CSE 213: Software Engineering

Behavioral Design Patterns

Nafis Tahmid
Lecturer, CSE, BUET

Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE

What are behavioral design patterns?
❏ Behavioral patterns deal with how objects behave
and interact; defining communication,
responsibility flow and how tasks are carried out
between objects etc.
❏ Concerned with algorithms and assignment of
responsibilities between objects.

Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 2

What are behavioral design patterns?
❏ Behavioral patterns deal with how objects behave
and interact; defining communication,
responsibility flow and how tasks are carried out
between objects etc.
❏ Concerned with algorithms and assignment of
responsibilities between objects.

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Simple Duck Simulator

Duck species can -

- Swim
- Quack

They quack & swim the same way!

But look different!!

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Simple Duck Simulator

Duck species can -

- Swim
- Quack

They quack & swim the same way!

But look different!!

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Simple Duck Simulator

Duck species can -

- Swim
- Quack

They quack & swim the same way!

But look different!!

Now we need to make the ducks fly!

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Simple Duck Simulator

Duck species can -

- Swim
- Quack

They quack & swim the same way!

But look different!!

Now we need to make the ducks fly!

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Simple Duck Simulator

At the project show, RUBBER DUCK starts flying!

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Solution?

Override the ones that don’t fly?

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Solution?

Override the ones that don’t fly?

What if we add a wooden decoy duck which
doesn’t squeak either?

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Solution?

What if we add a wooden decoy duck which

doesn’t squeak either?

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Solution?

What if we add a wooden decoy duck which

doesn’t squeak either?

Bad design

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Another Approach?
Now we know that new features will be added/updated every six months
Obviously, adding new ducks and overriding fly(), quack() for each is not an option
What to do…

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Another Approach - Using Interfaces?
Flyable and Quackable are interfaces
Those who fly and/or quack, implement those.

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Another Approach - Using Interfaces?
Flyable and Quackable are interfaces
Those who fly and/or quack, implement those.

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Another Approach - Using Interfaces?
Flyable and Quackable are interfaces
Those who fly and/or quack, implement those.

Is it good enough?

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Another Approach - Using Interfaces?
Flyable and Quackable are interfaces
Those who fly and/or quack, implement those.

What if we have to change fly behavior slightly?

Say wingbeat rate, angle etc.

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Another Approach - Using Interfaces?
Flyable and Quackable are interfaces
Those who fly and/or quack, implement those.

What if we have to change fly behavior slightly? CHANGE ALL IMPLEMENTATIONS!!!

Say wingbeat rate, angle etc.

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Another Principle

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Let’s follow the principle

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Let’s follow the principle

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Let’s follow the principle

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Let’s follow the principle

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s see what we have done

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

new duck

can’t fly

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Let’s make behavior “DYNAMIC”

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Birds Eye View
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Birds Eye View
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Yet another example

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Yet another example

In map app, you can change different strategies in real-time between two different points!

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Yet another example

In map app, you can change different strategies in real-time between two different points!

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Strategy Pattern Defined

Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each

one, and make them interchangeable. Strategy
lets the algorithm vary independently from the
clients that use it.

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Strategy Pattern Defined

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Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 47
There are no DUMB Questions

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It’s time for some caffeine

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Let’s see some details…

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Let’s see some details…

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Let’s see some details…
exactly same!

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Let’s see some details…
Some steps vary!

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Doing simple abstractions? [keeping what is unchanged in abstract class]

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Doing simple abstractions? [keeping what is unchanged in abstract class]

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Doing simple abstractions…; is it a good design?

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Don’t they have the same “skeleton”?

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Don’t they have the same “skeleton”?

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Don’t they have the same “skeleton”?

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Don’t they have the same “skeleton”?

Make prepareRecipe() abstract?

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Keep the common steps in abstract class…

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Let subclasses worry about the steps that differ…

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What have we done?

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Template Method

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Template Method

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Let’s make some tea!

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Let’s make some tea!

Common
Different

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Let’s make some tea!

Common
Different

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Let’s make some tea!

Common
Different

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Let’s make some tea!

Common
Different

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Let’s make some tea!

Common
Different

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Adding conditional executions with if-else

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Template Method Pattern Defined
Template Method pattern defines the skeleton of
an algorithm in the superclass but lets subclasses
override specific steps of the algorithm without
changing its structure.

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The generalized structure

It is final method

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Yet another example: Data Mining

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Yet another example: Data Mining

only these vary

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Solution…

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Difference between Strategy and Template
➢ Template Method based on inheritance
- Alter parts of an algorithm by extending those parts in subclasses.
➢ Strategy is based on composition
- Alter parts of the object’s behavior by supplying it with different strategies
that correspond to that behavior.
➢ Template Method works at the class level, so it’s static.
➢ Strategy works on the object level, letting you switch behaviors at runtime.

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Now let’s talk about weather monitoring system

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Now let’s talk about weather monitoring system
Physical device that acquires actual weather data

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Now let’s talk about weather monitoring system
Tracks data coming from weather station & updates displays

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Now let’s talk about weather monitoring system
Show current weather conditions

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Let’s see what we have got from Weather-o-Rama

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Let’s see what we have got from Weather-o-Rama

Change triggers it

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What we need to do?
Implement three displays
❏ One: current conditions
❏ Two: statistics
❏ Three: forecast

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What we need to do?
Implement three displays
❏ One: current conditions
❏ Two: statistics
❏ Three: forecast

Remember expandability; display can be added/removed

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Misguided implementation…

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Misguided implementation…

get results

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Misguided implementation…

update displays

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Misguided implementation…

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Misguided implementation…

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How magazine subscriptions work?

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How magazine subscriptions work?

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How magazine subscriptions work?

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How magazine subscriptions work?

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Let’s take a closer look

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Let’s take a closer look

observers interested in it

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Let’s take a closer look

observers interested in it

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Let’s take a closer look

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Let’s take a closer look

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Let’s take a closer look

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Let’s take a closer look

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Let’s take a closer look

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Let’s take a closer look

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 subject

observers

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So in weather station…

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Our new design

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Our new design
list of observers

Interface referencing WeatherData object

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

passed in constructor

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Let’s see some code…

How it registers itself

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Let’s see some code…

display() called

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Observer Pattern Defined
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects
so that when one object changes state, all its
dependents are notified and updated automatically.

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Observer Pattern Defined
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects
so that when one object changes state, all its
dependents are notified and updated automatically.

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Observer Pattern Defined

Publisher == Subject
Subscriber == Observer

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Observer Pattern Defined

Publisher == Subject
Subscriber == Observer

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Observer Pattern Defined

Publisher == Subject
Subscriber == Observer

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Observer Pattern Defined

Publisher == Subject
Subscriber == Observer

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Observer Pattern Defined

Publisher == Subject
Subscriber == Observer

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Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 128
Air traffic control
During the landing of aircrafts -
❏ Aircraft pilots don’t talk to each other directly
❏ All communication goes through the control tower.

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Air traffic control
During the landing of aircrafts -
❏ Aircraft pilots don’t talk to each other directly
❏ All communication goes through the control tower.

Without control tower -

❖ Pilots need to be aware of every other aircrafts
❖ Airplane crash statistics would probably skyrocket

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Now let’s discuss UI design for a customer profile management
A dialog for creating and editing
customer profiles.

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 131
Now let’s discuss UI design for a customer profile management
A dialog for creating and editing
customer profiles.

- Various form controls such

as text fields, checkboxes,
buttons etc.
- Some interact with others

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 132
Now let’s discuss UI design for a customer profile management
A dialog for creating and editing
customer profiles.

- Various form controls such

as text fields, checkboxes,
buttons etc.
- Some interact with others
- Ex: selecting “Business”
enables company name

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 133
Now let’s discuss UI design for a customer profile management
A dialog for creating and editing
customer profiles.

- Various form controls such

as text fields, checkboxes,
buttons etc.
- Some interact with others
- Ex: “Apply” validates
everything

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 134
Now let’s discuss UI design for a customer profile management
A dialog for creating and editing
customer profiles.

- Various form controls such

as text fields, checkboxes,
buttons etc.
- Some interact with others

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude Nafis Tahmid, Lecturer, CSE 135
What we may think of doing initially…
Inside the elements (i.e in their class) implement interaction the logics directly.

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What we may think of doing initially…
Inside the elements (i.e in their class) implement interaction the logics directly.

Example:
In the checkbox -
● Logic 1 for interaction with the button
● Logic 2 for interaction with the textfield

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What we may think of doing initially…
Inside the elements (i.e in their class) implement interaction the logics directly.

Example:
In the checkbox -
● Logic 1 for interaction with the button
● Logic 2 for interaction with the textfield
Problem -
Can we use the checkbox class in another form?

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What we may think of doing initially…
Inside the elements (i.e in their class) implement interaction the logics directly.

Example:
In the checkbox -
● Logic 1 for interaction with the button
● Logic 2 for interaction with the textfield
Problem -
Can we use the checkbox class in another form?
- NO. As it uses 1 button, 1 textfield, 1 dialogue

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What we may think of doing initially…
Inside the elements (i.e in their class) implement interaction the logics directly.

Example:
In the checkbox -
● Logic 1 for interaction with the button
● Logic 2 for interaction with the textfield
Problem -
Can we use the checkbox class in another form?
- NO. As it uses 1 button, 1 textfield, 1 dialogue
(coupling)

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Solution?
❏ Cease all direct communication between the components

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Solution?
❏ Cease all direct communication between the components
❏ Must collaborate indirectly, through a mediator, who redirects call to appropriate
components

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Solution?
❏ Cease all direct communication between the components
❏ Must collaborate indirectly, through a mediator, who redirects call to appropriate
components
Dialog is mediator

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Solution?
❏ Cease all direct communication between the components
❏ Must collaborate indirectly, through a mediator, who redirects call to appropriate
components
Dialog is mediator

Components depend only on a single mediator class instead of being coupled to dozens of their colleagues.

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So, in UI design…
❏ Dialogue class is the mediator.

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So, in UI design…
❏ Dialogue class is the mediator.
❏ Dialogue should know all of its sub-elements
(components)

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So, in UI design…
❏ Dialogue class is the mediator.
❏ Dialogue should know all of its sub-elements
(components)
- No new dependency

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So, in UI design…
❏ Dialogue class is the mediator.
❏ Dialogue should know all of its sub-elements
(components)
- No new dependency
❏ Previously, “apply” button had to know all
the other elements.

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So, in UI design…
❏ Dialogue class is the mediator.
❏ Dialogue should know all of its sub-elements
(components)
- No new dependency
❏ Now, “apply” just notifies mediator (i.e the
dialogue box)

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So, in UI design…
❏ Dialogue class is the mediator.
❏ Dialogue should know all of its sub-elements
(components)
- No new dependency
❏ Now, “apply” just notifies mediator (i.e the
dialogue box). “Apply” needs to know who it
is notifying…

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Birds Eye View

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Birds Eye View

Dialog needs to know who are there

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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Let’s see some code…

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The Mediator Pattern Defined
Mediator pattern restricts direct communications between
objects and forces them to collaborate only via a mediator.
Lets you reduce chaotic dependencies between objects.

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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The Mediator Pattern Defined

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Difference between Mediator and Observer
Primary goal:
- Mediator eliminates mutual dependencies. Instead, objects depend on single
mediator object.
- Observer establishes dynamic (can subscribe, unsubscribe) one-way one-to-many
connection between objects.

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Let’s design a simple text-editor

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude

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Let’s design a simple text-editor
Create a toolbar with a bunch of buttons for various
operations of the editor

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude

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Let’s design a simple text-editor
Create a toolbar with a bunch of buttons for various
operations of the editor

How to design buttons?

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude

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Let’s design a simple text-editor
Create a toolbar with a bunch of buttons for various
operations of the editor

A neat button class used for toolbar buttons? [look

same]

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude

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Let’s design a simple text-editor
Create a toolbar with a bunch of buttons for various
operations of the editor

But they do different things…

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude

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Let’s design a simple text-editor
Create a toolbar with a bunch of buttons for various
operations of the editor

But they do different things…

Subclasses to do different things when clicked?

Generated using LaTeX. Thanks to Claude

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Subclasses Issues…

Enormous number of subclasses

- Modifying Button class risks breaking code!

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Subclasses Issues…

Enormous number of subclasses

- Modifying Button class risks breaking code!

Ugliest part
- Save can be done by Ctrl+S (shortcut) too.
- From menu (File -> Save) also.

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Subclasses Issues…

Enormous number of subclasses

- Modifying Button class risks breaking code!

Ugliest part
- Save can be done by Ctrl+S (shortcut) too.
- From menu (File -> Save) also.
- Code duplication!! (write same operations multiple times)

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Subclasses Issues…

Enormous number of subclasses

- Modifying Button class risks breaking code!

Ugliest part
- Save can be done by Ctrl+S (shortcut) too.
- From menu (File -> Save) also.
- Code duplication!! (write same operations multiple times)

Solution?
- Invoke button click handler from shortcut or save menu?

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Subclasses Issues…

Enormous number of subclasses

- Modifying Button class risks breaking code!

Ugliest part
- Save can be done by Ctrl+S (shortcut) too.
- From menu (File -> Save) also.
- Code duplication!! (write same operations multiple times)

Solution?
- Invoke button click handler from shortcut or save menu?
- Menu (& shortcut) dependent on buttons. Too ugly

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Separation of concerns…
A layer for the GUI and another layer for the business logic.

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Separation of concerns…
A layer for the GUI and another layer for the business logic.

- GUI does the job of rendering pictures, capturing input

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Separation of concerns…
A layer for the GUI and another layer for the business logic.

- GUI does the job of rendering pictures, capturing input

- Calculating, data loading stuffs done by underlying business logic

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Separation of concerns…
A layer for the GUI and another layer for the business logic.

- GUI does the job of rendering pictures, capturing input

- Calculating, data loading stuffs done by underlying business logic
- GUI delegates by requesting with arguments

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Separation of concerns…
A layer for the GUI and another layer for the business logic.

- GUI does the job of rendering pictures, capturing input

- Calculating, data loading stuffs done by underlying business logic
- GUI delegates by requesting with arguments

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Separation of concerns…
● GUI objects shouldn’t send these requests directly either

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Separation of concerns…
● GUI objects shouldn’t send these requests directly either
● Rather the save operation should be in a single “Command” class

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Again that “Code to interface…”
● Commands implement the same interface
● A single execute() method

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Again that “Code to interface…”
● Commands implement the same interface
● A single execute() method
● Command parameters? Should be pre-configured, they know what to do!

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Again that “Code to interface…”
● Commands implement the same interface
● A single execute() method
● Command parameters? Should be pre-configured, they know what to do!

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Birds eye view

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Birds eye view

Commands know editor

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Birds eye view
Undo operation:
Commands that change editor state
- Push a backup copy in stack
- Undo pops the state and
restore it

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Command Pattern Defined

Command pattern that turns a request into a stand-alone

object that contains all information about the request.
This transformation lets you parameterize methods with
different requests, delay or queue a request’s execution,
and support undoable operations.

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Command Pattern Defined

Command pattern that turns a request into a stand-alone

object that contains all information about the request.
This transformation lets you parameterize methods with
different requests, delay or queue a request’s execution,
and support undoable operations.

passing a request as an argument

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Command Pattern Defined

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Command Pattern Defined

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Command Pattern Defined

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Command Pattern Defined

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Command Pattern Defined

operating system?

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Command Pattern Defined

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Command Pattern Defined

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Queuing request in Command Pattern

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Difference Between Command and Mediator
● Command establishes unidirectional connections between senders and receivers.
● Mediator eliminates direct connections between senders and receivers, forcing them to
communicate indirectly via a mediator object.

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The Gumball Machine

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The Gumball Machine Workflow

>

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Let’s try to write code…

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Let’s try to write code…

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Let’s try to write code…

Current State 207

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Let’s try to write code…

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The Gumball Machine, how states are managed?

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The Gumball Machine, how states are managed?

Start at no quarter state

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The Gumball Machine, action codes…

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The Gumball Machine, action codes…
Problems?

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The Gumball Machine, action codes…
Problems?
The nightmare of change!!

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The Gumball Machine, action codes…
Problems?
The nightmare of change!!

To scale the sales, new policy:

10% of the time, customer
wins a free gumball! (Buy one,
get one!)

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Updated State Diagram

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The Gumball Machine, action codes…
Problems?
The nightmare of change!!

To scale the sales, new policy:

10% of the time, customer
wins a free gumball! (Buy one,
get one!)

Rewrite all action functions?

insertQuarter()
ejectQuarter()
turnCrank()
dispense()

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The new design

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The new design

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The new design

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State classes…

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State classes…

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State classes…

Machine ref. passed

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State classes…

Knows who’s next

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State classes…

Invalid Ops.

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The change in the machine

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The change in the machine

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The change in the machine

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The change in the machine action functions…

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The change in the machine action functions…

No change when new

state is added

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What we have done so far…

state.

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What we have done so far…

state.
state.

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What we have done so far…

state.
state.

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What we have done so far…

state.

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What we have done so far…

state.

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What we have done so far…

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Winner State…

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Change in GumballMachine

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Winner State

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Winner State…

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Winner State

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The State Pattern Defined
Allow an object to alter its behavior when
its internal state changes. The object will
appear to change its class.

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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The State Pattern Defined

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There are no DUMB Questions

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There are no DUMB Questions

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Yet another example

The publish method of the document works a

little bit differently in each state

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Yet another example

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Difference between State and Strategy
● They are twins separated at birth
● Both based on composition
● Change the behavior of the context by delegating some work to helper objects.

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Difference between State and Strategy
● They are twins separated at birth
● Both based on composition
● Change the behavior of the context by delegating some work to helper objects.
● Strategy makes these objects completely independent and unaware of each other.

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Difference between State and Strategy
● They are twins separated at birth
● Both based on composition
● Change the behavior of the context by delegating some work to helper objects.
● Strategy makes these objects completely independent and unaware of each other.
● State doesn’t restrict dependencies between concrete states, letting them alter the state of
the context at will.

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Acknowledgement
❏ Dive Into Design Patterns - Alexander Shvets
❏ Head First Design Patterns, 2nd Edition - Eric Freeman, Elisabeth Robson

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