Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026

1
General Education Courses

Course Code | Title | No. of units:

MATHMW030 Mathematics in the Modern World (3 units)

Module 3: GEOMETRIC DESIGNS

This lesson explores geometric designs through the study of polygons, solid figures, and geometric
transformations. Students examine the properties and classifications of two- and three-dimensional
shapes, including regular and irregular polygons, polyhedrons, prisms, pyramids, and non-polyhedrons.
The lesson emphasizes geometric transformations—translation, rotation, reflection, and dilation—as
tools for analyzing how figures change in position, orientation, and size while preserving shape. These
concepts are applied to the study of tessellations, highlighting regular, semi-regular, and non-regular
patterns found in art, nature, and architecture. Through visual analysis and exercises, students gain a
deeper understanding of geometry as both a mathematical system and a foundation for design.

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the module, the students must have:
1. described the properties of polygons and polyhedrons
2. identified examples of geometric transformations; and
3. create geometric design using geometric shapes and transformations.

Learning Evidence:
Constructing an Original Tessellation

Key Concepts with Learning Activities:

Geometric Shapes are the figures that illustrate the forms of the things we encounter on a daily
basis. Shapes in geometry are the forms of objects with surfaces, angles, and edges. It includes (1)
Polygons and (2) Solids.
1. Polygons
- closed figures formed by 3 or more line segments called sides
- Polygons are named according to the number of sides and angles they have.

The most familiar polygons are:

 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
2
General Education Courses

Quadrilaterals possess the most varied classifications of any polygon family, including squares,
rectangles, rhombi, parallelograms, trapezoids, and kites.

Polygons are named based on their sides, but they can be classified according to the position of their
angles:
1. Convex Polygons- has all its angles pointing 2. Concave Polygon- has at least one internal
outward, which means that all its interior angle pointing inward, meaning, it measures
angles are less than 180°. greater than 180

Moreover, Polygons are also classified based on their sides and angles:
A polygon is REGULAR if all angles are equal and all sides are equal; otherwise, it is IRREGULAR.

Equilateral – all sides

are equal

Equiangular – all
angles are equal
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
3
General Education Courses

3. Solids- a three-dimensional (3D) object. The three dimensions are: width, depth, and height.
In relation to solids, a polyhedron is a 3D shape with flat faces, straight edges, and vertices,
where each face is a polygon, making it a solid figure with "many faces". In short,

Polyhedron (singular) – union of polygons

*POLYHEDRA or POLYHEDRONS (if plural)

Examples of Polyhedron

Parts of a Polyhedron

▪ FACES – the flat surfaces or polygons

that bound the polyhedron
▪ EDGES – the intersection of the faces
▪ VERTICES – the intersection of the edges

❖ Based on faces, polyhedrons may be classified as:

a) Prisms
b) Pyramids

(a) PRISM – A polyhedron which has identical (congruent)

polygons at the base and top.

Prisms are said to be triangular, square, pentagonal,

hexagonal, depending on the shape of the bases.

The lateral faces are the faces between

the bases.
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
4
General Education Courses

Examples of Prism:

Triangular Prism Rectangular Prism

Square Prism Pentagonal Prism

Hexagonal Prism Heptagonal Prism

Octagonal Prism Trapezoidal Prism

Based on the different examples, what is the shape of the lateral face of a prism?

(b) PYRAMID – a polyhedron for which the base is a polygon and all lateral faces are triangles.

Prisms have two bases; pyramids only have one.

Pyramids are also named according to the shape
of the base.

Can you tell what is the difference between a prism and a

pyramid?
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
5
General Education Courses

Some examples of Pyramid:

pyramid pyramid pyramid pyramid pyramid

NON-POLYHEDRONS - Non-polyhedrons have sides that are not polygons (the faces are not flat).

Geometric Design
Geometric design is the art of creating simplistic beauty of mixing certain shapes, lines, and
curves together. Some ways of creating Geometric designs:
1. Transformation
2. Tessellations

DISCUSSION:

(1) TRANSFORMATION - any change that is made in terms of position or size of an object
4 Main Transformation:
a. Translation (slides) transformations where there are no changes in size or
b. Rotation (turns) shape of an object being moved
c. Reflection (flips)
d. Dilation (change of size) transformation where the object has the same shape but different size
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
6
General Education Courses

(a) Translation - A translation “slides” an object at a fixed distance in a given direction.

The original object and its translation have the same shape and size, and they faces
in the same directions.

A TRANSLATION IS A CHANGE IN LOCATION.

Horizontal Translation Diagonal translation

(moving the object from left to right or (moving an object diagonally across
vice-versa) the plane.)

Vertical Translation
(moving the object upward or
downward.)

(b) Rotation - A rotation transformation that turns a figure about (around) a fixed point
known as the center of rotation.

Rotated 270°

A ROTATION MEANS TO TURN A FIGURE

180 rotation 90 rotation

 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
7
General Education Courses

(c) Reflection - a transformation at flips a figure across a line.

Line of reflection - line

that a shape is flipped
over is.
called a line of
reflection.
A REFLECTION IS FLIPPED OVER A LINE.

After an object is reflected, it looks like a mirror image of itself.

(d) Dilation - changes the size of the object without changing the shape.
Enlarge means to make a shape bigger.
Reduce means to make a shape smaller.
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
8
General Education Courses

(2) TESSELLATION (or TILING) – a pattern of shapes that covers a plane without any gaps or
overlaps

Different Kinds of Tessellation

(a) Regular Tessellation- tessellations that are made by repeating a regular polygon

(b) Semi-regular Tessellation - tessellations that are formed by two or more types of
regular polygons

(c) Non-regular Tessellation - tessellations that are made up of polygons whose sides are
not of the same lengths
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
9
General Education Courses

M.C. ESCHER - Maurits Cornelis Escher or M.C. Escher (1898 - 1972) was a Dutch artist,
sometimes referred to as the “Father of Modern Tessellations”
Escher obtained a greater variety of patterns in his tessellations by distorting the basic
shapes to render them into animals, birds, and other figures.
He created tessellations using translations, rotations, reflections, and a combination of
these.

➢ TESSELLATIONS IN NATURE

➢ TESSELLATIONS IN MAN-MADE THINGS

“Patterns in nature are the quiet signatures of order—repeating, evolving, and reminding us that
beauty often follows a hidden rhythm.”

Assessment: Answer the 20-point exercises in MS Forms posted in your MS Teams.

Enrichment Activity:
Instruction: Create an original tessellation design using geometric shapes or other creative
designs that repeat across a plane without gaps or overlaps. The work should demonstrate
understanding of geometric shapes, transformations and tessellation.
Guidelines:
1. The final output must be hand-drawn. Printed or traced designs are not allowed.
2. Use short bond paper for the artwork.
 Carousel Learning AY 2025-2026
10
General Education Courses

3. Do not set margins on the paper; the design should extend to the edges.
4. The design must be original. Do not copy, trace, or recreate any designs found on
the internet or other sources.
5. Write your name at the back of the paper only. No names should appear on the
front page.

Rubrics:

Needs
Excellent Good Fair
Criteria Improvement
(10 pts) (8 pts) (6 pts)
(≤4 pts)

Design is
Mostly original
completely Limited Copied or not
Originality with minor
original and creativity original
similarities
creative

Noticeable
Tessellation No gaps or Minor gaps or Does not
gaps or
Accuracy overlaps overlaps tessellate
overlaps

Clear and Transformations Limited or

Use of No clear
effective use of used but unclear
Transformations transformation
transformations inconsistent use

Neat, clean, full

Mostly neat with Messy or Very messy or
Craftsmanship use of space,
small errors uneven incomplete
no margins