
Molecular Geometry
Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory
Basic structures
Derived structures Derive structures have one or more of the bonding domains replace with non-
bonding domains.
The results is the same basic structure.

How to draw derived structures from the basic structures?

1. Count all of the domains, including the bonding ones and non-bonding ones
around the central atom then determine the basic structure.
2. Replace atoms with electron clouds and determine the geometry of the
remaining atoms
Complex structures
Geometry of more complex molecules are consructed by determining the geometry around
each atom in sequence and then stringing the geometries together

The carbon atom is bonded to only three


atoms ⟶ trigonal planar geometry
Molecular polarity
Covalent bond The Valence Bond theory (VB) considers a covalent bond to be the
formation overlapping of two atomic orbitals when the electron spins are paired

The Molecular Orbital (MO) theory considers that a molecule is similar to an atom in that they
both have distinct energy levels that can be populated by the electron

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